RSA非对称加解密实例

一. 原理

非对称加密算法是一种密钥的保密方法。

非对称加密算法需要两个密钥：公开密钥（publickey:简称公钥）和私有密钥（privatekey:简称私钥）。公钥与私钥是一对，如果用公钥对数据进行加密，只有用对应的私钥才能解密。因为加密和解密使用的是两个不同的密钥，所以这种算法叫作非对称加密算法。 非对称加密算法实现机密信息交换的基本过程是：甲方生成一对密钥并将公钥公开，需要向甲方发送信息的其他角色(乙方)使用该密钥(甲方的公钥)对机密信息进行加密后再发送给甲方；甲方再用自己私钥对加密后的信息进行解密。甲方想要回复乙方时正好相反，使用乙方的公钥对数据进行加密，同理，乙方使用自己的私钥来进行解密。

二. 场景

多用于银行等安全级别较高系统

三. 实现原理

整体过程描述：首先通过RSA生成工具生成公玥密钥，分发给各系统，各系统在调接口时，利用私约生成签名，公玥加密数据，被调用方利用公玥验签，私约解密数据。

 

四. 实现代码

RSAUtils类主要包含获取公玥、私玥，签名、验签、加密、解密数据

Base64Utils类主要是二进制数据和string类型数据之间转换

package com.qlyl.wechatpay.utils;

import javax.crypto.Cipher;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.security.*;
import java.security.interfaces.RSAPrivateKey;
import java.security.interfaces.RSAPublicKey;
import java.security.spec.PKCS8EncodedKeySpec;
import java.security.spec.X509EncodedKeySpec;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

/**
 * RSA公钥/私钥/签名工具包
 * 字符串格式的密钥在未在特殊说明情况下都为BASE64编码格式<br/>
 * 由于非对称加密速度极其缓慢，一般文件不使用它来加密而是使用对称加密，<br/>
 * 非对称加密算法可以用来对对称加密的密钥加密，这样保证密钥的安全也就保证了数据的安全
 *
 * @author insiston
 * @date 2020-03-01
 * @version 1.0
 */
public class RSAUtils {

    /**
     * 加密算法RSA
     */
    public static final String KEY_ALGORITHM = "RSA";

    /**
     * 签名算法
     */
    public static final String SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM = "MD5withRSA";

    /**
     * 获取公钥的key
     */
    private static final String PUBLIC_KEY = "RSAPublicKey";

    /**
     * 获取私钥的key
     */
    private static final String PRIVATE_KEY = "RSAPrivateKey";

    /**
     * RSA最大加密明文大小
     */
    private static final int MAX_ENCRYPT_BLOCK = 117;

    /**
     * RSA最大解密密文大小
     */
    private static final int MAX_DECRYPT_BLOCK = 128;

    /**
     * 生成密钥对(公钥和私钥)
     *
     * @return
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public static Map<String, Object> genKeyPair() throws Exception {
        KeyPairGenerator keyPairGen = KeyPairGenerator.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
        keyPairGen.initialize(1024);
        KeyPair keyPair = keyPairGen.generateKeyPair();
        RSAPublicKey publicKey = (RSAPublicKey) keyPair.getPublic();
        RSAPrivateKey privateKey = (RSAPrivateKey) keyPair.getPrivate();
        Map<String, Object> keyMap = new HashMap<String, Object>(2);
        keyMap.put(PUBLIC_KEY, publicKey);
        keyMap.put(PRIVATE_KEY, privateKey);
        return keyMap;
    }

    /**
     * 用私钥对信息生成数字签名
     *
     * @param data 已加密数据
     * @param privateKey 私钥(BASE64编码)
     *
     * @return
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public static String sign(byte[] data, String privateKey) throws Exception {
        byte[] keyBytes = Base64Utils.decode(privateKey);
        PKCS8EncodedKeySpec pkcs8KeySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
        KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
        PrivateKey privateK = keyFactory.generatePrivate(pkcs8KeySpec);
        Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM);
        signature.initSign(privateK);
        signature.update(data);
        return Base64Utils.encode(signature.sign());
    }

    /**
     * 校验数字签名
     *
     * @param data 已加密数据
     * @param publicKey 公钥(BASE64编码)
     * @param sign 数字签名
     *
     * @return
     * @throws Exception
     *
     */
    public static boolean verify(byte[] data, String publicKey, String sign)
            throws Exception {
        byte[] keyBytes = Base64Utils.decode(publicKey);
        X509EncodedKeySpec keySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
        KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
        PublicKey publicK = keyFactory.generatePublic(keySpec);
        Signature signature = Signature.getInstance(SIGNATURE_ALGORITHM);
        signature.initVerify(publicK);
        signature.update(data);
        return signature.verify(Base64Utils.decode(sign));
    }

    /**
     * 私钥解密
     *
     * @param encryptedData 已加密数据
     * @param privateKey 私钥(BASE64编码)
     * @return
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public static byte[] decryptByPrivateKey(byte[] encryptedData, String privateKey)
            throws Exception {
        byte[] keyBytes = Base64Utils.decode(privateKey);
        PKCS8EncodedKeySpec pkcs8KeySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
        KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
        Key privateK = keyFactory.generatePrivate(pkcs8KeySpec);
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm());
        cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, privateK);
        int inputLen = encryptedData.length;
        ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
        int offSet = 0;
        byte[] cache;
        int i = 0;
        // 对数据分段解密
        while (inputLen - offSet > 0) {
            if (inputLen - offSet > MAX_DECRYPT_BLOCK) {
                cache = cipher.doFinal(encryptedData, offSet, MAX_DECRYPT_BLOCK);
            } else {
                cache = cipher.doFinal(encryptedData, offSet, inputLen - offSet);
            }
            out.write(cache, 0, cache.length);
            i++;
            offSet = i * MAX_DECRYPT_BLOCK;
        }
        byte[] decryptedData = out.toByteArray();
        out.close();
        return decryptedData;
    }

    /**
     * 公钥解密
     *
     * @param encryptedData 已加密数据
     * @param publicKey 公钥(BASE64编码)
     * @return
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public static byte[] decryptByPublicKey(byte[] encryptedData, String publicKey)
            throws Exception {
        byte[] keyBytes = Base64Utils.decode(publicKey);
        X509EncodedKeySpec x509KeySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
        KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
        Key publicK = keyFactory.generatePublic(x509KeySpec);
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm());
        cipher.init(Cipher.DECRYPT_MODE, publicK);
        int inputLen = encryptedData.length;
        ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
        int offSet = 0;
        byte[] cache;
        int i = 0;
        // 对数据分段解密
        while (inputLen - offSet > 0) {
            if (inputLen - offSet > MAX_DECRYPT_BLOCK) {
                cache = cipher.doFinal(encryptedData, offSet, MAX_DECRYPT_BLOCK);
            } else {
                cache = cipher.doFinal(encryptedData, offSet, inputLen - offSet);
            }
            out.write(cache, 0, cache.length);
            i++;
            offSet = i * MAX_DECRYPT_BLOCK;
        }
        byte[] decryptedData = out.toByteArray();
        out.close();
        return decryptedData;
    }

    /**
     * 公钥加密
     *
     * @param data 源数据
     * @param publicKey 公钥(BASE64编码)
     * @return
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public static byte[] encryptByPublicKey(byte[] data, String publicKey)
            throws Exception {
        byte[] keyBytes = Base64Utils.decode(publicKey);
        X509EncodedKeySpec x509KeySpec = new X509EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
        KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
        Key publicK = keyFactory.generatePublic(x509KeySpec);
        // 对数据加密
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm());
        cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, publicK);
        int inputLen = data.length;
        ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
        int offSet = 0;
        byte[] cache;
        int i = 0;
        // 对数据分段加密
        while (inputLen - offSet > 0) {
            if (inputLen - offSet > MAX_ENCRYPT_BLOCK) {
                cache = cipher.doFinal(data, offSet, MAX_ENCRYPT_BLOCK);
            } else {
                cache = cipher.doFinal(data, offSet, inputLen - offSet);
            }
            out.write(cache, 0, cache.length);
            i++;
            offSet = i * MAX_ENCRYPT_BLOCK;
        }
        byte[] encryptedData = out.toByteArray();
        out.close();
        return encryptedData;
    }

    /**
     * 私钥加密
     *
     * @param data 源数据
     * @param privateKey 私钥(BASE64编码)
     * @return
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public static byte[] encryptByPrivateKey(byte[] data, String privateKey)
            throws Exception {
        byte[] keyBytes = Base64Utils.decode(privateKey);
        PKCS8EncodedKeySpec pkcs8KeySpec = new PKCS8EncodedKeySpec(keyBytes);
        KeyFactory keyFactory = KeyFactory.getInstance(KEY_ALGORITHM);
        Key privateK = keyFactory.generatePrivate(pkcs8KeySpec);
        Cipher cipher = Cipher.getInstance(keyFactory.getAlgorithm());
        cipher.init(Cipher.ENCRYPT_MODE, privateK);
        int inputLen = data.length;
        ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
        int offSet = 0;
        byte[] cache;
        int i = 0;
        // 对数据分段加密
        while (inputLen - offSet > 0) {
            if (inputLen - offSet > MAX_ENCRYPT_BLOCK) {
                cache = cipher.doFinal(data, offSet, MAX_ENCRYPT_BLOCK);
            } else {
                cache = cipher.doFinal(data, offSet, inputLen - offSet);
            }
            out.write(cache, 0, cache.length);
            i++;
            offSet = i * MAX_ENCRYPT_BLOCK;
        }
        byte[] encryptedData = out.toByteArray();
        out.close();
        return encryptedData;
    }

    /**
     * 获取私钥
     *
     * @param keyMap 密钥对
     * @return
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public static String getPrivateKey(Map<String, Object> keyMap)
            throws Exception {
        Key key = (Key) keyMap.get(PRIVATE_KEY);
        return Base64Utils.encode(key.getEncoded());
    }

    /**
     * 获取公钥
     *
     * @param keyMap 密钥对
     * @return
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public static String getPublicKey(Map<String, Object> keyMap)
            throws Exception {
        Key key = (Key) keyMap.get(PUBLIC_KEY);
        return Base64Utils.encode(key.getEncoded());
    }

}

package com.qlyl.wechatpay.utils;

import com.sun.org.apache.xml.internal.security.utils.Base64;

import java.io.*;


/**
 * BASE64编码解码工具包
 *
 * @author insiston
 * @date 2020-02-19
 * @version 1.0
 */
public class Base64Utils {

    /**
     * 文件读取缓冲区大小
     */
    private static final int CACHE_SIZE = 1024;

    /**
     * BASE64字符串解码为二进制数据
     *
     * @param base64
     * @return
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public static byte[] decode(String base64) throws Exception {
        return Base64.decode(base64.getBytes());
    }

    /**
     * 二进制数据编码为BASE64字符串
     *
     * @param bytes
     * @return
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public static String encode(byte[] bytes) throws Exception {
        return new String(Base64.encode(bytes));
    }

    /**
     * 将文件编码为BASE64字符串
     * 大文件慎用，可能会导致内存溢出
     *
     * @param filePath
     *            文件绝对路径
     * @return
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public static String encodeFile(String filePath) throws Exception {
        byte[] bytes = fileToByte(filePath);
        return encode(bytes);
    }

    /**
     * BASE64字符串转回文件
     *
     * @param filePath
     *            文件绝对路径
     * @param base64
     *            编码字符串
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public static void decodeToFile(String filePath, String base64) throws Exception {
        byte[] bytes = decode(base64);
        byteArrayToFile(bytes, filePath);
    }

    /**
     * 文件转换为二进制数组
     *
     * @param filePath
     *            文件路径
     * @return
     * @throws Exception
     */
    public static byte[] fileToByte(String filePath) throws Exception {
        byte[] data = new byte[0];
        File file = new File(filePath);
        if (file.exists()) {
            FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(file);
            ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream(2048);
            byte[] cache = new byte[CACHE_SIZE];
            int nRead = 0;
            while ((nRead = in.read(cache)) != -1) {
                out.write(cache, 0, nRead);
                out.flush();
            }
            out.close();
            in.close();
            data = out.toByteArray();
        }
        return data;
    }

    /**
     * 二进制数据写文件
     *
     * @param bytes
     *            二进制数据
     * @param filePath
     *            文件生成目录
     */
    public static void byteArrayToFile(byte[] bytes, String filePath) throws Exception {
        InputStream in = new ByteArrayInputStream(bytes);
        File destFile = new File(filePath);
        if (!destFile.getParentFile().exists()) {
            destFile.getParentFile().mkdirs();
        }
        destFile.createNewFile();
        OutputStream out = new FileOutputStream(destFile);
        byte[] cache = new byte[CACHE_SIZE];
        int nRead = 0;
        while ((nRead = in.read(cache)) != -1) {
            out.write(cache, 0, nRead);
            out.flush();
        }
        out.close();
        in.close();
    }

}

测试类如下

package com.qlyl;

;

import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSON;
import com.qlyl.wechatpay.utils.Base64Utils;
import com.qlyl.wechatpay.utils.RSAUtils;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;

import java.util.Date;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;


/**
 * @author ceshi
 * @Title:
 * @Package
 * @Description:
 * @date 2020/2/1720:04
 */
class RSAUtilsTest {

    private final static Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(RSAUtilsTest.class);

    @Test
    public void genKeyPair() throws Exception {
        Map<String, Object> mapValue = new HashMap<>();
        mapValue.put("appid", "ceshiappid");
        mapValue.put("title", "测试数据！");

        String json = JSON.toJSONString(mapValue);
        logger.info("发送数据：{}", json);
        byte[] data = json.getBytes();

        Map<String, Object> map =  RSAUtils.genKeyPair();
        // 私钥
        String priK = "MIICeAIBADANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAASCAmIwggJeAgEAAoGBANLVatiN1o043IoCz3G+Acak0RGV\n" +
                "o6x0MCxTR83YN/0n4/sJEW7H/1DN/lwmB8lIj6AM3S1twOfRqfKfS9HOsmMGcdKUUd6YK52uMqCE\n" +
                "QRXDu947d+KpUx6lpMUyk7+fB0laLef2bPE4FhcaHJaDPrA71pUcjHyQXIDixncaDqylAgMBAAEC\n" +
                "gYEAsGiKQjBL+VY+kevQD2fgrIlztbbzgHSnai80wXPNRTF/fKkVwQ/u/Xme/xODKFRieJTK7BwN\n" +
                "cOrpvGy1UBQXBWYgM/EOri6g94up+m0Mgu5YTIHlA32kzyQuhkLzAkeXn0JR2xXOZaLXC+YLCNUo\n" +
                "Fg3BnjcgfWp7KDETCDrnSIECQQD+Lt+SkhWJoSpLTlsCXBbxFeewqzjdYcJrJINxATjEt4zlfejL\n" +
                "HBciVd6kbv7Q55lkne8VZS/7zz5WCPxjKNhNAkEA1Fc4Kz+5O+KLOtkJ7HPZveyErWnozvw5i+lJ\n" +
                "Mzv3uWFs+IUPGX55iQpEr5wBzPb/SMwY9kwL+ThM0b5jZoJRuQJBAL6yS+maz63BzAlTb9QFYvDc\n" +
                "jkZtLuxoO4RGkJZnZD+xtXM3Uz+Og4yu/6o9286+8sYZ9xUGJUm14f6KH1AFhMECQE7a/R8CkTWu\n" +
                "EeqOw2KuO0SO207TMAP+IxjUT7zZHkwX5DH+p/bdwyCjUZKtqvWFHJTaRsLgxumMgOq7e4qMBvEC\n" +
                "QQCditDy8zjw6vOrAvLN8u96qz7FWXEH5O/TaNV/cFuxtBP55Pg0bWvWSOdO5Z3xfS7mhMwWF9Zc\n" +
                "kfTtcl7k9+eZ";
        // 公玥
        String pubK = "MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQDS1WrYjdaNONyKAs9xvgHGpNERlaOsdDAsU0fN\n" +
                "2Df9J+P7CRFux/9Qzf5cJgfJSI+gDN0tbcDn0anyn0vRzrJjBnHSlFHemCudrjKghEEVw7veO3fi\n" +
                "qVMepaTFMpO/nwdJWi3n9mzxOBYXGhyWgz6wO9aVHIx8kFyA4sZ3Gg6spQIDAQAB";
        // 获取签名
        String sign = RSAUtils.sign(data, priK);
        boolean flag = RSAUtils.verify(data, pubK, sign);
        logger.info("验签结果（true为签名验证通过）：{}", flag);
        byte[] sendByte = RSAUtils.encryptByPublicKey(data, pubK);
        // 把加密数据转string
        // 这是实际接口中要发送的数据
        String sendStr = Base64Utils.encode(sendByte);
        // string转二进制
        byte[] sendBytes = Base64Utils.decode(sendStr);
        // 数据解密
        byte[] resultByte = RSAUtils.decryptByPrivateKey(sendBytes, priK);
        String resultStr = new String(resultByte);
        logger.debug("加密后二进制数据 a：{}", sendByte);
        logger.debug("加密后String数据  str：{}", sendStr);
        logger.debug("解密后二进制数据：{}", resultByte);
        logger.debug("解密后String数据：{}", resultStr);
    }
    
}

测试结果，验签通过，数据解密成功