MIT 3.054胞状材料、多孔材料课程笔记-Lecture3：蜂窝材料的结构

MIT 3.054 Cellular Solids Lecture 3 Structure of Cellular Solids

1 Mean Intercept Length*（Huber and Gibson, 1998)*

为了表示泡沫的几何形状，例如长宽比，方向

这部分其实不是很清楚有什么直接的应用，更多的似乎是描述的几何基础，可能在后续的一些材料简化、等价时候会用到

具体步骤：

• for foams, we characterize cell shape and orientation by using mean intercept lengths

• 绘制一个测试用的圆consider a circular test area on plane section

• 在圆内画等距的平行线then, you draw equal distance parallel line($eg:\theta =0$)

• 计数平行线与胞壁的交点数count number of intercepts of cell walls with lines, $N_C$

• 按右式计算then you get the intercept length for this orientation,$ L(\theta=0)=\frac{1.5}{N_C}$，1.5是常数

• 按一定增量改变平行线角度，重复increment $\theta$ by some amount,($eg: 5)，repeat

• 在极坐标上绘图then plot polar diagram of intercept lengths as $f(\theta$)

• 椭圆形拟合fit an ellipse to the points(ellipsoid in 3D)

• 椭圆的主轴即孔隙的主方向then, you get principal axes of ellipsoid are principal dimensions of cells

• orientation of ellipsoid is orientation of cells

• can write equation of ellipsoid: $A{x}_1^2+B{x}_2^2+C{x}_3^2+2D{x}_1{x}_2+2E{x}_1{x}_3+2F{x}_2{x}_3=1$

• in matrix form:

• $$M=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}A& D& E\\ D& B& F\\ E& F& C\end{array}\right]$$

• can represent it as tensor, “fabric tensor”

• 如果所有非对角元素都为0，那么A,B,C就是主方向if all non-diagonal elements(D,E,F) =0, then A,B,C are principal dimension

2 孔隙的连接性connectivity of cells

关于常用的几个名词的关系：vertices connected by edges which surround faces which enclose cells

edge connectivity $Z_e$=number of edges that meet at a vertex

typically, hexognal honeycombs =3, foam =4

face connectivity $Z_f$ =number of faces that meet at an edge

typically, 3 for foam

Euler’s law

relate total number of edges E, vertices V, face F, cell C, by Euler’s law for a large aggregate of cells

2D:$0+F-E+V=1$

3D:$-C+F-E+V=1$

for an irregular foam(mean cell with different number of sides) honey coms

E.g. for a honeycomb which is 3-connected, what is average number of sides/faces? $\bar{n}$?
$$\begin{gathered} Z_e=3 \\ \frac{E}{V}=\frac{3}{2}each-edge-shared-betwee-2-vertices \\ if-F_n=number-of-face-with-n-sides,then \\ \frac{\sum n{F}_n}{2}=E,(since-each-edge-separates-2-face) \\ using-Eule{r}^{\prime }s-law: \\ F-E+V=1 \\ F-E+\frac{2}{3}E=1 \\ F-\frac{1}{3}E=1 \\ F-\frac{1}{3}\frac{\sum n{F}_n}{2}=1 \\ 6F-\sum n{F}_n=6 \\ 6-\frac{\sum n{F}_n}{F}=\frac{6}{F} \\ ifF\to large-number,then\frac{6}{F}\to 0 \\ 6-\frac{\sum n{F}_n}{F}=0 \\ \bar{n}=6 \end{gathered}$$
实际对应上面的计算的实例，如下图所示，该图的数字表示此面所含的边，可以看到有多的，就会有少的，平均下来大概也还是6

Aboav-Weaire Law

generally, face with more sides than average has neighbor with less sides than average

即一个比平均边多的面，一般会有一个邻近的少于平均边的边进行补偿。

if a candidate cell has n sides, then the average number of sides of its n neighbours is：

$\bar{m}=5+6/n$(for 2D)

Lewis’s rule

主要是面积和边数 或 体积和面数 的线性关系

Lewis examined biological cells and 2D cell pattern, found that:

the area of the cell varied linearly with the number of its sides, empirical relationship:
$$\frac{A(n)}{A(\bar{n})}=\frac{n-n_0}{\bar{n}-n_0}$$
A(n) is area of cell with n sides, $A(\bar{n})$ is area of cell with average side

it holds for Voronoi honeycombs and most other 2D cells

3D case:
$$\frac{V(f)}{V(\bar{f})}=\frac{f-f_0}{\bar{f}-f_0}$$
V is volume, f is number of face

3 Modelling cellular solids-structural analyses

模拟机械性能主要有3种方法，3 main approach for modelling mechanical properties

1. using unit cell, eg. honey comb - hexagonal cell; foam - using tetra-kai-decahedron unit cell
2. dimensional analysis:
   1. geometry is complicated and difficult to model
   2. dimension instead, model mechanisms of the deformation of failure
3. using finite element analysis- numerical technique
   1. can apply to random structure, eg. Voronoi
   2. can micro-computed tomography - input to FEA,可以微CT成像，得到实际物体的结构，导入FEA进行分析
   3. can be used to look at local effects, side effects,

Honeycombs in-plane behaviours

面内变形的应力-应变曲线Stress-strain behavior in plane

实际变形图

压缩Compression

一般包括了3个过程，3 regimes of behaviours

1. 线弹性阶段linear elastic - bending
2. 应力平台阶段stress plateau - buckling(elastic), yielding(metal), brittle crushing(ceramic)
3. 压缩阶段densification - cell walls touching

increase the t/length, increase the $E^{\ast },{\sigma }^{\ast },decrease,{ϵ}^{\ast }$

拉伸Tension

linear elastic- bending

stress plateau

• only exists if material yields

• no buckling in tension

• 脆性材料直接断裂，无平台brittle honey comb fracture(no plateau)

上面的图可以大致分成了三个区域，线弹性区域、平台区域(plateau)，压缩区域(densification)

影响机械性能的要素Variables affecting honeycomb mechanical properties

1. 相对密度

   推导过程，由于六边形的对称性，取半边进行考虑。分子为壁厚区域的体积，因此为边长*厚度。分母为全实心体积，可以采用梯形公式进行计算。分子分母同时除以$l^2$即可得到下式：
   $$\frac{{\rho }^{\ast }}{{\rho }_s}=\frac{\frac{t}{l}(\frac{h}{l}+2)}{2cos\theta (\frac{h}{l}+sin\theta )}$$
   例如, 当 $h/l=1,\theta=30 $时,即正六边形时
   $$\frac{{\rho }^{\ast }}{{\rho }_s}=\frac{2}{\sqrt{(}3)}\frac{t}{l}$$

2. 固态孔隙壁的性质, 模量、屈服强度，断裂强度

3. 孔隙的几何尺寸, $h/l,\theta$

面内性质In-plane properties

简化假设Assumptions

1. t/l is small -> mean we can neglect axial + shear deformations，
2. deformation is small -> neglect changes in cell geometry
3. cell wall -> linear elastic, isotropic

对称性Symmetry

honeycombs - orthotropic, structure remains the same when rotate 180 degree about 3 mutually vertical axes

hook’s law for Linear elastic deformation

线弹性材料的胡克定律的矩阵形式（我懒得敲了）

in-plane, there are 4 independent elastic constant,
由于对称性，只需要求出一个泊松比即可，另一个可由对称性导出。

下节课会对面内的杨氏模量进行推导