Direct3D入门之框架的搭建

学习一样东西，最好能够从最基础做起。学习D3D，笔者并不赞同直接继承SDK Sample的CD3DApplication，然后override那几个虚函数，因为这样会让初学者对D3D更感神秘，因此我们需要从头开始，不用害怕，其实一点都不难：）

一、Win32 SDK框架

    看过Petzold的《Windows程序设计》的朋友应该知道创建窗口的固定步骤。而利用Win32 SDK搭建D3D框架只不过是在这些步骤中加入一些调料罢了。具体步骤如下：

1、注册窗体类；
2、创建窗口；
3、创建消息处理函数；
4、显示窗口；
5、初始化D3D、初始化资源数据（如：顶点向量、纹理等）；
6、进入消息循环，用PeekMessage处理消息，以便在空闲时进行渲染。

而初始化D3D又分下面四个步骤：

1、创建IDirect3D9^[1]对象；
2、检查硬件性能，判断硬件是否支持特定的功能；
3、填充D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS结构；
4、利用第3步中的结构体对象创建D3D设备（由于该步骤需要窗体的句柄，所以初始化D3D必须放在显示窗口之后）。

 下面是框架代码：

 

000001     //
000002     // 全局变量
000003     //
000004    
000005    IDirect3DDevice9* Device = 0;
000006    
000007    
000008    bool InitD3D(
000009        HINSTANCE hInstance,
000010        int width, int height,
000011        bool windowed,
000012        D3DDEVTYPE deviceType,
000013        IDirect3DDevice9** device)
000014    {
000015        WNDCLASS wc;
000016    
000017        wc.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
000018        wc.lpfnWndProc = (WNDPROC)WndProc;
000019        wc.cbClsExtra = 0;
000020        wc.cbWndExtra = 0;
000021        wc.hInstance = hInstance;
000022        wc.hIcon = LoadIcon(0, IDI_APPLICATION);
000023        wc.hCursor = LoadCursor(0, IDC_ARROW);
000024        wc.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH);
000025        wc.lpszMenuName = 0;
000026        wc.lpszClassName = "Direct3D9App";
000027         // 注册窗口类
000028        if( !RegisterClass(&wc) )
000029        {
000030            MessageBox(0, "RegisterClass() - FAILED", 0, 0);
000031            return false;
000032        }
000033            
000034        HWND hwnd = 0;
000035         // 创建窗口
000036        hwnd = CreateWindow("Direct3D9App", "Direct3D9App",
000037            WS_EX_TOPMOST,
000038            0, 0, width, height,
000039            0 /*parent hwnd*/, 0 /* menu */, hInstance, 0 /*extra*/);
000040    
000041        if( !hwnd )
000042        {
000043            MessageBox(0, "CreateWindow() - FAILED", 0, 0);
000044            return false;
000045        }
000046         // 显示窗口
000047        ShowWindow(hwnd, SW_SHOW);
000048        UpdateWindow(hwnd);
000049    
000050         //
000051         // 初始化D3D
000052         //
000053    
000054        HRESULT hr = 0;
000055    
000056         // 步骤1：创建IDirect3D9对象。
000057    
000058        IDirect3D9* d3d9 = 0;
000059     d3d9 = Direct3DCreate9(D3D_SDK_VERSION);
000060    
000061     if( !d3d9 )
000062        {
000063            MessageBox(0, "Direct3DCreate9() - FAILED", 0, 0);
000064            return false;
000065        }
000066    
000067         // 步骤2：检查硬件性能（这里只检查了是否支持顶点的硬件处理）
000068    
000069        D3DCAPS9 caps;
000070        d3d9->GetDeviceCaps(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, deviceType, &caps);
000071    
000072        int vp = 0;
000073        if( caps.DevCaps & D3DDEVCAPS_HWTRANSFORMANDLIGHT )
000074            vp = D3DCREATE_HARDWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING;
000075        else
000076            vp = D3DCREATE_SOFTWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING;
000077    
000078         // 步骤3：填充D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS结构（参数说明请参考MSDN）
000079    
000080        D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS d3dpp;
000081        d3dpp.BackBufferWidth = width;
000082        d3dpp.BackBufferHeight = height;
000083        d3dpp.BackBufferFormat = D3DFMT_A8R8G8B8;
000084        d3dpp.BackBufferCount = 1;
000085        d3dpp.MultiSampleType = D3DMULTISAMPLE_NONE;
000086        d3dpp.MultiSampleQuality = 0;
000087        d3dpp.SwapEffect = D3DSWAPEFFECT_DISCARD;
000088        d3dpp.hDeviceWindow = hwnd;
000089        d3dpp.Windowed = windowed;
000090        d3dpp.EnableAutoDepthStencil = true;
000091        d3dpp.AutoDepthStencilFormat = D3DFMT_D24S8;
000092        d3dpp.Flags = 0;
000093        d3dpp.FullScreen_RefreshRateInHz = D3DPRESENT_RATE_DEFAULT;
000094        d3dpp.PresentationInterval = D3DPRESENT_INTERVAL_IMMEDIATE;
000095    
000096         // 步骤4：创建D3D设备
000097    
000098        hr = d3d9->CreateDevice(
000099            D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, // 主设备
000100            deviceType, // 设备类型
000101            hwnd, // 分配给设备的窗口句柄
000102            vp, // 顶点处理方式
000103         &d3dpp, // 表现参数
000104         device); // 返回创建的设备
000105    
000106        if( FAILED(hr) )
000107        {
000108             // 如果创建失败，采用16为深度缓存试试
000109            d3dpp.AutoDepthStencilFormat = D3DFMT_D16;
000110            
000111            hr = d3d9->CreateDevice(
000112                D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT,
000113                deviceType,
000114                hwnd,
000115                vp,
000116                &d3dpp,
000117                device);
000118    
000119            if( FAILED(hr) )
000120            {
000121                d3d9->Release();
000122                MessageBox(0, "CreateDevice() - FAILED", 0, 0);
000123                return false;
000124            }
000125        }
000126    
000127        d3d9->Release();
000128        
000129        return true;
000130    }
000131    
000132     // 消息循环
000133    int MsgLoop()
000134    {
000135        MSG msg;
000136        ZeroMemory(&msg, sizeof(MSG));
000137    
000138        while(msg.message != WM_QUIT)
000139        {
000140            if(PeekMessage(&msg, 0, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE))
000141            {
000142                TranslateMessage(&msg);
000143                DispatchMessage(&msg);
000144            }
000145            else
000146     {    
000147                Display();     // 渲染
000148     }
000149     }
000150     return msg.wParam;
000151    }
000152    
000153    
000154     //
000155     // 框架函数
000156     //
000157    
000158    bool Setup()
000159    {
000160         // 你可以在此初始化顶点向量、载入纹理等
000161    
000162        return true;
000163    }
000164    
000165    void Cleanup()
000166    {
000167         // 清除在Setup中载入的资源
000168    }
000169    
000170    bool Display()
000171    {
000172        if( Device ) // 只有当设备有效时才能渲染
000173        {
000174             // 在此填入渲染代码
000175        }
000176        return true;
000177    }
000178    
000179     //
000180     // 窗口处理函数
000181     //
000182    LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
000183    {
000184        switch( msg )
000185        {
000186        case WM_DESTROY:
000187            PostQuitMessage(0);
000188            break;
000189            
000190        case WM_KEYDOWN:
000191            if( wParam == VK_ESCAPE )
000192                DestroyWindow(hwnd);
000193            break;
000194        }
000195        return DefWindowProc(hwnd, msg, wParam, lParam);
000196    }
000197    
000198     //
000199     // 程序入口
000200     //
000201    int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hinstance,
000202                     HINSTANCE prevInstance,
000203                     PSTR cmdLine,
000204                     int showCmd)
000205    {
000206        if(!InitD3D(hinstance,
000207            640, 480, true, D3DDEVTYPE_HAL, &Device))
000208        {
000209            MessageBox(0, "InitD3D() - FAILED", 0, 0);
000210            return 0;
000211        }
000212            
000213        if(!Setup())
000214        {
000215            MessageBox(0, "Setup() - FAILED", 0, 0);
000216            return 0;
000217        }
000218    
000219        MsgLoop();
000220    
000221        Cleanup();
000222    
000223        Device->Release();
000224    
000225        return 0;
000226    }

二、MFC框架

    利用MFC，我们不用写一行代码就可以创建一个窗体，这是MFC封装了那些繁琐而固定的窗口创建代码，这样我们只需要初始化D3D就可以了。下面是通过不带文档的SDI 作为示例来创建D3D的框架，具体步骤如下：

1、将InitD3D、Setup、Cleanup、Display作为CMainFrame的成员函数，其中InitD3D需被应用程序类调用，应该将其置为public，其余为内部函数；
2、在应用程序类（CWinApp的子类）的InitInstance()中显示窗口之后，对D3D进行初始化；
3、override Run()，其实，这里就是消息循环；

这里需要注意：

填充D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS时，BackBufferWidth和BackBufferHeight最好设置为客户区大小，hDeviceWindow设置为视窗口的句柄m_wndView.m_hWnd，最重要的是Windowed^[2]一定要置为true，否则会产生“无效调用”的错误。

下面是实际代码，该代码渲染了一个带贴图的旋转正方体：

000001     // MFCD3D.cpp : 定义应用程序的类行为。
000002     //
000003    
000004    #include "stdafx.h"
000005    #include "MFCD3D.h"
000006    #include "MainFrm.h"
000007    #include <mmsystem.h>
000008    
000009    #ifdef _DEBUG
000010    #define new DEBUG_NEW
000011    #endif
000012    
000013    
000014     // CMFCD3DApp
000015    
000016    BEGIN_MESSAGE_MAP(CMFCD3DApp, CWinApp)
000017        ON_COMMAND(ID_APP_ABOUT, OnAppAbout)
000018    END_MESSAGE_MAP()
000019    
000020    
000021     // CMFCD3DApp 构造
000022    
000023    CMFCD3DApp::CMFCD3DApp()
000024    {
000025         // TODO: 在此处添加构造代码，
000026         // 将所有重要的初始化放置在 InitInstance 中
000027    }
000028    
000029    
000030     // 唯一的一个 CMFCD3DApp 对象
000031    
000032    CMFCD3DApp theApp;
000033    
000034     // CMFCD3DApp 初始化
000035    
000036    BOOL CMFCD3DApp::InitInstance()
000037    {
000038         // 如果一个运行在 Windows XP 上的应用程序清单指定要
000039         // 使用 ComCtl32.dll 版本 6 或更高版本来启用可视化方式，
000040         //则需要 InitCommonControls()。否则，将无法创建窗口。
000041        InitCommonControls();
000042    
000043        CWinApp::InitInstance();
000044    
000045         // 初始化 OLE 库
000046        if (!AfxOleInit())
000047        {
000048            AfxMessageBox(IDP_OLE_INIT_FAILED);
000049            return FALSE;
000050        }
000051        AfxEnableControlContainer();
000052         // 标准初始化
000053         // 如果未使用这些功能并希望减小
000054         // 最终可执行文件的大小，则应移除下列
000055         // 不需要的特定初始化例程
000056         // 更改用于存储设置的注册表项
000057         // TODO: 应适当修改该字符串，
000058         // 例如修改为公司或组织名
000059        SetRegistryKey(_T("应用程序向导生成的本地应用程序"));
000060         // 若要创建主窗口，此代码将创建新的框架窗口
000061         // 对象，然后将其设置为应用程序的主窗口对象
000062        CMainFrame* pFrame = new CMainFrame;
000063        if (!pFrame)
000064            return FALSE;
000065        m_pMainWnd = pFrame;
000066         // 创建并加载带有其资源的框架
000067        pFrame->LoadFrame(IDR_MAINFRAME,
000068            WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW | FWS_ADDTOTITLE, NULL,
000069            NULL);
000070         // 唯一的一个窗口已初始化，因此显示它并对其进行更新
000071        pFrame->ShowWindow(SW_SHOW);
000072        pFrame->UpdateWindow();
000073         // 仅当存在后缀时才调用 DragAcceptFiles，
000074         // 在 SDI 应用程序中，这应在 ProcessShellCommand 之后发生
000075         // D3D初始化
000076        return pFrame->InitD3D();
000077    }
000078    
000079    
000080     // CMFCD3DApp 消息处理程序
000081    
000082    
000083    
000084     // 用于应用程序“关于”菜单项的 CAboutDlg 对话框
000085    
000086    class CAboutDlg : public CDialog
000087    {
000088    public:
000089        CAboutDlg();
000090    
000091     // 对话框数据
000092        enum { IDD = IDD_ABOUTBOX };
000093    
000094    protected:
000095        virtual void DoDataExchange(CDataExchange* pDX); // DDX/DDV 支持
000096    
000097     // 实现
000098    protected:
000099        DECLARE_MESSAGE_MAP()
000100    };
000101    
000102    CAboutDlg::CAboutDlg() : CDialog(CAboutDlg::IDD)
000103    {
000104    }
000105    
000106    void CAboutDlg::DoDataExchange(CDataExchange* pDX)
000107    {
000108        CDialog::DoDataExchange(pDX);
000109    }
000110    
000111    BEGIN_MESSAGE_MAP(CAboutDlg, CDialog)
000112    END_MESSAGE_MAP()
000113    
000114     // 用于运行对话框的应用程序命令
000115    void CMFCD3DApp::OnAppAbout()
000116    {
000117        CAboutDlg aboutDlg;
000118        aboutDlg.DoModal();
000119    }
000120    
000121    
000122     // CMFCD3DApp 消息处理程序
000123    
000124    
000125    int CMFCD3DApp::Run()
000126    {
000127        MSG msg;
000128        ::ZeroMemory(&msg, sizeof(MSG));
000129    
000130        static float lastTime = (float)timeGetTime();
000131    
000132        while(msg.message != WM_QUIT)
000133        {
000134            if(::PeekMessage(&msg, 0, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE))
000135            {
000136                ::TranslateMessage(&msg);
000137                ::DispatchMessage(&msg);
000138            }
000139            else
000140            {
000141                float currTime = (float)timeGetTime();
000142                float timeDelta = (currTime - lastTime)*0.001f;
000143                lastTime = currTime;
000144    
000145                ((CMainFrame*)m_pMainWnd)->Render(timeDelta);
000146            }
000147     }
000148        return CWinApp::Run();
000149    }

 

000001     // MainFrm.cpp : CMainFrame 类的实现
000002     //
000003    
000004    #include "stdafx.h"
000005    #include "MFCD3D.h"
000006    
000007    #include "MainFrm.h"
000008    
000009    #ifdef _DEBUG
000010    #define new DEBUG_NEW
000011    #endif
000012    
000013    const DWORD Vertex::FVF = D3DFVF_XYZ | D3DFVF_TEX1;
000014    
000015     // CMainFrame
000016    
000017    IMPLEMENT_DYNAMIC(CMainFrame, CFrameWnd)
000018    
000019    BEGIN_MESSAGE_MAP(CMainFrame, CFrameWnd)
000020        ON_WM_CREATE()
000021        ON_WM_SETFOCUS()
000022        ON_WM_DESTROY()
000023    END_MESSAGE_MAP()
000024    
000025    
000026     // CMainFrame 构造/析构
000027    
000028    CMainFrame::CMainFrame()
000029    : m_d3dDevice(NULL)
000030     ,    m_pVB(NULL)
000031     , m_pIB(NULL)
000032     , m_pTex(NULL)
000033    {
000034         // TODO: 在此添加成员初始化代码
000035    }
000036    
000037    CMainFrame::~CMainFrame()
000038    {
000039    }
000040    
000041    
000042    int CMainFrame::OnCreate(LPCREATESTRUCT lpCreateStruct)
000043    {
000044        if (CFrameWnd::OnCreate(lpCreateStruct) == -1)
000045            return -1;
000046         // 创建一个视图以占用框架的工作区
000047        if (!m_wndView.Create(NULL, NULL, AFX_WS_DEFAULT_VIEW,
000048            CRect(0, 0, 0, 0), this, AFX_IDW_PANE_FIRST, NULL))
000049        {
000050            TRACE0("未能创建视图窗口/n");
000051            return -1;
000052        }
000053        
000054        if (!m_wndToolBar.CreateEx(this, TBSTYLE_FLAT, WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | CBRS_TOP
000055            | CBRS_GRIPPER | CBRS_TOOLTIPS | CBRS_FLYBY | CBRS_SIZE_DYNAMIC) ||
000056            !m_wndToolBar.LoadToolBar(IDR_MAINFRAME))
000057        {
000058            TRACE0("未能创建工具栏/n");
000059            return -1; // 未能创建
000060        }
000061         // TODO: 如果不需要工具栏可停靠，则删除这三行
000062        m_wndToolBar.EnableDocking(CBRS_ALIGN_ANY);
000063        EnableDocking(CBRS_ALIGN_ANY);
000064        DockControlBar(&m_wndToolBar);
000065    
000066        return 0;
000067    }
000068    
000069    BOOL CMainFrame::PreCreateWindow(CREATESTRUCT& cs)
000070    {
000071        if( !CFrameWnd::PreCreateWindow(cs) )
000072            return FALSE;
000073         // TODO: 在此处通过修改 CREATESTRUCT cs 来修改窗口类或
000074         // 样式
000075    
000076        cs.style = WS_OVERLAPPED | WS_CAPTION | FWS_ADDTOTITLE
000077             | WS_THICKFRAME | WS_MINIMIZEBOX | WS_MAXIMIZEBOX;
000078    
000079        cs.dwExStyle &= ~WS_EX_CLIENTEDGE;
000080        cs.lpszClass = AfxRegisterWndClass(0);
000081        return TRUE;
000082    }
000083    
000084    
000085     // CMainFrame 诊断
000086    
000087    #ifdef _DEBUG
000088    void CMainFrame::AssertValid() const
000089    {
000090        CFrameWnd::AssertValid();
000091    }
000092    
000093    void CMainFrame::Dump(CDumpContext& dc) const
000094    {
000095        CFrameWnd::Dump(dc);
000096    }
000097    
000098    #endif //_DEBUG
000099    
000100    
000101     // CMainFrame 消息处理程序
000102    
000103    void CMainFrame::OnSetFocus(CWnd* /*pOldWnd*/)
000104    {
000105         // 将焦点前移到视图窗口
000106        m_wndView.SetFocus();
000107    }
000108    
000109    BOOL CMainFrame::OnCmdMsg(UINT nID, int nCode, void* pExtra, AFX_CMDHANDLERINFO* pHandlerInfo)
000110    {
000111         // 让视图第一次尝试该命令
000112        if (m_wndView.OnCmdMsg(nID, nCode, pExtra, pHandlerInfo))
000113            return TRUE;
000114    
000115         // 否则，执行默认处理
000116        return CFrameWnd::OnCmdMsg(nID, nCode, pExtra, pHandlerInfo);
000117    }
000118    
000119     // 初始化D3D
000120    BOOL CMainFrame::InitD3D(void)
000121    {
000122        ASSERT(IsWindow(m_wndView.m_hWnd));
000123         // 初始化Direct3D9
000124         // Step1.获得IDirect3D9接口
000125        IDirect3D9* _d3d9;
000126        _d3d9 = Direct3DCreate9(D3D_SDK_VERSION);
000127        if(!_d3d9)
000128        {
000129            ::AfxMessageBox(_T("Get Interface of Direct3D Failed!") , MB_ICONSTOP);
000130            return FALSE;
000131        }
000132         // Step2.检查显卡能力
000133        D3DCAPS9 caps;
000134        _d3d9->GetDeviceCaps(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT ,
000135            D3DDEVTYPE_HAL ,
000136            &caps);
000137        int vp = 0;
000138        if(caps.DevCaps & D3DDEVCAPS_HWTRANSFORMANDLIGHT)
000139            vp = D3DCREATE_HARDWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING;
000140        else
000141            vp = D3DCREATE_SOFTWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING;
000142         // Step3.填充D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS
000143        D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS d3dpp;
000144        CRect rect;
000145        GetClientRect(&rect);
000146        ZeroMemory(&d3dpp,sizeof(D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS));
000147        d3dpp.BackBufferWidth = rect.Width();
000148        d3dpp.BackBufferHeight = rect.Height();
000149        d3dpp.BackBufferFormat = D3DFMT_A8R8G8B8;
000150        d3dpp.BackBufferCount = 1;
000151        d3dpp.MultiSampleType = D3DMULTISAMPLE_NONE;
000152        d3dpp.MultiSampleQuality = 0;
000153        d3dpp.SwapEffect = D3DSWAPEFFECT_DISCARD;
000154        d3dpp.hDeviceWindow = m_wndView.m_hWnd;
000155        d3dpp.Windowed = true;         // 一定要为true
000156        d3dpp.EnableAutoDepthStencil = true;
000157        d3dpp.AutoDepthStencilFormat = D3DFMT_D24S8;
000158        d3dpp.Flags = 0;
000159        d3dpp.FullScreen_RefreshRateInHz = D3DPRESENT_RATE_DEFAULT;
000160        d3dpp.PresentationInterval = D3DPRESENT_INTERVAL_IMMEDIATE;
000161    
000162         // Step4.创建Direct3D设备
000163        HRESULT hr;
000164        hr = _d3d9->CreateDevice(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT ,
000165            D3DDEVTYPE_HAL ,
000166            m_wndView.m_hWnd ,
000167            vp ,
000168            &d3dpp ,
000169            &m_d3dDevice);
000170        if(FAILED(hr))
000171        {
000172            switch(hr)
000173            {
000174            case D3DERR_DEVICELOST:
000175                AfxMessageBox(_T("Create D3D Device Failed!<Error:D3DERR_DEVICELOST>") , MB_ICONSTOP);
000176                break;
000177            case D3DERR_INVALIDCALL:
000178                AfxMessageBox(_T("Create D3D Device Failed!<Error:D3DERR_INVALIDCALL>") , MB_ICONSTOP);
000179                break;
000180            case D3DERR_NOTAVAILABLE:
000181                AfxMessageBox(_T("Create D3D Device Failed!<Error:D3DERR_NOTAVAILABLE>") , MB_ICONSTOP);
000182                break;
000183            case D3DERR_OUTOFVIDEOMEMORY:
000184                AfxMessageBox(_T("Create D3D Device Failed!<Error:D3DERR_OUTOFVIDEOMEMORY>") , MB_ICONSTOP);
000185                break;
000186            }
000187            _d3d9->Release();
000188            return FALSE;
000189        }
000190        _d3d9->Release();
000191         // Direct3D9初始化完成
000192         // 装载资源
000193        Setup();
000194        return TRUE;
000195    }
000196    
000197     // 装载资源
000198    BOOL CMainFrame::Setup(void)
000199    {
000200         // 创建顶点缓冲区和索引缓冲
000201        m_d3dDevice->CreateVertexBuffer(36 * sizeof(Vertex) ,
000202            D3DUSAGE_WRITEONLY ,
000203            Vertex::FVF ,
000204            D3DPOOL_MANAGED ,
000205            &m_pVB ,
000206            0);
000207         // 填充顶点缓冲区
000208        Vertex* pVertices;
000209        m_pVB->Lock(0 , 0 , (void**)&pVertices , 0);
000210    
000211         // 前面
000212        pVertices[0] = Vertex(-1.0f , 1.0f , -1.0f , 0.0f , 0.0f);
000213        pVertices[1] = Vertex(1.0f , 1.0f , -1.0f , 1.0f , 0.0f);
000214        pVertices[2] = Vertex(1.0f , -1.0f , -1.0f , 1.0f , 1.0f);
000215        pVertices[3] = Vertex(-1.0f , 1.0f , -1.0f , 0.0f , 0.0f);
000216        pVertices[4] = Vertex(1.0f , -1.0f , -1.0f , 1.0f , 1.0f);
000217        pVertices[5] = Vertex(-1.0f , -1.0f , -1.0f , 0.0f , 1.0f);
000218         // 后面
000219        pVertices[6] = Vertex(-1.0f , 1.0f , 1.0f , 0.0f , 0.0f);
000220        pVertices[7] = Vertex(1.0f , 1.0f , 1.0f , 1.0f , 0.0f);
000221        pVertices[8] = Vertex(1.0f , -1.0f , 1.0f , 1.0f , 1.0f);
000222        pVertices[9] = Vertex(-1.0f , 1.0f , 1.0f , 0.0f , 0.0f);
000223        pVertices[10] = Vertex(1.0f , -1.0f , 1.0f , 1.0f , 1.0f);
000224        pVertices[11] = Vertex(-1.0f , -1.0f , 1.0f , 0.0f , 1.0f);
000225         // 上面
000226        pVertices[12] = Vertex(-1.0f , 1.0f , 1.0f , 0.0f , 0.0f);
000227        pVertices[13] = Vertex(1.0f , 1.0f , 1.0f , 1.0f , 0.0f);
000228        pVertices[14] = Vertex(-1.0f , 1.0f , -1.0f , 0.0f , 1.0f);
000229        pVertices[15] = Vertex(1.0f , 1.0f , 1.0f , 1.0f , 0.0f);
000230        pVertices[16] = Vertex(1.0f , 1.0f , -1.0f , 1.0f , 1.0f);
000231        pVertices[17] = Vertex(-1.0f , 1.0f , -1.0f , 0.0f , 1.0f);
000232         // 下面
000233        pVertices[18] = Vertex(-1.0f , -1.0f , 1.0f , 0.0f , 0.0f);
000234        pVertices[19] = Vertex(1.0f , -1.0f , 1.0f , 1.0f , 0.0f);
000235        pVertices[20] = Vertex(-1.0f , -1.0f , -1.0f , 0.0f , 1.0f);
000236        pVertices[21] = Vertex(1.0f , -1.0f , 1.0f , 1.0f , 0.0f);
000237        pVertices[22] = Vertex(1.0f , -1.0f , -1.0f , 1.0f , 1.0f);
000238        pVertices[23] = Vertex(-1.0f , -1.0f , -1.0f , 0.0f , 1.0f);
000239         // 左面
000240        pVertices[24] = Vertex(-1.0f , 1.0f , 1.0f , 0.0f , 0.0f);
000241        pVertices[25] = Vertex(-1.0f , 1.0f , -1.0f , 1.0f , 0.0f);
000242        pVertices[26] = Vertex(-1.0f , -1.0f , -1.0f , 1.0f , 1.0f);
000243        pVertices[27] = Vertex(-1.0f , 1.0f , 1.0f , 0.0f , 0.0f);
000244        pVertices[28] = Vertex(-1.0f , -1.0f , -1.0f , 1.0f , 1.0f);
000245        pVertices[29] = Vertex(-1.0f , -1.0f , 1.0f , 0.0f , 1.0f);
000246         // 右面
000247        pVertices[30] = Vertex(1.0f , 1.0f , 1.0f , 0.0f , 0.0f);
000248        pVertices[31] = Vertex(1.0f , 1.0f , -1.0f , 1.0f , 0.0f);
000249        pVertices[32] = Vertex(1.0f , -1.0f , -1.0f , 1.0f , 1.0f);
000250        pVertices[33] = Vertex(1.0f , 1.0f , 1.0f , 0.0f , 0.0f);
000251        pVertices[34] = Vertex(1.0f , -1.0f , -1.0f , 1.0f , 1.0f);
000252        pVertices[35] = Vertex(1.0f , -1.0f , 1.0f , 0.0f , 1.0f);
000253    
000254    
000255        m_pVB->Unlock();
000256    
000257         // 创建纹理
000258        D3DXCreateTextureFromFile(m_d3dDevice , _T("bbq.jpg") , &m_pTex);
000259        m_d3dDevice->SetTexture(0 , m_pTex);
000260    
000261        m_d3dDevice->SetSamplerState(0 , D3DSAMP_MAGFILTER , D3DTEXF_LINEAR);
000262        m_d3dDevice->SetSamplerState(0 , D3DSAMP_MINFILTER , D3DTEXF_LINEAR);
000263        m_d3dDevice->SetSamplerState(0 , D3DSAMP_MIPFILTER , D3DTEXF_POINT);
000264         // 摄像机位置
000265        D3DXVECTOR3 pos(0.0f , 0.0f , -5.0f);
000266        D3DXVECTOR3 tag(0.0f , 0.0f , 0.0f);
000267        D3DXVECTOR3 up(0.0f , 1.0f , 0.0f);
000268        D3DXMATRIX v;
000269        D3DXMatrixLookAtLH(&v , &pos , &tag , &up);
000270        m_d3dDevice->SetTransform(D3DTS_VIEW , &v);
000271    
000272         // 设置投影矩阵
000273        D3DXMATRIX proj;
000274        CRect rect;
000275        GetClientRect(&rect);
000276        D3DXMatrixPerspectiveFovLH(&proj , D3DX_PI * 0.5f ,
000277            (float)rect.Width()/(float)rect.Height() ,
000278            1.0f ,
000279            1000.0f);
000280        m_d3dDevice->SetTransform(D3DTS_PROJECTION , &proj);
000281    
000282         // 设置渲染状态
000283        m_d3dDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_LIGHTING , false);
000284        m_d3dDevice->SetRenderState(D3DRS_CULLMODE , D3DCULL_NONE);
000285    
000286        return TRUE;
000287    }
000288    
000289     // 渲染
000290    void CMainFrame::Render(float timeDelta)
000291    {
000292        if(m_d3dDevice) // Only use Device methods if we have a valid device.
000293        {
000294             // 旋转正方体
000295            D3DXMATRIX Rx , Ry;
000296                 // 在x方向旋转45度
000297            D3DXMatrixRotationX(&Rx , 3.14f / 4.0f);
000298                 // 每一帧增加y
000299            static float y = 0.0f;
000300            D3DXMatrixRotationY(&Ry , y);
000301            y += timeDelta;
000302                 // 当绕y轴旋转的角度达到360度时，置y为0
000303            if(y >= 6.28f) y = 0.0f;
000304             // 组合两个方向上的旋转
000305            D3DXMATRIX p = Rx * Ry;
000306            m_d3dDevice->SetTransform(D3DTS_WORLD , &p);
000307            
000308             // 绘制场景
000309            m_d3dDevice->Clear(0 , 0 , D3DCLEAR_TARGET | D3DCLEAR_ZBUFFER , 0x000000ff , 1.0f , 0);
000310                 // 开始
000311            m_d3dDevice->BeginScene();
000312            {
000313                m_d3dDevice->SetStreamSource(0 , m_pVB , 0 , sizeof(Vertex));
000314                m_d3dDevice->SetFVF(Vertex::FVF);
000315                m_d3dDevice->DrawPrimitive(D3DPT_TRIANGLELIST , 0 , 12);
000316            }
000317            m_d3dDevice->EndScene();
000318                 // 结束
000319            m_d3dDevice->Present(0 , 0 , 0 , 0);
000320        }
000321    }
000322    
000323     // 清除资源
000324    void CMainFrame::CleanUp(void)
000325    {
000326        m_pVB->Release();
000327        m_pTex->Release();
000328    }
000329    
000330    void CMainFrame::OnDestroy()
000331    {
000332        CFrameWnd::OnDestroy();
000333    
000334        CleanUp();
000335    
000336        m_d3dDevice->Release();
000337    }

 
效果图：

[Groov0V]

__________________________

[1] 这里以Direct3D 9.0为例。
[2]该参数表示是否全屏（仅在Win32 SDK框架中有效）。