R语言--字符处理（stringr包）

R语言支持字符处理，内置了系列函数(grep、gsub等)，但系列函数定义混乱，对使用者极不方便。stringr包是专门用于字符处理的R包，函数定义简洁、使用方式统一，是使用率较高的R包。

stringr包中的大部分函数具有统一风格的命名方式，以str_开头，正则表达式也完全适用该包。

环境&r软件

• win10 64bit
• R 3.6.1

安装包

install.packages("stringr")

字符串拼接

字符串拼接函数str_c，与R语言自带的paste和paste0函数具有相同的作用。

library(stringr)
# 默认无向量分割符拼接
str_c("a","b")

## [1] "ab"

# 指定向量分隔符
str_c("a","b",sep = "_")

## [1] "a_b"

# 指定向量折叠符
str_c(c("a","b","c"),collapse = "_")

## [1] "a_b_c"

# 混合应用
str_c(c("a","b"),c("c","d"),sep = "/",collapse = "_")

## [1] "a/c_b/d"

字符计数

字符计数函数str_count，计算字符串中指定字符的个数。

# 单个目标字符计数
str_count(string = c("sql","json","java"),pattern = "s")

## [1] 1 1 0

# 多个目标字符计数
str_count(string = c("sql","json","java"),pattern = c("s","j","a"))

## [1] 1 1 2

# 元字符查找计数（fixed包裹元字符）
str_count(string = "a..b",pattern = fixed("."))

## [1] 2

字符检查

字符检查函数str_detect，检查字符串中是否包含指定字符，返回逻辑向量。

str_detect(string = c("sql","json","java"),pattern = "s")

## [1]  TRUE  TRUE FALSE

字符复制

字符复制函数str_dup，将字符向量重复若干次，返回重复后的字符向量。

str_dup(string = c("sql","json","java"),times = 2)

## [1] "sqlsql"   "jsonjson" "javajava"

字符提取

字符提取函数str_extract和str_extract_all，对字符串进行提取，str_extract_all函数返回所有的匹配结果。

# 提取第一个匹配到的字符
str_extract(string = "banana",pattern = "a")

## [1] "a"

# 提取所有匹配到的字符（返回列表）
str_extract_all(string = "banana",pattern = "a")

## [[1]]
## [1] "a" "a" "a"

# 提取所有匹配到的字符（返回矩阵）
str_extract_all(string = "banana",pattern = "a",simplify = T)

##      [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] "a"  "a"  "a"

字符串格式化

字符串格式化函数str_glue，用花括号{}表示占位符，括号内的变量被替换成全局变量值。

# 定义全局变量
name <- "jack"
age <- 12
# 字符串格式化
str_glue("My name is {name},","\nmy age is {age}.")

## My name is jack,
## my age is 12.

字符串长度

字符串长度函数str_length，计算字符串长度。

str_length(string = "banana")

## [1] 6

字符位置提取

字符位置提取函数str_locate和str_locate_all,返回匹配到的字符的位置。

# 返回第一个匹配到的字符的位置
str_locate(string = "banana",pattern = "a")

##      start end
## [1,]     2   2

# 返回所有匹配到的字符的位置
str_locate_all(string = "banana",pattern = "a")

## [[1]]
##      start end
## [1,]     2   2
## [2,]     4   4
## [3,]     6   6

字符匹配

字符匹配函数str_match和str_match_all与字符提取函数str_extract类似，返回匹配到的字符，不同之处在于返回格式。

# 返回第一个匹配到的字符（矩阵）
str_match(string = "banana",pattern = "a")

##      [,1]
## [1,] "a"

# 返回所有匹配到的字符（列表）
str_match_all(string = "banana",pattern = "a")

## [[1]]
##      [,1]
## [1,] "a" 
## [2,] "a" 
## [3,] "a"

字符补齐

字符补齐函数str_pad，用于在字符串中添加单个字符，可选择添加的位置，在参数side中进行设置。

# 默认字符串左边补齐
str_pad(string = "jack",width = 6,pad = "S")

## [1] "SSjack"

# 字符串右边补齐
str_pad(string = "jack",width = 6,side = "right",pad = "S")

## [1] "jackSS"

# 字符串两边补齐
str_pad(string = "jack",width = 6,side = "both",pad = "S")

## [1] "SjackS"

字符删除

字符删除函数str_remove和str_remove_all，用于删除字符串中的部分字符。

# 删除第一个匹配到的字符
str_remove(string = "banana",pattern = "a")

## [1] "bnana"

# 删除所有匹配到的字符
str_remove_all(string = "banana",pattern = "a")

## [1] "bnn"

字符替换

字符替换函数str_replace、str_replace_all和str_replace_na，用于替换字符串中的部分字符。

# 替换第一个匹配到的字符
str_replace(string = "banana",pattern = "a",replacement = "A")

## [1] "bAnana"

# 替换所有匹配到的字符
str_replace_all(string = "banana",pattern = "a",replacement = "A")

## [1] "bAnAnA"

# NA替换成NA字符
str_replace_na(string = c("banana",NA))

## [1] "banana" "NA"

字符排序

字符排序函数str_sort和str_order，对字符向量进行排序。

# 字符向量升序排序，返回字符向量
str_sort(c("sql","json","python"))

## [1] "json"   "python" "sql"

# 字符向量降序排序，返回字符向量
str_sort(c("sql","json","python"),decreasing = TRUE)

## [1] "sql"    "python" "json"

# 字符向量升序排序，返回索引向量
str_order(c("sql","json","pythn"))

## [1] 2 3 1

字符分割

字符分割函数str_split和str_split_fixed，对字符串进行分割。

# 字符分割，返回列表
str_split(string = "banana",pattern = "")

## [[1]]
## [1] "b" "a" "n" "a" "n" "a"

# 字符分割，返回矩阵
str_split(string = "banana",pattern = "",simplify = T)

##      [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6]
## [1,] "b"  "a"  "n"  "a"  "n"  "a"

# 字符分割，指定分割块数
str_split_fixed(string = "banana",pattern = "",n = 3)

##      [,1] [,2] [,3]  
## [1,] "b"  "a"  "nana"

字符过滤

字符过滤函数str_sub和str_subset，str_sub函数通过指定开始和结束位置，过滤出字符串的部分字符串。str_subset函数通过匹配模式，过滤出满足模式的字符串。

# 字符过滤（正向索引）
str_sub(string = "banana",start = 1,end = 3)

## [1] "ban"

# 字符过滤（反向索引）
str_sub(string = "banana",start = -2,end = -1)

## [1] "na"

# 字符过滤，并赋值
x <- "banana"
str_sub(string = x,start = 1,end = 1) <- "A"
print(x)

## [1] "Aanana"

# 字符串过滤（返回字符串）
str_subset(string = c("java","sql","python"),pattern = "^s")

## [1] "sql"

# 字符串过滤（返回位置）
str_which(string = c("java","sql","python"),pattern = "^s")

## [1] 2

其他

stringr包中其他的有用函数，用于常见的字符处理。

# 删除字符串两边的空格
str_trim(string = "  you are beautiful!  ")

## [1] "you are beautiful!"

# 删除字符串中多余的空格
str_squish(string = "  you are  beautiful!  ")

## [1] "you are beautiful!"

# 字符转为小写
dog <- "The quick brown dog"
str_to_lower(dog)

## [1] "the quick brown dog"

# 字符转为大写
str_to_upper(dog)

## [1] "THE QUICK BROWN DOG"

# 字符转为标题
str_to_title(dog)

## [1] "The Quick Brown Dog"

# 字符转为语句
str_to_sentence(dog)

## [1] "The quick brown dog"