引入原因:在多继承的时候,会出现基类的多重拷贝。如上一节的示例中,Teacher类和Student类都继承自Person类,那么在TeachingStudent类进行多继承的时候,会有两份Person类的成员name。为解决该问题,则引入了虚继承的概念。
基本语法:
class Teacher : virtual public Person
{ … }
样例(非虚继承):
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
class Person
{
public:
Person(std::string theName);
void introduce();
protected:
std::string name;
};
class Teacher : public Person
{
public:
Teacher(std::string theName, std::string theClass);
void teach();
void introduce();
protected:
std::string classes;
};
class Student : public Person
{
public:
Student(std::string theName, std::string theClass);
void attendClass();
void introduce();
protected:
std::string classes;
};
class TeachingStudent : public Student, public Teacher
{
public:
TeachingStudent(std::string theName1, std::string theName2, std::string classTeaching, std::string classAttending);
void introduce();
};
Person::Person(std::string theName)
{
name = theName;
}
void Person::introduce()
{
std::cout << "Hello, I'm " << name << ".\n\n";
}
Teacher::Teacher(std::string theName, std::string theClass) : Person(theName)
{
classes = theClass;
}
void Teacher::teach()
{
std::cout << name << " teach " << classes << ".\n\n";
}
void Teacher::introduce()
{
std::cout << "Hello, I'm " << name << ". I teach " << classes << ".\n\n";
}
Student::Student(std::string theName, std::string theClass) : Person(theName)
{
classes = theClass;
}
void Student::attendClass()
{
std::cout << name << " join " << classes << " to study.\n\n";
}
void Student::introduce()
{
std::cout << "Hello, I'm " << name << ". I'm studing at " << classes << ".\n\n";
}
TeachingStudent::TeachingStudent(std::string theName1,
std::string theName2,
std::string classTeaching,
std::string classAttending)
: Teacher(theName1, classTeaching), Student(theName2, classAttending)
{
}
void TeachingStudent::introduce()
{
std::cout << "Hello, I'm " << Student::name << ". I teach " << Teacher::classes << ", ";
std::cout << "and I study at " << Student::classes << ".\n\n";
}
int main()
{
Teacher teacher("Turtle", "C++ class");
Student student("Sheep", "C++ class");
TeachingStudent teachingStudent("Ding", "Dan", "C++ class", "C++ high level class");
teacher.introduce();
teacher.teach();
student.introduce();
student.attendClass();
teachingStudent.introduce();
teachingStudent.teach();
teachingStudent.attendClass();
return 0;
}
结果:
Hello, I'm Turtle. I teach C++ class.
Turtle teach C++ class.
Hello, I'm Sheep. I'm studing at C++ class.
Sheep join C++ class to study.
Hello, I'm Dan. I teach C++ class, and I study at C++ high level class.
Ding teach C++ class.
Dan join C++ high level class to study.
样例(虚继承):
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
class Person
{
public:
Person(std::string theName);
void introduce();
protected:
std::string name;
};
class Teacher : virtual public Person
{
public:
Teacher(std::string theName, std::string theClass);
void teach();
void introduce();
protected:
std::string classes;
};
class Student : virtual public Person
{
public:
Student(std::string theName, std::string theClass);
void attendClass();
void introduce();
protected:
std::string classes;
};
class TeachingStudent : public Student, public Teacher
{
public:
TeachingStudent(std::string theName, std::string classTeaching, std::string classAttending);
void introduce();
};
Person::Person(std::string theName)
{
name = theName;
}
void Person::introduce()
{
std::cout << "Hello, I'm " << name << ".\n\n";
}
Teacher::Teacher(std::string theName, std::string theClass) : Person(theName)
{
classes = theClass;
}
void Teacher::teach()
{
std::cout << name << " teach " << classes << ".\n\n";
}
void Teacher::introduce()
{
std::cout << "Hello, I'm " << name << ". I teach " << classes << ".\n\n";
}
Student::Student(std::string theName, std::string theClass) : Person(theName)
{
classes = theClass;
}
void Student::attendClass()
{
std::cout << name << " join " << classes << " to study.\n\n";
}
void Student::introduce()
{
std::cout << "Hello, I'm " << name << ". I'm studing at " << classes << ".\n\n";
}
TeachingStudent::TeachingStudent(std::string theName,
std::string classTeaching,
std::string classAttending)
: Teacher(theName, classTeaching), Student(theName, classAttending), Person(theName)
{
}
void TeachingStudent::introduce()
{
std::cout << "Hello, I'm " << name << ". I teach " << Teacher::classes << ", ";
std::cout << "and I study at " << Student::classes << ".\n\n";
}
int main()
{
Teacher teacher("Turtle", "C++ class");
Student student("Sheep", "C++ class");
TeachingStudent teachingStudent("Ding", "C++ class", "C++ high level class");
teacher.introduce();
teacher.teach();
student.introduce();
student.attendClass();
teachingStudent.introduce();
teachingStudent.teach();
teachingStudent.attendClass();
return 0;
}
结果:
Hello, I'm Turtle. I teach C++ class.
Turtle teach C++ class.
Hello, I'm Sheep. I'm studing at C++ class.
Sheep join C++ class to study.
Hello, I'm Ding. I teach C++ class, and I study at C++ high level class.
Ding teach C++ class.
Ding join C++ high level class to study.