httpclient的一些学习心得
最近忙于一个项目,了解下httpclient,在这里总结出来,和大家一起学习分享,希望各位朋友提出宝贵的意见。
首先介绍一下项目的背景:
目标:把国内一家保险公司的“WEB一账通”改成“WAP一账通”。
资源:客户不提供任何的webservice接口。
本项目中用到的第三方组件是apache的httpclient,一个非常强大的网页抓取工具(抓这个字用得可能不太好), 这里和大家
一起讨论下httpclient的一些常用用法和要注意的地方。
本文引用的资源列表:
httpclient入门: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/opensource/os-httpclient/
httpclient证书导入:http://www.blogjava.net/happytian/archive/2006/12/22/89447.html
httpclient高级认识:http://laohuang.iteye.com/blog/55613
httpclient官方文档:http://hc.apache.org/httpcomponents-client/index.html
httpclient资源关闭:http://www.iteye.com/topic/234759
上面的文章写得很好,看完之后也就知道怎么用httpclient这个很好的工具了,但是在这里还是补充一些比较重要的东西,也是项目中经
常碰到的问题。
首先要注意的有以下几点:
1、httpclient连接后资源释放问题很重要,就跟我们用database connection要释放资源一样。
2、https网站采用ssl加密传输,证书导入要注意。
3、做这样的项目最好先了解下http协义,比如302,301,200,404返回代码的含义(这是最基本的),cookie,session的机制。
4、httpclient的redirect状态默认是自动的,这在很大程度上给开发者很大的方便(如一些授权获得cookie),但是有时要手动管理下,比如
有时会遇到CircularRedirectException异常,出现这样的情况是因为返回的头文件中location值指向之前重复(端口号可以不同)地址,导致可能会出现死
循环递归重定向,这时可以手动关闭:method.setFollowRedirects(false)
5、有的网站会先判别用户的请求是否是来自浏览器,如不是,则返回不正确的文本,所以用httpclient抓取信息时在头部加入如下信息:
header.put("User-Agent", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; QQDownload 1.7; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; CIBA; .NET CLR 2.0.50727)");
6、当post请求提交数据时要改变默认编码,不然的话提交上去的数据会出现乱码。重写postMethod的setContentCharSet()方法就可以了:
下面写一个通用类来处理request请求返回的文本:
/*
* HttpRequestProxy.java
*
* Created on November 3, 2008, 9:53 AM
*/
package cn.com.mozat.net;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
import org.apache.commons.httpclient.Header;
import org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpClient;
import org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpException;
import org.apache.commons.httpclient.HttpMethod;
import org.apache.commons.httpclient.NameValuePair;
import org.apache.commons.httpclient.SimpleHttpConnectionManager;
import org.apache.commons.httpclient.methods.GetMethod;
import org.apache.commons.httpclient.methods.PostMethod;
import cn.com.mozat.exception.CustomException;
/**
*
* @author bird email:lihongfu-84@163.com
*
* 2008-11-4 09:49:48
*/
public class HttpRequestProxy{
//超时间隔
private static int connectTimeOut = 60000;
//让connectionmanager管理httpclientconnection时是否关闭连接
private static boolean alwaysClose = false;
//返回数据编码格式
private String encoding = "UTF-8";
private final HttpClient client = new HttpClient(new SimpleHttpConnectionManager(alwaysClose));
public HttpClient getHttpClient(){
return client;
}
/**
* 用法:
* HttpRequestProxy hrp = new HttpRequestProxy();
* hrp.doRequest("http://www.163.com",null,null,"gbk");
*
* @param url 请求的资源URL
* @param postData POST请求时form表单封装的数据 没有时传null
* @param header request请求时附带的头信息(header) 没有时传null
* @param encoding response返回的信息编码格式 没有时传null
* @return response返回的文本数据
* @throws CustomException
*/
public String doRequest(String url,Map postData,Map header,String encoding) throws CustomException{
String responseString = null;
//头部请求信息
Header[] headers = null;
if(header != null){
Set entrySet = header.entrySet();
int dataLength = entrySet.size();
headers= new Header[dataLength];
int i = 0;
for(Iterator itor = entrySet.iterator();itor.hasNext();){
Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry)itor.next();
headers[i++] = new Header(entry.getKey().toString(),entry.getValue().toString());
}
}
//post方式
if(postData!=null){
PostMethod postRequest = new PostMethod(url.trim());
if(headers != null){
for(int i = 0;i < headers.length;i++){
postRequest.setRequestHeader(headers[i]);
}
}
Set entrySet = postData.entrySet();
int dataLength = entrySet.size();
NameValuePair[] params = new NameValuePair[dataLength];
int i = 0;
for(Iterator itor = entrySet.iterator();itor.hasNext();){
Map.Entry entry = (Map.Entry)itor.next();
params[i++] = new NameValuePair(entry.getKey().toString(),entry.getValue().toString());
}
postRequest.setRequestBody(params);
try {
responseString = this.executeMethod(postRequest,encoding);
} catch (CustomException e) {
throw e;
} finally{
postRequest.releaseConnection();
}
}
//get方式
if(postData == null){
GetMethod getRequest = new GetMethod(url.trim());
if(headers != null){
for(int i = 0;i < headers.length;i++){
getRequest.setRequestHeader(headers[i]);
}
}
try {
responseString = this.executeMethod(getRequest,encoding);
} catch (CustomException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
throw e;
}finally{
getRequest.releaseConnection();
}
}
return responseString;
}
private String executeMethod(HttpMethod request, String encoding) throws CustomException{
String responseContent = null;
InputStream responseStream = null;
BufferedReader rd = null;
try {
this.getHttpClient().executeMethod(request);
if(encoding != null){
responseStream = request.getResponseBodyAsStream();
rd = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(responseStream,
encoding));
String tempLine = rd.readLine();
StringBuffer tempStr = new StringBuffer();
String crlf=System.getProperty("line.separator");
while (tempLine != null)
{
tempStr.append(tempLine);
tempStr.append(crlf);
tempLine = rd.readLine();
}
responseContent = tempStr.toString();
}else
responseContent = request.getResponseBodyAsString();
Header locationHeader = request.getResponseHeader("location");
//返回代码为302,301时,表示页面己经重定向,则重新请求location的url,这在
//一些登录授权取cookie时很重要
if (locationHeader != null) {
String redirectUrl = locationHeader.getValue();
this.doRequest(redirectUrl, null, null,null);
}
} catch (HttpException e) {
throw new CustomException(e.getMessage());
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new CustomException(e.getMessage());
} finally{
if(rd != null)
try {
rd.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new CustomException(e.getMessage());
}
if(responseStream != null)
try {
responseStream.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new CustomException(e.getMessage());
}
}
return responseContent;
}
/**
* 特殊请求数据,这样的请求往往会出现redirect本身而出现递归死循环重定向
* 所以单独写成一个请求方法
* 比如现在请求的url为:http://localhost:8080/demo/index.jsp
* 返回代码为302 头部信息中location值为:http://localhost:8083/demo/index.jsp
* 这时httpclient认为进入递归死循环重定向,抛出CircularRedirectException异常
* @param url
* @return
* @throws CustomException
*/
public String doSpecialRequest(String url,int count,String encoding) throws CustomException{
String str = null;
InputStream responseStream = null;
BufferedReader rd = null;
GetMethod getRequest = new GetMethod(url);
//关闭httpclient自动重定向动能
getRequest.setFollowRedirects(false);
try {
this.client.executeMethod(getRequest);
Header header = getRequest.getResponseHeader("location");
if(header!= null){
//请求重定向后的URL,count同时加1
this.doSpecialRequest(header.getValue(),count+1, encoding);
}
//这里用count作为标志位,当count为0时才返回请求的URL文本,
//这样就可以忽略所有的递归重定向时返回文本流操作,提高性能
if(count == 0){
getRequest = new GetMethod(url);
getRequest.setFollowRedirects(false);
this.client.executeMethod(getRequest);
responseStream = getRequest.getResponseBodyAsStream();
rd = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(responseStream,
encoding));
String tempLine = rd.readLine();
StringBuffer tempStr = new StringBuffer();
String crlf=System.getProperty("line.separator");
while (tempLine != null)
{
tempStr.append(tempLine);
tempStr.append(crlf);
tempLine = rd.readLine();
}
str = tempStr.toString();
}
} catch (HttpException e) {
throw new CustomException(e.getMessage());
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new CustomException(e.getMessage());
} finally{
getRequest.releaseConnection();
if(rd !=null)
try {
rd.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new CustomException(e.getMessage());
}
if(responseStream !=null)
try {
responseStream.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
throw new CustomException(e.getMessage());
}
}
return str;
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
HttpRequestProxy hrp = new HttpRequestProxy();
Map header = new HashMap();
header.put("User-Agent", "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 6.0; Windows NT 5.1; SV1; QQDownload 1.7; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; CIBA; .NET CLR 2.0.50727)");
String str = hrp.doRequest("http://www.cma-cgm.com/en/eBusiness/Tracking/Default.aspx?BolNumber=GZ2108827", null, header,null);
System.out.println(str.contains("row_CRXU1587647"));
// System.out.println(str);
}
}