【C++】【学习笔记】【029】虚继承

引入原因：在多继承的时候，会出现基类的多重拷贝。如上一节的示例中，Teacher类和Student类都继承自Person类，那么在TeachingStudent类进行多继承的时候，会有两份Person类的成员name。为解决该问题，则引入了虚继承的概念。

基本语法：

class Teacher : virtual public Person

{ … }

样例（非虚继承）：

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

class Person
{
public:
    Person(std::string theName);

    void introduce();

protected:
    std::string name;
};

class Teacher : public Person
{
public:
    Teacher(std::string theName, std::string theClass);

    void teach();
    void introduce();

protected:
    std::string classes;
};

class Student : public Person
{
public:
    Student(std::string theName, std::string theClass);

    void attendClass();
    void introduce();

protected:
    std::string classes;
};

class TeachingStudent : public Student, public Teacher 
{
public:
    TeachingStudent(std::string theName1, std::string theName2, std::string classTeaching, std::string classAttending);

    void introduce();
};

Person::Person(std::string theName)
{
    name = theName;
}

void Person::introduce()
{
    std::cout << "Hello, I'm " << name << ".\n\n";
}

Teacher::Teacher(std::string theName, std::string theClass) : Person(theName)
{
    classes = theClass;
}

void Teacher::teach()
{
    std::cout << name << " teach " << classes << ".\n\n";
}

void Teacher::introduce()
{
    std::cout << "Hello, I'm " << name << ". I teach " << classes << ".\n\n";
}

Student::Student(std::string theName, std::string theClass) : Person(theName)
{
    classes = theClass;
}

void Student::attendClass()
{
    std::cout << name << " join " << classes << " to study.\n\n";
}

void Student::introduce()
{
    std::cout << "Hello, I'm " << name << ". I'm studing at " << classes << ".\n\n";
}

TeachingStudent::TeachingStudent(std::string theName1,
                                 std::string theName2,
                                 std::string classTeaching,
                                 std::string classAttending)
                                 : Teacher(theName1, classTeaching), Student(theName2, classAttending)
{
}

void TeachingStudent::introduce()
{
    std::cout << "Hello, I'm " << Student::name << ". I teach " << Teacher::classes << ", ";
    std::cout << "and I study at " << Student::classes << ".\n\n";
}

int main()
{
    Teacher teacher("Turtle", "C++ class");
    Student student("Sheep", "C++ class");
    TeachingStudent teachingStudent("Ding", "Dan", "C++ class", "C++ high level class");

    teacher.introduce();
    teacher.teach();
    student.introduce();
    student.attendClass();
    teachingStudent.introduce();
    teachingStudent.teach();
    teachingStudent.attendClass();

    return 0;
}

结果：

Hello, I'm Turtle. I teach C++ class.

Turtle teach C++ class.

Hello, I'm Sheep. I'm studing at C++ class.

Sheep join C++ class to study.

Hello, I'm Dan. I teach C++ class, and I study at C++ high level class.

Ding teach C++ class.

Dan join C++ high level class to study.

样例（虚继承）：

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

class Person
{
public:
    Person(std::string theName);

    void introduce();

protected:
    std::string name;
};

class Teacher : virtual public Person
{
public:
    Teacher(std::string theName, std::string theClass);

    void teach();
    void introduce();

protected:
    std::string classes;
};

class Student : virtual public Person
{
public:
    Student(std::string theName, std::string theClass);

    void attendClass();
    void introduce();

protected:
    std::string classes;
};

class TeachingStudent : public Student, public Teacher 
{
public:
    TeachingStudent(std::string theName, std::string classTeaching, std::string classAttending);

    void introduce();
};

Person::Person(std::string theName)
{
    name = theName;
}

void Person::introduce()
{
    std::cout << "Hello, I'm " << name << ".\n\n";
}

Teacher::Teacher(std::string theName, std::string theClass) : Person(theName)
{
    classes = theClass;
}

void Teacher::teach()
{
    std::cout << name << " teach " << classes << ".\n\n";
}

void Teacher::introduce()
{
    std::cout << "Hello, I'm " << name << ". I teach " << classes << ".\n\n";
}

Student::Student(std::string theName, std::string theClass) : Person(theName)
{
    classes = theClass;
}

void Student::attendClass()
{
    std::cout << name << " join " << classes << " to study.\n\n";
}

void Student::introduce()
{
    std::cout << "Hello, I'm " << name << ". I'm studing at " << classes << ".\n\n";
}

TeachingStudent::TeachingStudent(std::string theName,
                                 std::string classTeaching,
                                 std::string classAttending)
                                 : Teacher(theName, classTeaching), Student(theName, classAttending), Person(theName)
{
}

void TeachingStudent::introduce()
{
    std::cout << "Hello, I'm " << name << ". I teach " << Teacher::classes << ", ";
    std::cout << "and I study at " << Student::classes << ".\n\n";
}

int main()
{
    Teacher teacher("Turtle", "C++ class");
    Student student("Sheep", "C++ class");
    TeachingStudent teachingStudent("Ding", "C++ class", "C++ high level class");

    teacher.introduce();
    teacher.teach();
    student.introduce();
    student.attendClass();
    teachingStudent.introduce();
    teachingStudent.teach();
    teachingStudent.attendClass();

    return 0;
}

结果：

Hello, I'm Turtle. I teach C++ class.

Turtle teach C++ class.

Hello, I'm Sheep. I'm studing at C++ class.

Sheep join C++ class to study.

Hello, I'm Ding. I teach C++ class, and I study at C++ high level class.

Ding teach C++ class.

Ding join C++ high level class to study.