Java I/O 系统 （二）

输入输出

 

编程语言的I/O类库中常使用流这个抽象概念，它代表任何有能力产出数据的数据源对象或者是有能力接受数据的接收端对象。“流”屏蔽了实际的I/O设备中处理数据的细节。

 

Java类库中的I/O类分成输入和输出两部分。通过继承，任何自Inputstream或Reader派生而来的类都含有名为read()的基本方法，用于读取单个字节或者字节数组。同样，任何自Outputstream或Writer派生而来的类都含有名为write()的基本方法，用于写单个字节或者字节数组。但是，我们通常不会用到这些方法，它们之所以存在是因为别的类可以使用它们，以便提供更有用的接口。因此，我们很少使用单一的类来创建流对象，而是通过叠合多个对象来提供所期望的功能。

 

实际上，Java中，“流”类库让人迷惑的主要原因就在于：创建单一的结果流，却需要创建多个对象。

 

 

一、InputStream类型

InputStream的作用是用来表示那些从不同数据源产生输入的类，这些数据源包括：

 

1. 字节数组
2. String对象
3. 文件
4. “管道”，工作方式与实际管道相似，即，从一段输入，从另一端输出。
5. 一个由其他种类的流组成的序列。
6. 其他数据源。

每一种数据源都有相应的InputStream子类

二、OutputStream类型

该类别的类决定了输出所要去往的目标：字节数组，文件或管道。

 

 

 

 

InputStream部分源码分析

 

 

/**
     * Reads the next byte of data from the input stream. The value byte is
     * returned as an <code>int</code> in the range <code>0</code> to
     * <code>255</code>. If no byte is available because the end of the stream
     * has been reached, the value <code>-1</code> is returned. This method
     * blocks until input data is available, the end of the stream is detected,
     * or an exception is thrown.
     *
     * <p> A subclass must provide an implementation of this method.
     *
     * @return     the next byte of data, or <code>-1</code> if the end of the
     *             stream is reached.
     * @exception  IOException  if an I/O error occurs.
     */
    public abstract int read() throws IOException;

    /**
     * Reads some number of bytes from the input stream and stores them into
     * the buffer array <code>b</code>. The number of bytes actually read is
     * returned as an integer.  This method blocks until input data is
     * available, end of file is detected, or an exception is thrown.
     *
     * <p> If the length of <code>b</code> is zero, then no bytes are read and
     * <code>0</code> is returned; otherwise, there is an attempt to read at
     * least one byte. If no byte is available because the stream is at the
     * end of the file, the value <code>-1</code> is returned; otherwise, at
     * least one byte is read and stored into <code>b</code>.
     *
     * <p> The first byte read is stored into element <code>b[0]</code>, the
     * next one into <code>b[1]</code>, and so on. The number of bytes read is,
     * at most, equal to the length of <code>b</code>. Let <i>k</i> be the
     * number of bytes actually read; these bytes will be stored in elements
     * <code>b[0]</code> through <code>b[</code><i>k</i><code>-1]</code>,
     * leaving elements <code>b[</code><i>k</i><code>]</code> through
     * <code>b[b.length-1]</code> unaffected.
     *
     * <p> The <code>read(b)</code> method for class <code>InputStream</code>
     * has the same effect as: <pre><code> read(b, 0, b.length) </code></pre>
     *
     * @param      b   the buffer into which the data is read.
     * @return     the total number of bytes read into the buffer, or
     *             <code>-1</code> is there is no more data because the end of
     *             the stream has been reached.
     * @exception  IOException  If the first byte cannot be read for any reason
     * other than the end of the file, if the input stream has been closed, or
     * if some other I/O error occurs.
     * @exception  NullPointerException  if <code>b</code> is <code>null</code>.
     * @see        java.io.InputStream#read(byte[], int, int)
     */
    public int read(byte b[]) throws IOException {
	return read(b, 0, b.length);
    }

    /**
     * Reads up to <code>len</code> bytes of data from the input stream into
     * an array of bytes.  An attempt is made to read as many as
     * <code>len</code> bytes, but a smaller number may be read.
     * The number of bytes actually read is returned as an integer.
     *
     * <p> This method blocks until input data is available, end of file is
     * detected, or an exception is thrown.
     *
     * <p> If <code>len</code> is zero, then no bytes are read and
     * <code>0</code> is returned; otherwise, there is an attempt to read at
     * least one byte. If no byte is available because the stream is at end of
     * file, the value <code>-1</code> is returned; otherwise, at least one
     * byte is read and stored into <code>b</code>.
     *
     * <p> The first byte read is stored into element <code>b[off]</code>, the
     * next one into <code>b[off+1]</code>, and so on. The number of bytes read
     * is, at most, equal to <code>len</code>. Let <i>k</i> be the number of
     * bytes actually read; these bytes will be stored in elements
     * <code>b[off]</code> through <code>b[off+</code><i>k</i><code>-1]</code>,
     * leaving elements <code>b[off+</code><i>k</i><code>]</code> through
     * <code>b[off+len-1]</code> unaffected.
     *
     * <p> In every case, elements <code>b[0]</code> through
     * <code>b[off]</code> and elements <code>b[off+len]</code> through
     * <code>b[b.length-1]</code> are unaffected.
     *
     * <p> The <code>read(b,</code> <code>off,</code> <code>len)</code> method
     * for class <code>InputStream</code> simply calls the method
     * <code>read()</code> repeatedly. If the first such call results in an
     * <code>IOException</code>, that exception is returned from the call to
     * the <code>read(b,</code> <code>off,</code> <code>len)</code> method.  If
     * any subsequent call to <code>read()</code> results in a
     * <code>IOException</code>, the exception is caught and treated as if it
     * were end of file; the bytes read up to that point are stored into
     * <code>b</code> and the number of bytes read before the exception
     * occurred is returned. The default implementation of this method blocks
     * until the requested amount of input data <code>len</code> has been read,
     * end of file is detected, or an exception is thrown. Subclasses are encouraged
     * to provide a more efficient implementation of this method.
     *
     * @param      b     the buffer into which the data is read.
     * @param      off   the start offset in array <code>b</code>
     *                   at which the data is written.
     * @param      len   the maximum number of bytes to read.
     * @return     the total number of bytes read into the buffer, or
     *             <code>-1</code> if there is no more data because the end of
     *             the stream has been reached.
     * @exception  IOException If the first byte cannot be read for any reason
     * other than end of file, or if the input stream has been closed, or if
     * some other I/O error occurs.
     * @exception  NullPointerException If <code>b</code> is <code>null</code>.
     * @exception  IndexOutOfBoundsException If <code>off</code> is negative, 
     * <code>len</code> is negative, or <code>len</code> is greater than 
     * <code>b.length - off</code>
     * @see        java.io.InputStream#read()
     */
    public int read(byte b[], int off, int len) throws IOException {
	if (b == null) {
	    throw new NullPointerException();
	} else if (off < 0 || len < 0 || len > b.length - off) {
	    throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException();
	} else if (len == 0) {
	    return 0;
	}

	int c = read();
	if (c == -1) {
	    return -1;
	}
	b[off] = (byte)c;

	int i = 1;
	try {
	    for (; i < len ; i++) {
		c = read();
		if (c == -1) {
		    break;
		}
		b[off + i] = (byte)c;
	    }
	} catch (IOException ee) {
	}
	return i;
    }

 

 

我们看到，read()方法实际上是一个抽象方法，需要每个继承InputStream的子类来进行覆盖，举例来说，我们在FileInputStream中看到，read()方法是这样写的：

 

 

    /**
     * Reads a subarray as a sequence of bytes.
     * @param b the data to be written
     * @param off the start offset in the data
     * @param len the number of bytes that are written
     * @exception IOException If an I/O error has occurred.
     */
    private native int readBytes(byte b[], int off, int len) throws IOException;

 

 

也就是说，这里读取字节的方法，并不是使用Java语言编写，而是写在了更底层的代码中。而在ByteArrayInputStream类中，read()方法是这样实现的：

 

 

    /**
     * Reads the next byte of data from this input stream. The value 
     * byte is returned as an <code>int</code> in the range 
     * <code>0</code> to <code>255</code>. If no byte is available 
     * because the end of the stream has been reached, the value 
     * <code>-1</code> is returned. 
     * <p>
     * This <code>read</code> method 
     * cannot block. 
     *
     * @return  the next byte of data, or <code>-1</code> if the end of the
     *          stream has been reached.
     */
    public synchronized int read() {
	return (pos < count) ? (buf[pos++] & 0xff) : -1;
    }

 

 

继续回到InputStream类中，该类的其他两个read方法，read(byte [] b) 和 read(byte [] b , int off , int len)方法，这两个方法的实现根本上是调用了read()，而真正的read()实现又出现在其子类中，这样的做法使得读取不同类型的流时，提供了很大的灵活性，值得我们学习。