Spring Cloud Ribbon:负载均衡的服务调用
摘要
Spring Cloud Ribbon 是Spring Cloud Netflix 子项目的核心组件之一,主要给服务间调用及API网关转发提供负载均衡的功能 。
Ribbon简介
在微服务架构中,很多服务都会部署多个,其他服务去调用该服务的时候,如何保证负载均衡是个不得不去考虑的问题。负载均衡可以增加系统的可用性和扩展性,当我们使用RestTemplate来调用其他服务时,Ribbon可以很方便的实现负载均衡功能。
RestTemplate的使用
RestTemplate是一个HTTP客户端,使用它我们可以方便的调用HTTP接口,支持GET、POST、PUT、DELETE等方法。
GET请求方法
<T> T getForObject(String url, Class<T> responseType, Object... uriVariables); <T> T getForObject(String url, Class<T> responseType, Map<String, ?> uriVariables); <T> T getForObject(URI url, Class<T> responseType); <T> ResponseEntity<T> getForEntity(String url, Class<T> responseType, Object... uriVariables); <T> ResponseEntity<T> getForEntity(String url, Class<T> responseType, Map<String, ?> uriVariables); <T> ResponseEntity<T> getForEntity(URI var1, Class<T> responseType);
getForObject方法
返回对象为响应体中数据转化成的对象,举例如下:
@GetMapping("/{id}") public CommonResult getUser(@PathVariable Long id) { return restTemplate.getForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/{1}", CommonResult.class, id); }
getForEntity方法
返回对象为ResponseEntity对象,包含了响应中的一些重要信息,比如响应头、响应状态码、响应体等,举例如下:
@GetMapping("/getEntityByUsername") public CommonResult getEntityByUsername(@RequestParam String username) { ResponseEntity<CommonResult> entity = restTemplate.getForEntity(userServiceUrl + "/user/getByUsername?username={1}", CommonResult.class, username); if (entity.getStatusCode().is2xxSuccessful()) { return entity.getBody(); } else { return new CommonResult("操作失败", 500); } } 复制代码
POST请求方法
<T> T postForObject(String url, @Nullable Object request, Class<T> responseType, Object... uriVariables); <T> T postForObject(String url, @Nullable Object request, Class<T> responseType, Map<String, ?> uriVariables); <T> T postForObject(URI url, @Nullable Object request, Class<T> responseType); <T> ResponseEntity<T> postForEntity(String url, @Nullable Object request, Class<T> responseType, Object... uriVariables); <T> ResponseEntity<T> postForEntity(String url, @Nullable Object request, Class<T> responseType, Map<String, ?> uriVariables); <T> ResponseEntity<T> postForEntity(URI url, @Nullable Object request, Class<T> responseType); 复制代码
postForObject示例
@PostMapping("/create") public CommonResult create(@RequestBody User user) { return restTemplate.postForObject(userServiceUrl + "/user/create", user, CommonResult.class); } 复制代码
postForEntity示例
@PostMapping("/create") public CommonResult create(@RequestBody User user) { return restTemplate.postForEntity(userServiceUrl + "/user/create", user, CommonResult.class).getBody(); } 复制代码
PUT请求方法
void put(String url, @Nullable Object request, Object... uriVariables); void put(String url, @Nullable Object request, Map<String, ?> uriVariables); void put(URI url, @Nullable Object request); 复制代码
PUT请求示例
@PutMapping("/update") public CommonResult update(@RequestBody User user) { restTemplate.put(userServiceUrl + "/user/update", user); return new CommonResult("操作成功",200); } 复制代码
DELETE请求方法
void delete(String url, Object... uriVariables); void delete(String url, Map<String, ?> uriVariables); void delete(URI url); 复制代码
DELETE请求示例
@DeleteMapping("/delete/{id}") public CommonResult delete(@PathVariable Long id) { restTemplate.delete(userServiceUrl + "/user/delete/{1}", null, id); return new CommonResult("操作成功",200); }
创建一个demo-service模块
首先我们创建一个demo-service,用于给Ribbon提供服务调用。
pom文件
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"> <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion> <parent> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId> <version>2.2.2.RELEASE</version> <relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository --> </parent> <groupId>com.reno.example</groupId> <artifactId>demo</artifactId> <version>1.0</version> <name>demo</name> <description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description> <properties> <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding> <project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding> <java.version>1.8</java.version> <spring-cloud.version>Hoxton.RELEASE</spring-cloud.version> </properties> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId> <scope>test</scope> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId> <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId> <artifactId>spring-cloud-netflix-eureka-server</artifactId> <version>2.2.0.RELEASE</version> </dependency> </dependencies> <dependencyManagement> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId> <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId> <version>${spring-cloud.version}</version> <type>pom</type> <scope>import</scope> </dependency> </dependencies> </dependencyManagement> <repositories> <repository> <id>spring-milestones</id> <name>Spring Milestones</name> <url>https://repo.spring.io/milestone</url> <snapshots> <enabled>false</enabled> </snapshots> </repository> </repositories> <build> <plugins> <plugin> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId> </plugin> </plugins> </build> </project>
yml文件
server: port: 38201 spring: application: name: demo-service eureka: instance: hostname: 192.16.10.208 #设置是否将自己作为客户端注册到注册中心(缺省true) #这里为不需要,查看@EnableEurekaServer注解的源码,会发现它间接用到了@EnableDiscoveryClient instance-id: demoService-${spring.cloud.client.ipaddress}-${server.port} client: #配置注册中心地址 service-url: defaultZone : http://192.16.10.208:38761/eureka/ #defaultZone: http://localhost:8761/eureka/ #注册到eureka注册中心 register-with-eureka: true fetch-registry: true registry-fetch-interval-seconds: 5 instance-info-replication-interval-seconds: 10
创建一个ribbon-service模块
这里我们创建一个ribbon-service模块来调用demo-service模块演示负载均衡的服务调用。
pom.xml文件
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"> <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion> <parent> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId> <version>2.2.2.RELEASE</version> <relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository --> </parent> <groupId>com.reno</groupId> <artifactId>springcloud.ribbon</artifactId> <version>1.0</version> <name>springcloud.ribbon</name> <description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description> <properties> <project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding> <project.reporting.outputEncoding>UTF-8</project.reporting.outputEncoding> <java.version>1.8</java.version> <spring-cloud.version>Hoxton.RELEASE</spring-cloud.version> </properties> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId> <scope>test</scope> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId> <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId> <artifactId>spring-cloud-netflix-eureka-server</artifactId> <version>2.2.0.RELEASE</version> </dependency> </dependencies> <dependencyManagement> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId> <artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId> <version>${spring-cloud.version}</version> <type>pom</type> <scope>import</scope> </dependency> </dependencies> </dependencyManagement> <repositories> <repository> <id>spring-milestones</id> <name>Spring Milestones</name> <url>https://repo.spring.io/milestone</url> <snapshots> <enabled>false</enabled> </snapshots> </repository> </repositories> <build> <plugins> <plugin> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId> </plugin> </plugins> </build> </project>
yml文件
server: port: 38301 spring: application: name: ribbon-service # zipkin: # base-url: http://localhost:9411 # #设置Sleuth的抽样收集概率 # sleuth: # sampler: # probability: 0.1 eureka: instance: hostname: 192.16.10.208 #设置是否将自己作为客户端注册到注册中心(缺省true) #这里为不需要,查看@EnableEurekaServer注解的源码,会发现它间接用到了@EnableDiscoveryClient instance-id: ribbonService-${spring.cloud.client.ipaddress}-${server.port} client: register-with-eureka: true fetch-registry: true service-url: defaultZone: http://192.16.10.208:38761/eureka/ registry-fetch-interval-seconds: 5 instance-info-replication-interval-seconds: 10 service-url: #demo-service: http://localhost:38201 demo-service: http://demo-service
使用@LoadBalanced注解赋予RestTemplate负载均衡的能力
可以看出使用Ribbon的负载均衡功能非常简单,和直接使用RestTemplate没什么两样,只需给RestTemplate添加一个@LoadBalanced即可。
/** * */ @Configuration public class RibbonConfig { @Bean @LoadBalanced public RestTemplate restTemplate(){ return new RestTemplate(); } }
负载均衡功能演示
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启动eureka-server于38761端口;
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启动demo-service于38201端口;
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启动另一个demo-service于38202端口,可以通过修改IDEA中的SpringBoot的启动配置实现
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调用接口进行测试: http://192.16.10.218:38301/demoRibbon/1
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可以发现运行在38201和38202的demo-service控制台交替打印信息
Ribbon的常用配置
ribbon: ConnectTimeout: 1000 #服务请求连接超时时间(毫秒) ReadTimeout: 3000 #服务请求处理超时时间(毫秒) OkToRetryOnAllOperations: true #对超时请求启用重试机制 MaxAutoRetriesNextServer: 1 #切换重试实例的最大个数 MaxAutoRetries: 1 # 切换实例后重试最大次数 NFLoadBalancerRuleClassName: com.netflix.loadbalancer.RandomRule #修改负载均衡算法
Ribbon的负载均衡策略
所谓的负载均衡策略,就是当A服务调用B服务时,此时B服务有多个实例,这时A服务以何种方式来选择调用的B实例,ribbon可以选择以下几种负载均衡策略。
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com.netflix.loadbalancer.RandomRule:从提供服务的实例中以随机的方式;
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com.netflix.loadbalancer.RoundRobinRule:以线性轮询的方式,就是维护一个计数器,从提供服务的实例中按顺序选取,第一次选第一个,第二次选第二个,以此类推,到最后一个以后再从头来过;
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com.netflix.loadbalancer.RetryRule:在RoundRobinRule的基础上添加重试机制,即在指定的重试时间内,反复使用线性轮询策略来选择可用实例;
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com.netflix.loadbalancer.WeightedResponseTimeRule:对RoundRobinRule的扩展,响应速度越快的实例选择权重越大,越容易被选择;
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com.netflix.loadbalancer.BestAvailableRule:选择并发较小的实例;
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com.netflix.loadbalancer.AvailabilityFilteringRule:先过滤掉故障实例,再选择并发较小的实例;
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com.netflix.loadbalancer.ZoneAwareLoadBalancer:采用双重过滤,同时过滤不是同一区域的实例和故障实例,选择并发较小的实例。
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