C++用纯虚函数实现协议委托的例子

C++用纯虚函数实现协议委托的例子

标签： 协议委托纯虚函数回调函数式编程

2015-07-09 07:14  2017人阅读  评论(6)  收藏  举报

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程序语言（79） 

版权声明：本文为博主原创文章，未经博主允许不得转载。

  C++不像其他很多编程语言有接口、委托或者协议的概念，但是利用纯虚函数和C++多重继承的特性，我们也能实现接口、委托或协议要做的事情，下面的通过一个人设置闹钟然后被闹钟唤醒的例子来说明如何在C++中实现委托回调。

<code class="language-C++ hljs cpp has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; background: transparent; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Source Code Pro", monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal;"><span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">#include <iostream></span>
<span class="hljs-preprocessor" style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); box-sizing: border-box;">#include <unistd.h></span>

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">using</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">std</span>::<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">cout</span>;
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">using</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">std</span>::endl;

<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// 用纯虚函数设计一个协议</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// 实现该协议的类有一个被唤醒的行为</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">class</span> Awakable {
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span>:
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// 纯虚函数</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">virtual</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> beAwaken() = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>;
};

<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// 闹钟类</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">class</span> AlarmClock {
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span>:
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// 委托方(谁委托了闹钟提供唤醒服务)</span>
    Awakable *delegate;
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// 在指定时间后报警</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> alarmAfter(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">const</span>;
};

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> AlarmClock::alarmAfter(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> seconds) <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">const</span> {
    sleep(seconds);
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">cout</span> << <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"叮咚 叮咚 叮咚"</span> << endl;
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// 回调委托方的方法</span>
    delegate->beAwaken();
}

<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// 人类(实现了Awakable协议可以被唤醒)</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">class</span> Person : <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> Awakable {
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span>:
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// 启动闹钟并指定唤醒时间</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> rollClock(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span>);
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// 协议中的被唤醒的行为</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> beAwaken();
};

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> Person::rollClock(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> seconds) {
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">cout</span> << <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"人设置了闹钟"</span> << seconds << <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"秒后响铃"</span> << endl;
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// 在栈上创建闹钟对象</span>
    AlarmClock ac;
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// 设置委托方</span>
    ac.delegate = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>;
    ac.alarmAfter(seconds); 
}

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> Person::beAwaken() {
    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">cout</span> << <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"人被闹钟唤醒了"</span> << endl;
}

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">int</span> main(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span>) {
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// 在堆上创建人的对象</span>
    Person *person = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> Person;
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// 人启动闹钟设置5秒后被唤醒</span>
    person->rollClock(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>);
    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// 释放指针指向的堆空间</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">delete</span> person;
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>;
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right;"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; 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padding: 0px 5px;">49</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">50</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">51</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">52</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">53</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">54</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">55</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">56</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">57</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">58</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">59</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">60</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">61</li></ul>

  程序写到这里，我相信已经不用更多的言语来解释如何实现协议委托了。其实各种编程语言的表象千变万化但是实质几乎没有区别。类似的功能在Java中用接口（interface）可以做到，在C#中可以使用委托（delegate），在Objective-C中可以使用协议（protocol），Swift中也有协议这个概念。但是如果你能够理解函数式编程的理念，还有更简单有效的方式就是使用Lambda函数，将一个回调函数直接作为参数传入一个函数或方法中，而Java（Java 8）和C#中都提供了Lambda表达式，OC中也有block来实现相同的功能。那么C++呢，别忘了C++中还有仿函数（函数对象）的概念，这些不都是一致的吗？当然，支持函数式编程范式的语言就更不用说了，就像JavaScript中可以把函数传入函数中，Swift不也是如此吗？