STM32外部中断

中断是嵌入式系统中一个非常重要的概念,同时也在嵌入式系统中发挥着巨大的作用。在普通51单片机中,一共只有5个中断,其中2个外部中断,2个定时/计数器中断和一个串口中断。但在STM32中,中断的数量大大增加,同时配置和使用也相对复杂。此篇文章主要讲解STM32外部中断的配置和使用。
一、STM中断系统
首先介绍一下STM32中断系统的核心,即NVIC(Nested Vectored Interrupt Controller,嵌套向量中断控制器),其中重点是嵌套,有了嵌套的概念,就有了优先级。
STM32的中断有两种优先级:1、抢占式优先级 2、响应式优先级。
抢占式优先级的特点是:具有高抢占式优先级的中断可以在具有低抢占式优先级的中断处理过程中被响应,即中断嵌套。
响应式优先级的特点是:(1)当两个中断源的抢占式优先级相同时,高响应优先级的中断优先被响应,这两个中断将没有嵌套关系;(2)当两个中断源的抢占式优先级
相同时,如果有低响应优先级中断正在执行,那么高响应优先级的中断要等待已被响应的低响应优先级的中断执行结束后才能得到响应。当一个中断到来后,如果正在处理另一个中断,这个后到来的中断就要等到前一个中断处理完之后才能被处理。如果这两个中断同时到达,则中断控制器根据他们的响应优先级高低来决定先处理哪一个;如果他们的抢占式优先级和响应优先级都相等,则根据他们在中断表中的排位顺序决定先处理哪一个。每一个中断源都必须定义2个优先级。
STM32设置了组(Group)的概念来管理这些优先级。每一个中断都有一个专门的寄存器(Interrupt Priority Registers)来描述该中断的抢占式优先级和响应式优先级。在这个寄存器中STM32使用了4个二进制位来描述优先级。4位的中断优先级可以分成2组,从高位看,前面定义的是抢占式优先级,后面是响应优先级。按照这种分组,4位一共可以分成5组,分别为:
第0组:所有4位用于指定响应式优先级;
第1组:最高1位用于指定抢占式优先级,后面3位用于指定响应式优先级;
第2组:最高2位用于指定抢占式优先级,后面2位用于指定响应式优先级;
第3组:最高3位用于指定抢占式优先级,后面1位用于指定响应式优先级;
第4组:所有4位用于指定抢占式优先级。

5组用图形表示如下:


这5组分别对应misc.h中的5个宏定义:

/** @defgroup Preemption_Priority_Group 
  * @{
  */

#define NVIC_PriorityGroup_0         ((uint32_t)0x700) /*!< 0 bits for pre-emption priority
                                                            4 bits for subpriority */
#define NVIC_PriorityGroup_1         ((uint32_t)0x600) /*!< 1 bits for pre-emption priority
                                                            3 bits for subpriority */
#define NVIC_PriorityGroup_2         ((uint32_t)0x500) /*!< 2 bits for pre-emption priority
                                                            2 bits for subpriority */
#define NVIC_PriorityGroup_3         ((uint32_t)0x400) /*!< 3 bits for pre-emption priority
                                                            1 bits for subpriority */
#define NVIC_PriorityGroup_4         ((uint32_t)0x300) /*!< 4 bits for pre-emption priority
                                                            0 bits for subpriority */
二、STM32外部中断
STM32中,每一个GPIO都可以作为外部中断触发的引脚,但是,GPIO的中断是以组为单位的,同组间的外部中断同一时间只能使用一个。比如说,PA0,PB0,PC0,PD0,
PE0,PF0,PG0这些为1组,如果我们使用PA0作为外部中断源,那么其他的就不能够再使用了,在此情况下,我们只能使用类似于PA1,PB2这种末端序号不同的外部中断源。每一组使用一个中断标志EXTIx。EXTI0 – EXTI4这5个外部中断有自己的单独的中断响应函数,EXTI5-9共用一个中断响应函数,EXTI10-15共用一个中断响应函数。
三、STM32外部中断程序的编写
1、打开GPIOA和GPIOB的时钟:
因为要使用外部中断,所以还要打开GPIO复用的时钟,代码如下:
RCC_APB2PeriphClockCmd(RCC_APB2Periph_GPIOA | RCC_APB2Periph_GPIOB | RCC_APB2Periph_AFIO, ENABLE);
2、设置相应的中断:
首先定义嵌套向量中断控制器的初始化结构体NVIC_InitTypeDef,此结构体是在misc.h文件中声明的,其中有3个成员。uint8_t NVIC_IRQChannel代表要使用的中断通道,取值见stm32f10x.h文件中枚举typedef enum IRQn的定义,uint8_t NVIC_IRQChannelPreemptionPriority代表中断的抢占式优先级,取值共4位,也就是0~15,uint8_t NVIC_IRQChannelSubPriority代表中断的响应式优先级,取值同样是0~15,需要注意的是,这两个优先级的取值要根据之前描述的组(Group)的概念来定义FunctionalState NVIC_IRQChannelCmd代表是否使能中断,Enable打开使能,DISABLE关闭使能。
misc.h:
/** 
  * @brief  NVIC Init Structure definition  
  */

typedef struct
{
  uint8_t NVIC_IRQChannel;                    /*!< Specifies the IRQ channel to be enabled or disabled.
                                                   This parameter can be a value of @ref IRQn_Type 
                                                   (For the complete STM32 Devices IRQ Channels list, please
                                                    refer to stm32f10x.h file) */

  uint8_t NVIC_IRQChannelPreemptionPriority;  /*!< Specifies the pre-emption priority for the IRQ channel
                                                   specified in NVIC_IRQChannel. This parameter can be a value
                                                   between 0 and 15 as described in the table @ref NVIC_Priority_Table */

  uint8_t NVIC_IRQChannelSubPriority;         /*!< Specifies the subpriority level for the IRQ channel specified
                                                   in NVIC_IRQChannel. This parameter can be a value
                                                   between 0 and 15 as described in the table @ref NVIC_Priority_Table */

  FunctionalState NVIC_IRQChannelCmd;         /*!< Specifies whether the IRQ channel defined in NVIC_IRQChannel
                                                   will be enabled or disabled. 
                                                   This parameter can be set either to ENABLE or DISABLE */   
} NVIC_InitTypeDef;

stm32f10x.h:
/**
 * @brief STM32F10x Interrupt Number Definition, according to the selected device 
 *        in @ref Library_configuration_section 
 */
typedef enum IRQn
{
  //省略了一些内容
  EXTI0_IRQn                  = 6,      /*!< EXTI Line0 Interrupt                                 */
  EXTI1_IRQn                  = 7,      /*!< EXTI Line1 Interrupt                                 */
  EXTI2_IRQn                  = 8,      /*!< EXTI Line2 Interrupt                                 */
  EXTI3_IRQn                  = 9,      /*!< EXTI Line3 Interrupt                                 */
  EXTI4_IRQn                  = 10,     /*!< EXTI Line4 Interrupt                                 */
  EXTI9_5_IRQn                = 23,     /*!< External Line[9:5] Interrupts                        */
  EXTI15_10_IRQn              = 40,     /*!< External Line[15:10] Interrupts                      */
  //省略了一些内容
} IRQn_Type;
然后调用void NVIC_PriorityGroupConfig(uint32_t NVIC_PriorityGroup)函数设置中断的分组,此函数在misc.c中定义的,参数在misc.h中定义,分别对应5组。最后调用misc.c中的void NVIC_Init(NVIC_InitTypeDef* NVIC_InitStruct)函数完成中断控制器的初始化。
misc.c:
/**
  * @brief  Configures the priority grouping: pre-emption priority and subpriority.
  * @param  NVIC_PriorityGroup: specifies the priority grouping bits length. 
  *   This parameter can be one of the following values:
  *     @arg NVIC_PriorityGroup_0: 0 bits for pre-emption priority
  *                                4 bits for subpriority
  *     @arg NVIC_PriorityGroup_1: 1 bits for pre-emption priority
  *                                3 bits for subpriority
  *     @arg NVIC_PriorityGroup_2: 2 bits for pre-emption priority
  *                                2 bits for subpriority
  *     @arg NVIC_PriorityGroup_3: 3 bits for pre-emption priority
  *                                1 bits for subpriority
  *     @arg NVIC_PriorityGroup_4: 4 bits for pre-emption priority
  *                                0 bits for subpriority
  * @retval None
  */
void NVIC_PriorityGroupConfig(uint32_t NVIC_PriorityGroup)
{
  /* Check the parameters */
  assert_param(IS_NVIC_PRIORITY_GROUP(NVIC_PriorityGroup));
  
  /* Set the PRIGROUP[10:8] bits according to NVIC_PriorityGroup value */
  SCB->AIRCR = AIRCR_VECTKEY_MASK | NVIC_PriorityGroup;
}

misc.c
/**
  * @brief  Initializes the NVIC peripheral according to the specified
  *         parameters in the NVIC_InitStruct.
  * @param  NVIC_InitStruct: pointer to a NVIC_InitTypeDef structure that contains
  *         the configuration information for the specified NVIC peripheral.
  * @retval None
  */
void NVIC_Init(NVIC_InitTypeDef* NVIC_InitStruct)
{
  uint32_t tmppriority = 0x00, tmppre = 0x00, tmpsub = 0x0F;
  

  /* Check the parameters */
  assert_param(IS_FUNCTIONAL_STATE(NVIC_InitStruct->NVIC_IRQChannelCmd));
  assert_param(IS_NVIC_PREEMPTION_PRIORITY(NVIC_InitStruct->NVIC_IRQChannelPreemptionPriority));  
  assert_param(IS_NVIC_SUB_PRIORITY(NVIC_InitStruct->NVIC_IRQChannelSubPriority));
    
  if (NVIC_InitStruct->NVIC_IRQChannelCmd != DISABLE)
  {
    /* Compute the Corresponding IRQ Priority --------------------------------*/    
    tmppriority = (0x700 - ((SCB->AIRCR) & (uint32_t)0x700))>> 0x08;
    tmppre = (0x4 - tmppriority);
    tmpsub = tmpsub >> tmppriority;

    tmppriority = (uint32_t)NVIC_InitStruct->NVIC_IRQChannelPreemptionPriority << tmppre;
    tmppriority |=  NVIC_InitStruct->NVIC_IRQChannelSubPriority & tmpsub;
    tmppriority = tmppriority << 0x04;
        
    NVIC->IP[NVIC_InitStruct->NVIC_IRQChannel] = tmppriority;
    
    /* Enable the Selected IRQ Channels --------------------------------------*/
    NVIC->ISER[NVIC_InitStruct->NVIC_IRQChannel >> 0x05] =
      (uint32_t)0x01 << (NVIC_InitStruct->NVIC_IRQChannel & (uint8_t)0x1F);
  }
  else
  {
    /* Disable the Selected IRQ Channels -------------------------------------*/
    NVIC->ICER[NVIC_InitStruct->NVIC_IRQChannel >> 0x05] =
      (uint32_t)0x01 << (NVIC_InitStruct->NVIC_IRQChannel & (uint8_t)0x1F);
  }
}

3、设置相应的GPIO,这部分不多说,在介绍GPIO配置的文章中有相应讲解。
4、把相应的IO口设置为中断线路,由于GPIO并不是专用的中断引脚,因此在用GPIO来触发外部中断的时候需要设置将GPIO相应的引脚和中断线连接起来。首先定义外部中断的初始化结构体EXTI_InitTypeDef,这个结构体是在stm32f103x_exti.h中定义的,其中有4个成员。uint32_t EXTI_Line代表要使用的中断线路,取值见本头文件的定义,EXTIMode_TypeDef EXTI_Mode为中断的模式,可以是中断触发或事件触发,见本头文件的定义,EXTITrigger_TypeDef EXTI_Trigger;代表中断的触发条件,可以是上升沿触发EXTI_Trigger_Rising、下降沿触发EXTI_Trigger_Falling、上升沿下降沿触发EXTI_Trigger_Rising_Falling,见本头文件的定义,FunctionalState EXTI_LineCmd为是否打开外部中断的使能。
stm32f103x_exti.h:
/** 
  * @brief  EXTI Init Structure definition  
  */

typedef struct
{
  uint32_t EXTI_Line;               /*!< Specifies the EXTI lines to be enabled or disabled.
                                         This parameter can be any combination of @ref EXTI_Lines */
   
  EXTIMode_TypeDef EXTI_Mode;       /*!< Specifies the mode for the EXTI lines.
                                         This parameter can be a value of @ref EXTIMode_TypeDef */

  EXTITrigger_TypeDef EXTI_Trigger; /*!< Specifies the trigger signal active edge for the EXTI lines.
                                         This parameter can be a value of @ref EXTIMode_TypeDef */

  FunctionalState EXTI_LineCmd;     /*!< Specifies the new state of the selected EXTI lines.
                                         This parameter can be set either to ENABLE or DISABLE */ 
}EXTI_InitTypeDef;

stm32f103x_exti.h:
/** @defgroup EXTI_Lines 
  * @{
  */

#define EXTI_Line0       ((uint32_t)0x00001)  /*!< External interrupt line 0 */
#define EXTI_Line1       ((uint32_t)0x00002)  /*!< External interrupt line 1 */
#define EXTI_Line2       ((uint32_t)0x00004)  /*!< External interrupt line 2 */
#define EXTI_Line3       ((uint32_t)0x00008)  /*!< External interrupt line 3 */
#define EXTI_Line4       ((uint32_t)0x00010)  /*!< External interrupt line 4 */
#define EXTI_Line5       ((uint32_t)0x00020)  /*!< External interrupt line 5 */
#define EXTI_Line6       ((uint32_t)0x00040)  /*!< External interrupt line 6 */
#define EXTI_Line7       ((uint32_t)0x00080)  /*!< External interrupt line 7 */
#define EXTI_Line8       ((uint32_t)0x00100)  /*!< External interrupt line 8 */
#define EXTI_Line9       ((uint32_t)0x00200)  /*!< External interrupt line 9 */
#define EXTI_Line10      ((uint32_t)0x00400)  /*!< External interrupt line 10 */
#define EXTI_Line11      ((uint32_t)0x00800)  /*!< External interrupt line 11 */
#define EXTI_Line12      ((uint32_t)0x01000)  /*!< External interrupt line 12 */
#define EXTI_Line13      ((uint32_t)0x02000)  /*!< External interrupt line 13 */
#define EXTI_Line14      ((uint32_t)0x04000)  /*!< External interrupt line 14 */
#define EXTI_Line15      ((uint32_t)0x08000)  /*!< External interrupt line 15 */
#define EXTI_Line16      ((uint32_t)0x10000)  /*!< External interrupt line 16 Connected to the PVD Output */
#define EXTI_Line17      ((uint32_t)0x20000)  /*!< External interrupt line 17 Connected to the RTC Alarm event */
#define EXTI_Line18      ((uint32_t)0x40000)  /*!< External interrupt line 18 Connected to the USB Device/USB OTG FS
                                                   Wakeup from suspend event */                                    
#define EXTI_Line19      ((uint32_t)0x80000)  /*!< External interrupt line 19 Connected to the Ethernet Wakeup event */

stm32f103x_exti.h:
/** 
  * @brief  EXTI mode enumeration  
  */

typedef enum
{
  EXTI_Mode_Interrupt = 0x00,
  EXTI_Mode_Event = 0x04
}EXTIMode_TypeDef;

stm32f103x_exti.h:
/** 
  * @brief  EXTI Trigger enumeration  
  */

typedef enum
{
  EXTI_Trigger_Rising = 0x08,
  EXTI_Trigger_Falling = 0x0C,  
  EXTI_Trigger_Rising_Falling = 0x10
}EXTITrigger_TypeDef;

然后调用stm32f103x_exti.c文件中的void EXTI_ClearITPendingBit(uint32_t EXTI_Line)函数来清除相应的中断标志,再调用stm32f10x_gpio.c文件的void GPIO_EXTILineConfig(uint8_t GPIO_PortSource, uint8_t GPIO_PinSource)来选择中断引脚,其中两个参数取值见stm32f10x_gpio.h文件,最后调stm32f103x_exti.c文件中的void EXTI_Init(EXTI_InitTypeDef* EXTI_InitStruct)函数完成对外部中断的初始化。
stm32f103x_exti.c:
/**
  * @brief  Clears the EXTI's line pending bits.
  * @param  EXTI_Line: specifies the EXTI lines to clear.
  *   This parameter can be any combination of EXTI_Linex where x can be (0..19).
  * @retval None
  */
void EXTI_ClearITPendingBit(uint32_t EXTI_Line)
{
  /* Check the parameters */
  assert_param(IS_EXTI_LINE(EXTI_Line));
  
  EXTI->PR = EXTI_Line;
}

stm32f10x_gpio.c:
/**
  * @brief  Selects the GPIO pin used as EXTI Line.
  * @param  GPIO_PortSource: selects the GPIO port to be used as source for EXTI lines.
  *   This parameter can be GPIO_PortSourceGPIOx where x can be (A..G).
  * @param  GPIO_PinSource: specifies the EXTI line to be configured.
  *   This parameter can be GPIO_PinSourcex where x can be (0..15).
  * @retval None
  */
void GPIO_EXTILineConfig(uint8_t GPIO_PortSource, uint8_t GPIO_PinSource)
{
  uint32_t tmp = 0x00;
  /* Check the parameters */
  assert_param(IS_GPIO_EXTI_PORT_SOURCE(GPIO_PortSource));
  assert_param(IS_GPIO_PIN_SOURCE(GPIO_PinSource));
  
  tmp = ((uint32_t)0x0F) << (0x04 * (GPIO_PinSource & (uint8_t)0x03));
  AFIO->EXTICR[GPIO_PinSource >> 0x02] &= ~tmp;
  AFIO->EXTICR[GPIO_PinSource >> 0x02] |= (((uint32_t)GPIO_PortSource) << (0x04 * (GPIO_PinSource & (uint8_t)0x03)));
}

stm32f10x_gpio.h:
/** @defgroup GPIO_Port_Sources 
  * @{
  */

#define GPIO_PortSourceGPIOA       ((uint8_t)0x00)
#define GPIO_PortSourceGPIOB       ((uint8_t)0x01)
#define GPIO_PortSourceGPIOC       ((uint8_t)0x02)
#define GPIO_PortSourceGPIOD       ((uint8_t)0x03)
#define GPIO_PortSourceGPIOE       ((uint8_t)0x04)
#define GPIO_PortSourceGPIOF       ((uint8_t)0x05)
#define GPIO_PortSourceGPIOG       ((uint8_t)0x06)

/** @defgroup GPIO_Pin_sources 
  * @{
  */

#define GPIO_PinSource0            ((uint8_t)0x00)
#define GPIO_PinSource1            ((uint8_t)0x01)
#define GPIO_PinSource2            ((uint8_t)0x02)
#define GPIO_PinSource3            ((uint8_t)0x03)
#define GPIO_PinSource4            ((uint8_t)0x04)
#define GPIO_PinSource5            ((uint8_t)0x05)
#define GPIO_PinSource6            ((uint8_t)0x06)
#define GPIO_PinSource7            ((uint8_t)0x07)
#define GPIO_PinSource8            ((uint8_t)0x08)
#define GPIO_PinSource9            ((uint8_t)0x09)
#define GPIO_PinSource10           ((uint8_t)0x0A)
#define GPIO_PinSource11           ((uint8_t)0x0B)
#define GPIO_PinSource12           ((uint8_t)0x0C)
#define GPIO_PinSource13           ((uint8_t)0x0D)
#define GPIO_PinSource14           ((uint8_t)0x0E)
#define GPIO_PinSource15           ((uint8_t)0x0F)

stm32f103x_exti.c:
/**
  * @brief  Initializes the EXTI peripheral according to the specified
  *         parameters in the EXTI_InitStruct.
  * @param  EXTI_InitStruct: pointer to a EXTI_InitTypeDef structure
  *         that contains the configuration information for the EXTI peripheral.
  * @retval None
  */
void EXTI_Init(EXTI_InitTypeDef* EXTI_InitStruct)
{
  uint32_t tmp = 0;

  /* Check the parameters */
  assert_param(IS_EXTI_MODE(EXTI_InitStruct->EXTI_Mode));
  assert_param(IS_EXTI_TRIGGER(EXTI_InitStruct->EXTI_Trigger));
  assert_param(IS_EXTI_LINE(EXTI_InitStruct->EXTI_Line));  
  assert_param(IS_FUNCTIONAL_STATE(EXTI_InitStruct->EXTI_LineCmd));

  tmp = (uint32_t)EXTI_BASE;
     
  if (EXTI_InitStruct->EXTI_LineCmd != DISABLE)
  {
    /* Clear EXTI line configuration */
    EXTI->IMR &= ~EXTI_InitStruct->EXTI_Line;
    EXTI->EMR &= ~EXTI_InitStruct->EXTI_Line;
    
    tmp += EXTI_InitStruct->EXTI_Mode;

    *(__IO uint32_t *) tmp |= EXTI_InitStruct->EXTI_Line;

    /* Clear Rising Falling edge configuration */
    EXTI->RTSR &= ~EXTI_InitStruct->EXTI_Line;
    EXTI->FTSR &= ~EXTI_InitStruct->EXTI_Line;
    
    /* Select the trigger for the selected external interrupts */
    if (EXTI_InitStruct->EXTI_Trigger == EXTI_Trigger_Rising_Falling)
    {
      /* Rising Falling edge */
      EXTI->RTSR |= EXTI_InitStruct->EXTI_Line;
      EXTI->FTSR |= EXTI_InitStruct->EXTI_Line;
    }
    else
    {
      tmp = (uint32_t)EXTI_BASE;
      tmp += EXTI_InitStruct->EXTI_Trigger;

      *(__IO uint32_t *) tmp |= EXTI_InitStruct->EXTI_Line;
    }
  }
  else
  {
    tmp += EXTI_InitStruct->EXTI_Mode;

    /* Disable the selected external lines */
    *(__IO uint32_t *) tmp &= ~EXTI_InitStruct->EXTI_Line;
  }
}

5、编写中断响应函数:
STM32不像51单片机那样,可以用过interrupt关键字来定义中断响应函数,STM32的中断响应函数接口存在中断向量表中,是由启动代码给出的。默认的中断响应函数在stm32f10x_it.c中。比如void EXTI0_IRQHandler(void);我们需要按这个形式来定义其他我们需要的中断响应函数,共用的中断函数是这样定义的:void EXTI9_5_IRQHandler(void);那么怎么在共用的中断函数中判断到底触发的是哪一路中段呢?可以通过调用if (EXTI_GetITStatus(EXTI_Line5) != RESET)来判断。最后别忘了在中断响应函数返回前调用void EXTI_ClearITPendingBit(uint32_t EXTI_Line)函数来清除相应的中断标志,防止持续进入中断。
/**
  * @brief  This function handles External line 0 interrupt request.
  * @param  None
  * @retval None
  */
void EXTI0_IRQHandler(void)
{
    //自己的代码
    
    //清除相应的中断标志
    EXTI_ClearITPendingBit(EXTI_Line0);
  
}

/**
  * @brief  This function handles External lines 9 to 5 interrupt request.
  * @param  None
  * @retval None
  */
void EXTI9_5_IRQHandler(void)
{

    //自己的代码
    
    //清除相应的中断标志
    EXTI_ClearITPendingBit(EXTI_Line9);

}


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外部中断是指由外部信号触发的中断事件。在STM32微控制器中,外部中断可以通过引脚的外部触发方式来实现。以下是一些关于STM32外部中断的常见问题和回答: 1. 如何配置外部中断? 首先,选择要作为外部中断触发源的引脚。然后,使用GPIO库函数将引脚配置为输入模式,并启用外部中断功能。最后,配置外部中断触发条件,例如上升沿、下降沿或双边沿触发。具体的配置步骤和函数可以参考ST固件库或者HAL库的文档。 2. 如何编写外部中断的中断服务函数? 在STM32微控制器上,外部中断触发时,会跳转到预定义的中断服务函数。您需要在代码中编写该中断服务函数,并根据需求进行处理。可以使用HAL库提供的函数来判断是哪个引脚触发了中断,并进行相应的处理。 3. 外部中断有哪些触发方式? STM32微控制器支持多种触发方式,包括上升沿触发(Rising Edge Trigger)、下降沿触发(Falling Edge Trigger)、双边沿触发(Rising/Falling Edge Trigger)等。您可以根据实际需求选择合适的触发方式。 4. 外部中断能同时处理多个引脚的中断吗? 是的,STM32微控制器支持同时处理多个引脚的外部中断。您可以配置多个引脚为外部中断触发源,并在中断服务函数中根据需要进行处理。 请注意,以上回答是基于一般情况下的使用,具体的配置和编程方式可能会因不同的STM32系列、芯片型号和开发环境而有所差异。建议您参考相关的文档和例程来进行具体的配置和编程。
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