Linux kernel + busybox自制Linux系统
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文章目录
相关阅读：
1.linux内核之源码编译
相关问题：
1.自制操作系统
2.制作简单的Linux系统
3.Linux系统制作流程
环境：
OS：Ubuntu 20.04
gcc: gcc version 9.3.0 (Ubuntu 9.3.0-10ubuntu2)
Linux Kernel: linux-5.4.50(2020-07-01 08:50)
busybox: busybox-1.32.0(2020-06-26 19:30)
qemu： qemu-system-x86_64 4.2.0
前言
自制x86_64架构的Linux系统
1.下载和编译Linux kernel
1.1 下载Linux内核
Linux内核官网：https://www.kernel.org/
wget https://cdn.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v5.x/linux-5.4.50.tar.xz
或
wget https://mirror.bjtu.edu.cn/kernel/linux/kernel/v5.x/linux-5.4.50.tar.xz
1.2 安装所需前置软件
sudo apt-get install fakeroot build-essential ncurses-dev xz-utils libssl-dev bc flex libelf-dev bison
1.3 设置CPU架构(★)
这里以x86_64架构为例。常用的架构还有arm64(鲲鹏、飞腾)、mips(龙芯)、alpha(申威)
# 设置CPU架构
$ export ARCH=x86_64
# 设置交叉编译工具链前缀
$ export CROSS_COMPILE=x86_64-linux-gnu-
1.4 设置系统选项
# 生成x86_64的默认.config
$ make x86_64_defconfig
# 设置系统选项
$ make menuconfig
以下的配置选项是为了支持ramdisk根文件系统：
General setup --->
...
[*] Initial RAM filesystem and RAM disk (initramfs/initrd) support
...
...
Device Drivers --->
...
[*] Block devices --->
....
<*> RAM block device support
(16) Default number of RAM disks
(65536) Default RAM disk size (kbytes)
....
...
....
Linux kernel make详细帮助：
$ make help
Cleaning targets:
...
Configuration targets:
config - Update current config utilising a line-oriented program
nconfig - Update current config utilising a ncurses menu based program
menuconfig - Update current config utilising a menu based program
xconfig - Update current config utilising a Qt based front-end
gconfig - Update current config utilising a GTK+ based front-end
oldconfig - Update current config utilising a provided .config as base
localmodconfig - Update current config disabling modules not loaded
localyesconfig - Update current config converting local mods to core
defconfig - New config with default from ARCH supplied defconfig
savedefconfig - Save current config as ./defconfig (minimal config)
allnoconfig - New config where all options are answered with no
allyesconfig - New config where all options are accepted with yes
allmodconfig - New config selecting modules when possible
alldefconfig - New config with all symbols set to default
randconfig - New config with random answer to all options
listnewconfig - List new options
olddefconfig - Same as oldconfig but sets new symbols to their
default value without prompting
kvmconfig - Enable additional options for kvm guest kernel support
xenconfig - Enable additional options for xen dom0 and guest kernel support
tinyconfig - Configure the tiniest possible kernel
testconfig - Run Kconfig unit tests (requires python3 and pytest)
...
Architecture specific targets (x86):
* bzImage - Compressed kernel image (arch/x86/boot/bzImage)
install - Install kernel using
(your) ~/bin/installkernel or
(distribution) /sbin/installkernel or
install to $(INSTALL_PATH) and run lilo
fdimage - Create 1.4MB boot floppy image (arch/x86/boot/fdimage)
fdimage144 - Create 1.4MB boot floppy image (arch/x86/boot/fdimage)
fdimage288 - Create 2.8MB boot floppy image (arch/x86/boot/fdimage)
isoimage - Create a boot CD-ROM image (arch/x86/boot/image.iso)
bzdisk/fdimage*/isoimage also accept:
FDARGS="..." arguments for the booted kernel
FDINITRD=file initrd for the booted kernel
i386_defconfig - Build for i386
x86_64_defconfig - Build for x86_64
make V=0|1 [targets] 0 => quiet build (default), 1 => verbose build
make V=2 [targets] 2 => give reason for rebuild of target
make O=dir [targets] Locate all output files in "dir", including .config
make C=1 [targets] Check re-compiled c source with $CHECK (sparse by default)
make C=2 [targets] Force check of all c source with $CHECK
make RECORDMCOUNT_WARN=1 [targets] Warn about ignored mcount sections
make W=n [targets] Enable extra build checks, n=1,2,3 where
1: warnings which may be relevant and do not occur too often
2: warnings which occur quite often but may still be relevant
3: more obscure warnings, can most likely be ignored
Multiple levels can be combined with W=12 or W=123
Execute "make" or "make all" to build all targets marked with [*]
For further info see the ./README file
1.5 编译
AMD 4800H CPU 8G内存16线程大约需要3分钟编译
# 根据CPU线程数设置
$ make -j 16
最后编译完成的内核位于arch/x86/boot/bzImage
$ ls -l arch/x86/boot/bzImage
-rw-rw-r-- 1 dev dev 8897920 8月 1 16:08 arch/x86/boot/bzImage
至此，Linux kernel编译完成
linux-5.4.50文件夹编译完的磁盘占用情况
$ du -lh --max-depth=1
208K ./LICENSES
48M ./Documentation
12M ./lib
43M ./sound
41M ./tools
824K ./init
6.7M ./crypto
780K ./virt
8.9M ./mm
48M ./include
25M ./kernel
5.5M ./scripts
120K ./certs
61M ./fs
215M ./arch
1.6M ./samples
6.1M ./security
63M ./net
128K ./usr
4.4M ./block
1020K ./ipc
681M ./drivers
1.5G .
2.下载和编译busybox
busybox 将许多具有共性的小版本的UNIX工具结合到一个单一的可执行文件。这样的集合可以替代大部分常用工具比如的GNU fileutils，shellutils等工具，busybox提供了一个比较完善的环境，可以适用于任何小的嵌入式系统。
2.1 下载busybox
下载地址：https://busybox.net/downloads/
wget https://busybox.net/downloads/busybox-1.32.0.tar.bz2
2.2 设置CPU架构(★)
这里以x86_64架构为例。
# 设置CPU架构
$ export ARCH=x86_64
# 设置交叉编译工具链前缀
$ export CROSS_COMPILE=x86_64-linux-gnu-
2.3 设置系统选项
# 生成默认.config
$ make defconfig
# 设置busybox选项
$ make menuconfig
修改选项
...
Settings --->
...
# 静态编译busybox
--- Build Options
[*] Build static binary (no shared libs)
...
...
bosybox make详细帮助：
$ make help
...
Configuration:
allnoconfig - disable all symbols in .config
allyesconfig - enable all symbols in .config (see defconfig)
config - text based configurator (of last resort)
defconfig - set .config to largest generic configuration
menuconfig - interactive curses-based configurator
oldconfig - resolve any unresolved symbols in .config
android2_defconfig - Build for android2
cygwin_defconfig - Build for cygwin
TEST_nommu_defconfig - Build for TEST_nommu
android_defconfig - Build for android
TEST_noprintf_defconfig - Build for TEST_noprintf
android_ndk_defconfig - Build for android_ndk
android_502_defconfig - Build for android_502
TEST_rh9_defconfig - Build for TEST_rh9
freebsd_defconfig - Build for freebsd
Installation:
install - install busybox into CONFIG_PREFIX
uninstall
...
2.4 编译
# 根据CPU线程数设置
$ make -j 16
安装busybox，默认路径为当期目录的_install文件夹
make install
至此，busybox静态编译完成
busybox-1.32.0文件夹编译完的磁盘占用情况
$ du -lh --max-depth=1
636K ./examples
256K ./mailutils
268K ./findutils
2.3M ./archival
236K ./init
460K ./console-tools
5.2M ./networking
232K ./e2fsprogs
7.4M ./include
916K ./procps
1.4M ./docs
2.6M ./_install
216K ./sysklogd
4.0K ./.tmp_versions
1.7M ./scripts
520K ./applets
108K ./selinux
352K ./modutils
492K ./loginutils
180K ./debianutils
3.5M ./util-linux
28K ./arch
924K ./editors
6.9M ./shell
2.2M ./miscutils
2.9M ./coreutils
36K ./qemu_multiarch_testing
120K ./printutils
12K ./applets_sh
4.5M ./libbb
108K ./klibc-utils
112K ./libpwdgrp
252K ./configs
1.7M ./testsuite
408K ./runit
57M .
3.制作ramdisk根文件系统rootfs
基于busybox制作ramdisk根文件系统rootfs.
基于busybox的文件系统启动过程：
/sbin/init => /etc/inittab => /etc/init.d/rdS => /etc/fstab ...
3.1 创建根目录所需的目录
$ cd busybox-1.32.0/_install
$ ls
bin linuxrc sbin usr
$ mkdir -p dev etc home lib mnt proc root sys tmp var
$ ls
bin dev etc home lib linuxrc mnt proc root sbin sys tmp usr var
根文件系统目录说明
/bin: 系统管理员和用户均可使用的命令
/sbin： 系统管理员使用的系统命令
/dev: 存储特殊文件或设备文件；设备两种类型：字符设备、块设备
/etc: 系统配置文件
/home: 普通用户目录
/root：root用户目录
/lib: 为系统启动或根文件上的应用程序（/bin,/sbin等）提供共享库，以及为内核提供内核模块
/mnt：临时挂载点
/tmp: 临时文件存储目录
/usr：usr hierarchy，全局共享的只读数据路径
/var：存储常发生变化的数据目录：cache、log等
/proc: 基于内存的虚拟文件系统，用于为内核及进程存储其相关信息
/sys：sysfs虚拟文件系统提供了一种比proc更为理想的访问内核数据的途径：其主要作用在于为管理linux设备提供一种统一模型的接口；
3.2 创建根目录所需的必要文件
- etc/inittab
$ cd busybox-1.32.0/_install
$ vim etc/inittab
$ chmod 755 etc/inittab
etc/inittab内容：
::sysinit:/etc/init.d/rcS
::respawn:-/bin/sh
::askfirst:-/bin/sh
::cttlaltdel:/bin/umount -a -r
inittab语法：
<id>:<runlevels>:<action>:<process>
id : /dev/id
runlevels : 忽略
action : 何时执行，有以下选项 sysinit, respawn, askfirst, wait, once,restart, ctrlaltdel, and shutdown
process : 应用程序或脚本
- etc/init.d/rcS
$ cd busybox-1.32.0/_install
$ mkdir -p etc/init.d/
$ vim etc/init.d/rcS
$ chmod 755 etc/init.d/rcS
etc/init.d/rcS内容：
echo "----------mount all in fstab----------------"
/bin/mount -a #读取/etc/fstab，加载文件系统
mkdir -p /dev/pts
mount -t devpts devpts /dev/pts
echo /sbin/mdev > /proc/sys/kernel/hotplug
mdev -s
echo "****************Hello itas109******************"
echo "Kernel Version:linux-5.4.50"
echo "***********************************************"
- etc/fstab
$ cd busybox-1.32.0/_install
vim etc/fstab
etc/fstab内容:
#device mount-point type option dump fsck
proc /proc proc defaults 0 0
temps /tmp rpoc defaults 0 0
none /tmp ramfs defaults 0 0
sysfs /sys sysfs defaults 0 0
mdev /dev ramfs defaults 0 0
- 添加设备文件
$ cd busybox-1.32.0/_install
$ cd dev
$ sudo mknod console c 5 1
$ sudo mknod null c 1 3
$ sudo mknod tty1 c 4 1
3.3制作根文件系统镜像文件rootfs.img.gz
$ cd busybox-1.32.0
$ vim makeRootfs.sh
$ chmod +x makeRootfs.sh
$ ./makeRootfs.sh
记录了32+0 的读入
记录了32+0 的写出
33554432 bytes (34 MB, 32 MiB) copied, 0.0351642 s, 954 MB/s
mke2fs 1.45.5 (07-Jan-2020)
丢弃设备块： 完成
创建含有 8192 个块（每块 4k）和 8192 个inode的文件系统
正在分配组表： 完成
正在写入inode表： 完成
创建日志（1024 个块） 完成
写入超级块和文件系统账户统计信息： 已完成
makeRootfs.sh内容
#!/bin/bash
sudo rm -rf rootfs.ext3
sudo rm -rf fs
dd if=/dev/zero of=./rootfs.ext3 bs=1M count=32
mkfs.ext3 rootfs.ext3
mkdir fs
sudo mount -o loop rootfs.ext3 ./fs
sudo cp -rf ./_install/* ./fs
sudo umount ./fs
gzip --best -c rootfs.ext3 > rootfs.img.gz
4.Linux系统运行
cd ~
$ qemu-system-x86_64 \
-kernel ./linux-5.4.50/arch/x86_64/boot/bzImage \
-initrd ./busybox-1.32.0/rootfs.img.gz \
-append "root=/dev/ram init=/linuxrc"
启动结果：
[ 0.000000] Linux version 5.4.50 (dev@dev) (gcc version 9.3.0 (Ubuntu 9.3.0-10ubuntu2)) #1 SMP Sat Aug 1 16:05:18 CST 2020
...
****************Hello itas109******************
Kernel Version:linux-5.4.50
***********************************************
Please press Enter to activate this console.
/ # uname -a
Linux (none) 5.4.50 #1 SMP Sat Aug 1 16:05:18 CST 2020 x86_64 GNU/Linux
Reference:
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