Linux kernel + busybox自制arm64架构Linux系统
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文章目录
相关阅读：
1.linux内核之源码编译
2.Linux kernel + busybox自制x86_64架构Linux系统
相关问题：
1.自制操作系统
2.制作简单的Linux系统
3.Linux系统制作流程
4.qemu模拟运行arm64
5.qemu模拟运行aarch64
6.x86_64交叉编译arm64 linux内核
环境：
OS：Ubuntu 20.04
aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc: gcc version 9.3.0 (Ubuntu 9.3.0-10ubuntu1)
Linux Kernel: linux-5.4.50(2020-07-01 08:50)
busybox: busybox-1.32.0(2020-06-26 19:30)
qemu： qemu-system-aarch64 4.2.0
前言
自制arm64架构的Linux系统
1.下载和编译Linux kernel
1.1 下载Linux内核
Linux内核官网：https://www.kernel.org/
wget https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/linux-5.4.50.tar.xz
或
wget https://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/kernel/linux/kernel/v5.x/linux-5.4.50.tar.xz
1.2 安装所需前置软件
sudo apt-get install gcc-aarch64-linux-gnu libncurses5-dev build-essential flex bison bc
查找aarch64相关安装包：
apt-cache search aarch64
1.3 设置CPU架构(★)
这里以arm64架构为例。常用的架构还有x86_64、mips(龙芯)、alpha(申威)
# 设置CPU架构
$ export ARCH=arm64
# 设置交叉编译工具链前缀
$ export CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu-
1.4 设置系统选项
# 生成arm64的默认.config(根据ARCH生成,arch/arm64/configs/defconfig)
$ make defconfig
# 设置系统选项
$ make menuconfig
.config - Linux/arm64 5.4.50 Kernel Configuration
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
┌────────────────────────────────────────────── Linux/arm64 5.4.50 Kernel Configuration ───────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Arrow keys navigate the menu. <Enter> selects submenus ---> (or empty submenus ----). Highlighted letters are hotkeys. Pressing │
│ <Y> includes, <N> excludes, <M> modularizes features. Press <Esc><Esc> to exit, <?> for Help, </> for Search. Legend: [*] │
│ built-in [ ] excluded <M> module < > module capable │
│ │
│ ┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ │
│ │ *** Compiler: aarch64-linux-gnu-gcc (Ubuntu 9.3.0-10ubuntu1) 9.3.0 *** │ │
│ │ General setup ---> │ │
│ │ Platform selection ---> │ │
│ │ Kernel Features ---> │ │
│ │ Boot options ---> │ │
│ │ Power management options ---> │ │
│ │ CPU Power Management ---> │ │
│ │ Firmware Drivers ---> │ │
│ │ [*] ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface) Support ---> │ │
│ │ [*] Virtualization ---> │ │
│ │ [*] ARM64 Accelerated Cryptographic Algorithms ---> │ │
│ │ General architecture-dependent options ---> │ │
│ │ [*] Enable loadable module support ---> │ │
│ │ -*- Enable the block layer ---> │ │
│ │ IO Schedulers ---> │ │
│ │ Executable file formats ---> │ │
│ │ Memory Management options ---> │ │
│ │ [*] Networking support ---> │ │
│ │ Device Drivers ---> │ │
│ │ File systems ---> │ │
│ │ Security options ---> │ │
│ │ -*- Cryptographic API ---> │ │
│ │ Library routines ---> │ │
│ │ Kernel hacking ---> │ │
│ └──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ │
├──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ <Select> < Exit > < Help > < Save > < Load > │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
Linux kernel make详细帮助：
$ make help
Cleaning targets:
...
Configuration targets:
config - Update current config utilising a line-oriented program
nconfig - Update current config utilising a ncurses menu based program
menuconfig - Update current config utilising a menu based program
xconfig - Update current config utilising a Qt based front-end
gconfig - Update current config utilising a GTK+ based front-end
oldconfig - Update current config utilising a provided .config as base
localmodconfig - Update current config disabling modules not loaded
localyesconfig - Update current config converting local mods to core
defconfig - New config with default from ARCH supplied defconfig
savedefconfig - Save current config as ./defconfig (minimal config)
allnoconfig - New config where all options are answered with no
allyesconfig - New config where all options are accepted with yes
allmodconfig - New config selecting modules when possible
alldefconfig - New config with all symbols set to default
randconfig - New config with random answer to all options
listnewconfig - List new options
olddefconfig - Same as oldconfig but sets new symbols to their
default value without prompting
kvmconfig - Enable additional options for kvm guest kernel support
xenconfig - Enable additional options for xen dom0 and guest kernel support
tinyconfig - Configure the tiniest possible kernel
testconfig - Run Kconfig unit tests (requires python3 and pytest)
Other generic targets:
all - Build all targets marked with [*]
* vmlinux - Build the bare kernel
* modules - Build all modules
modules_install - Install all modules to INSTALL_MOD_PATH (default: /)
dir/ - Build all files in dir and below
dir/file.[ois] - Build specified target only
dir/file.ll - Build the LLVM assembly file
(requires compiler support for LLVM assembly generation)
dir/file.lst - Build specified mixed source/assembly target only
(requires a recent binutils and recent build (System.map))
dir/file.ko - Build module including final link
modules_prepare - Set up for building external modules
tags/TAGS - Generate tags file for editors
cscope - Generate cscope index
gtags - Generate GNU GLOBAL index
kernelrelease - Output the release version string (use with make -s)
kernelversion - Output the version stored in Makefile (use with make -s)
image_name - Output the image name (use with make -s)
headers_install - Install sanitised kernel headers to INSTALL_HDR_PATH
(default: ./usr)
Static analysers:
checkstack - Generate a list of stack hogs
namespacecheck - Name space analysis on compiled kernel
versioncheck - Sanity check on version.h usage
includecheck - Check for duplicate included header files
export_report - List the usages of all exported symbols
headerdep - Detect inclusion cycles in headers
coccicheck - Check with Coccinelle
Tools:
nsdeps - Generate missing symbol namespace dependencies
Kernel selftest:
kselftest - Build and run kernel selftest (run as root)
Build, install, and boot kernel before
running kselftest on it
kselftest-clean - Remove all generated kselftest files
kselftest-merge - Merge all the config dependencies of kselftest to existing
.config.
Devicetree:
* dtbs - Build device tree blobs for enabled boards
dtbs_install - Install dtbs to /boot/dtbs/
dt_binding_check - Validate device tree binding documents
dtbs_check - Validate device tree source files
Userspace tools targets:
use "make tools/help"
or "cd tools; make help"
Kernel packaging:
...
Documentation targets:
...
Architecture specific targets (arm64):
* Image.gz - Compressed kernel image (arch/arm64/boot/Image.gz)
Image - Uncompressed kernel image (arch/arm64/boot/Image)
install - Install uncompressed kernel
zinstall - Install compressed kernel
Install using (your) ~/bin/installkernel or
(distribution) /sbin/installkernel or
install to $(INSTALL_PATH) and run lilo
make V=0|1 [targets] 0 => quiet build (default), 1 => verbose build
make V=2 [targets] 2 => give reason for rebuild of target
make O=dir [targets] Locate all output files in "dir", including .config
make C=1 [targets] Check re-compiled c source with $CHECK (sparse by default)
make C=2 [targets] Force check of all c source with $CHECK
make RECORDMCOUNT_WARN=1 [targets] Warn about ignored mcount sections
make W=n [targets] Enable extra build checks, n=1,2,3 where
1: warnings which may be relevant and do not occur too often
2: warnings which occur quite often but may still be relevant
3: more obscure warnings, can most likely be ignored
Multiple levels can be combined with W=12 or W=123
Execute "make" or "make all" to build all targets marked with [*]
For further info see the ./README file
1.5 编译
AMD 4800H CPU 8G内存16线程大约需要5分钟编译
# 根据CPU线程数设置
$ make -j 16
最后编译完成的内核位于arch/x86/boot/bzImage
$ ls -l arch/arm64/boot/Image
-rw-rw-r-- 1 dev dev 26092032 8月 12 21:16 arch/arm64/boot/Image
至此，Linux kernel编译完成
linux-5.4.50文件夹编译完的磁盘占用情况
$ du -lh --max-depth=1
208K ./LICENSES
48M ./Documentation
44M ./lib
121M ./sound
35M ./tools
2.3M ./init
30M ./crypto
13M ./virt
42M ./mm
50M ./include
75M ./kernel
5.9M ./scripts
204K ./certs
266M ./fs
224M ./arch
1.6M ./samples
8.9M ./security
432M ./net
128K ./usr
17M ./block
4.3M ./ipc
2.9G ./drivers
5.4G .
2.下载和编译busybox
busybox 将许多具有共性的小版本的UNIX工具结合到一个单一的可执行文件。这样的集合可以替代大部分常用工具比如的GNU fileutils，shellutils等工具，busybox提供了一个比较完善的环境，可以适用于任何小的嵌入式系统。
2.1 下载busybox
下载地址：https://busybox.net/downloads/
wget https://busybox.net/downloads/busybox-1.32.0.tar.bz2
2.2 设置CPU架构(★)
这里以arm64架构为例。
# 设置CPU架构
$ export ARCH=arm64
# 设置交叉编译工具链前缀
$ export CROSS_COMPILE=aarch64-linux-gnu-
2.3 设置系统选项
# 生成默认.config
$ make defconfig
# 设置busybox选项
$ make menuconfig
修改选项
...
Settings --->
...
# 静态编译busybox
--- Build Options
[*] Build static binary (no shared libs)
...
...
bosybox make详细帮助：
$ make help
...
Configuration:
allnoconfig - disable all symbols in .config
allyesconfig - enable all symbols in .config (see defconfig)
config - text based configurator (of last resort)
defconfig - set .config to largest generic configuration
menuconfig - interactive curses-based configurator
oldconfig - resolve any unresolved symbols in .config
android2_defconfig - Build for android2
cygwin_defconfig - Build for cygwin
TEST_nommu_defconfig - Build for TEST_nommu
android_defconfig - Build for android
TEST_noprintf_defconfig - Build for TEST_noprintf
android_ndk_defconfig - Build for android_ndk
android_502_defconfig - Build for android_502
TEST_rh9_defconfig - Build for TEST_rh9
freebsd_defconfig - Build for freebsd
Installation:
install - install busybox into CONFIG_PREFIX
uninstall
...
2.4 编译
# 根据CPU线程数设置
$ make -j 16
安装busybox，默认路径为当期目录的_install文件夹
make install
$ file _install/bin/busybox
_install/bin/busybox: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, ARM aarch64, version 1 (GNU/Linux), statically linked, BuildID[sha1]=15c3d931be02d441c975fd054f694b620fe5b87c, for GNU/Linux 3.7.0, stripped
至此，busybox静态编译完成
busybox-1.32.0文件夹编译完的磁盘占用情况
$ du -lh --max-depth=1
636K ./examples
276K ./mailutils
276K ./findutils
2.5M ./archival
256K ./init
524K ./console-tools
5.5M ./networking
248K ./e2fsprogs
7.4M ./include
1016K ./procps
1.4M ./docs
232K ./sysklogd
4.0K ./.tmp_versions
1.7M ./scripts
524K ./applets
108K ./selinux
368K ./modutils
540K ./loginutils
196K ./debianutils
3.9M ./util-linux
28K ./arch
952K ./editors
7.0M ./shell
2.3M ./miscutils
3.3M ./coreutils
36K ./qemu_multiarch_testing
128K ./printutils
12K ./applets_sh
5.0M ./libbb
116K ./klibc-utils
124K ./libpwdgrp
252K ./configs
1.7M ./testsuite
436K ./runit
55M .
3.制作根文件系统rootfs
基于busybox的文件系统启动过程：
/sbin/init => /etc/inittab => /etc/init.d/rdS => /etc/fstab ...
3.1 创建根目录所需的目录
$ cd busybox-1.32.0/_install
$ ls
bin linuxrc sbin usr
$ mkdir -p dev etc home lib mnt proc root sys tmp var
$ ls
bin dev etc home lib linuxrc mnt proc root sbin sys tmp usr var
根文件系统目录说明
/bin: 系统管理员和用户均可使用的命令
/sbin： 系统管理员使用的系统命令
/dev: 存储特殊文件或设备文件；设备两种类型：字符设备、块设备
/etc: 系统配置文件
/home: 普通用户目录
/root：root用户目录
/lib: 为系统启动或根文件上的应用程序（/bin,/sbin等）提供共享库，以及为内核提供内核模块
/mnt：临时挂载点
/tmp: 临时文件存储目录
/usr：usr hierarchy，全局共享的只读数据路径
/var：存储常发生变化的数据目录：cache、log等
/proc: 基于内存的虚拟文件系统，用于为内核及进程存储其相关信息
/sys：sysfs虚拟文件系统提供了一种比proc更为理想的访问内核数据的途径：其主要作用在于为管理linux设备提供一种统一模型的接口；
3.2 创建根目录所需的必要文件
- etc/inittab
$ cd busybox-1.32.0/_install
$ vim etc/inittab
$ chmod 755 etc/inittab
etc/inittab内容：
::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
::respawn:-/bin/sh
::askfirst:-/bin/sh
::cttlaltdel:/bin/umount -a -r
inittab语法：
<id>:<runlevels>:<action>:<process>
id : /dev/id
runlevels : 忽略
action : 何时执行，有以下选项 sysinit, respawn, askfirst, wait, once,restart, ctrlaltdel, and shutdown
process : 应用程序或脚本
- etc/init.d/rcS
$ cd busybox-1.32.0/_install
$ mkdir -p etc/init.d/
$ vim etc/init.d/rcS
$ chmod 755 etc/init.d/rcS
etc/init.d/rcS内容：
echo "----------mount all in fstab----------------"
/bin/mount -a #读取/etc/fstab，加载文件系统
mkdir -p /dev/pts
mount -t devpts devpts /dev/pts
echo /sbin/mdev > /proc/sys/kernel/hotplug
mdev -s
echo "****************Hello itas109******************"
echo "Kernel Version:linux-5.4.50"
echo "***********************************************"
- etc/fstab
$ cd busybox-1.32.0/_install
vim etc/fstab
etc/fstab内容:
#device mount-point type option dump fsck
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
temps /tmp rpoc defaults 0 0
none /tmp ramfs defaults 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
mdev /dev ramfs defaults 0 0
- 添加设备文件
$ cd busybox-1.32.0/_install
$ cd dev
$ sudo mknod console c 5 1
$ sudo mknod null c 1 3
制作根文件系统镜像文件rootfs.cpio.gz
$ cd busybox-1.32.0/_install
$ find . | cpio -o -H newc > rootfs.cpio
$ gzip -c rootfs.cpio > rootfs.cpio.gz
4.Linux系统运行
cd ~
$ qemu-system-aarch64 \
-cpu cortex-a57 \
-m 512M \
-machine type=virt \
-nographic \
-smp 1 \
-kernel ./Image \
-initrd ./rootfs.cpio.gz \
-append "rdinit=/linuxrc console=ttyAMA0" \
-device virtio-scsi-device
启动结果：
[ 0.000000] Booting Linux on physical CPU 0x0000000000 [0x411fd070]
[ 0.000000] Linux version 5.4.50 (dev@dev) (gcc version 9.3.0 (Ubuntu 9.3.0-10ubuntu1)) #1 SMP PREEMPT Wed Aug 12 21:09:35 CST 2020
...
----------mount all in fstab----------------
mount: mounting temps on /tmp failed: No such device
/etc/init.d/rcS: line 5: can't create /proc/sys/kernel/hotplug: nonexistent directory
****************Hello itas109******************
Kernel Version:linux-5.4.50
***********************************************
Please press Enter to activate this console.
/ # uname -a
Linux (none) 5.4.50 #1 SMP PREEMPT Wed Aug 12 21:09:35 CST 2020 aarch64 GNU/Linux
Reference:
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