Vulkan学习（九）: Vertex Input Description & Vertex Buffer Creation

最新推荐文章于 2023-03-10 10:38:48 发布

七Du°C糊涂

最新推荐文章于 2023-03-10 10:38:48 发布

阅读量505

点赞数

分类专栏：图形文章标签： vulkan

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/jiamada/article/details/117506740

版权

图形专栏收录该内容

58 篇文章 14 订阅

订阅专栏

Vertex Input Description

Vertex Data

与OpenGL相同

	#include <glm/glm.hpp>
	struct Vertex {
		glm::vec2 pos;
		glm::vec3 color;
	};
	
	const std::vector<Vertex> vertices = {
		{ {0.0f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}},
		{ {0.5f, 0.5f}, {0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}},
		{ {-0.5f, 0.5f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}}
	};

Binding Descriptions

struct Vertex {
	glm::vec2 pos;
	glm::vec3 color;
	//vertex binding 描述了从内存中加整个顶点载数据的速率。
	static VkVertexInputBindingDescription getBindingDescription() {
		VkVertexInputBindingDescription bindingDescription = {};
		//绑定数组中绑定的索引
		bindingDescription.binding = 0;
		//从一个 entry 到下一个 entry 的字节数
		bindingDescription.stride = sizeof(Vertex);
		//速率参数有两个
		//VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX Move to the next data entry after each vertex
		//VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_INSTANCE Move to the next data entry after each instance
		bindingDescription.inputRate = VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX;
		return bindingDescription;
	}
};

Attribute descriptions

如功能原型所示，将有两个这样的结构。attribute description struct 描述如何从attribute description struct 数据块中提取vertex属性。这里有两个属性，position和position，所以我们需要两个attribute description structs。

	static std::array<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription, 2> getAttributeDescriptions() {
		std::array<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription, 2> attributeDescriptions = {};
		//tells Vulkan from which binding the per-vertex data comes
		attributeDescriptions[0].binding = 0;
		//The location parameter references the location directive of the input in the vertex shader.
		attributeDescriptions[0].location = 0;
		//describes the type of data for the attribute
		//float: VK_FORMAT_R32_SFLOAT
		//vec2: VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT
		//vec3: VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT
		//vec4: VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_SFLOAT
		//着色器数据component与颜色通道匹配，允许使用比颜色通道更多的components ，但多出的部分将被丢弃。
		//如果通道数小于components数，则 BGA component 将使用默认值（0，0，1）。
		//颜色类型（SFLOAT、UINT、SINT）和位深度也应与着色器输入的类型匹配。如
		//ivec2: VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SINT, a 2-component vector of 32-bit signed integers
		//uvec4: VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_UINT, a 4-component vector of 32-bit unsigned integers
		//double:VK_FORMAT_R64_SFLOAT, a double-precision (64-bit) float
		attributeDescriptions[0].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT;
		//the number of bytes since the start of the per-vertex data to read from
		attributeDescriptions[0].offset = offsetof(Vertex, pos);


		attributeDescriptions[1].binding = 0;
		attributeDescriptions[1].location = 1;
		attributeDescriptions[1].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
		attributeDescriptions[1].offset = offsetof(Vertex, color);

		return attributeDescriptions;
	}

Pipeline vertex input

可以通过引用createGraphicsPipeline中的结构体来设置图形管线，以引用 vertex data。

	VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputInfo = {};

	auto bindingDescription = Vertex::getBindingDescription();
	auto attributeDescriptions = Vertex::getAttributeDescriptions();

	vertexInputInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
	vertexInputInfo.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 1;
	vertexInputInfo.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attributeDescriptions.size());
	vertexInputInfo.pVertexBindingDescriptions = &bindingDescription; 
	vertexInputInfo.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = attributeDescriptions.data();

Vertex buffer creation

Vulkan 中的buffer 是用于存储图形卡可以读取的任意数据的内存区域。

Buffer creation

	void createVertexBuffer() {

		VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo = {};
		bufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
		bufferInfo.size = sizeof(vertices[0]) * vertices.size();
		//指示缓冲区中的数据将用于哪些目的
		bufferInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT;
		//就像swap chain中的图像一样，缓冲区也可以由特定queue family拥有或同时在多个队列之间共享。
		//缓冲区只会从图形队列中使用，因此我们可以坚持独占(EXCLUSIVE)访问。
		bufferInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
		//flags 参数用于配置sparse buffer内存  0为不设置
		bufferInfo.flags = 0;

		if (vkCreateBuffer(device, &bufferInfo, nullptr, &vertexBuffer) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create vertex buffer!");
		}
	}
	--------------------------------------------
	vkDestroyBuffer(device, vertexBuffer, nullptr);

Memory requirements

为缓冲区分配内存的第一步是使用 vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements 函数查询其内存需求。

VkMemoryRequirements 结构有三个成员：

size: 所需内存量的大小（以字节为单位）可能与 bufferInfo.size 不同。
alignment: 缓冲区在分配的内存区域中开始的字节偏移量取决于 bufferInfo.usage 和 bufferInfo.flags。
memoryTypeBits: 适用于缓冲区的内存类型的位字段(Bit field )。

	//为缓冲区分配内存的第一步是使用 vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements 函数查询其内存需求。
	VkMemoryRequirements memRequirements;
	vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(device, vertexBuffer, &memRequirements);

显卡可以提供不同类型的内存来分配。每种类型的内存在允许的操作和性能特征方面各不相同。我们需要结合缓冲区的需求和我们自己的应用需求来找到合适的内存类型来使用。

	//typeFilter参数将用于指定适合的内存类型的bit field 。这意味着我们可以找到一个合适的内存类型的索引，只需对它们进行迭代，并检查相应的位是否设置为1。
	uint32_t findMemoryType(uint32_t typeFilter, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties) {
	//查询有关可用内存类型的信息
	//memoryTypes 指定每种类型内存的堆和属性
	//这些属性定义了内存的特殊特性，比如能够映射它，这样我们就可以从CPU写入它。
	//这个属性用VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT表示，
	//但是我们还需要使用VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT属性。
	//memoryHeaps memory Heaps 是不同的内存资源，如专用 VRAM 和 RAM 中的交换空间，以便在 VRAM 耗尽时使用。
	//不同类型的内存存在于这些堆中。 现在我们只关心内存的类型而不是它来自的堆，但是可以想象这会影响性能的
	VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memProperties;
	vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(physicalDevice, &memProperties);

	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++) {
		if ((typeFilter & (1 << i)) && (memProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & properties) == properties) {
			return i;
		}
	}

	throw std::runtime_error("failed to find suitable memory type!");
}

Memory allocation

	//分配内存
	VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};
	allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
	allocInfo.allocationSize = memRequirements.size;
	allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT);

	if (vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &vertexBufferMemory) != VK_SUCCESS) {
		throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate vertex buffer memory!");
	}
	//内存与缓冲区关联起来
	//第四个参数是内存区域内的偏移量。
	//因为这个内存是专门分配的，或者这个内存是顶点缓冲区的，所以偏移量只是0。
	//如果偏移量不是0，那么它就需要被memRequirements.alignment整除
	vkBindBufferMemory(device, vertexBuffer, vertexBufferMemory, 0);
	-----------------------------------------------------
	vkFreeMemory(device, vertexBufferMemory, nullptr);

Filling the vertex buffer

刷新内存范围或使用一致的内存堆意味着驱动程序将知道我们对缓冲区的写入，但这并不意味着它们在GPU上实际上是可见的。将数据传输到GPU是一个在后台发生的操作，简单地告诉我们，它保证在下一次调用vkQueueSubmit时完成。

	//将顶点数据复制到缓冲区。通过使用vkMapMemory将缓冲区内存映射到CPU可访问内存来实现的
	//此函数允许我们访问由偏移量和大小定义的指定内存资源区域。
	//这里的偏移量和大小分别是0和bufferInfo.size。
	//也可以指定特殊值VK_WHOLE_SIZE来映射所有内存。
	//倒数第二个参数可用于指定标志，但当前API中还没有任何可用的flags。必须将其设置为值0。
	//最后一个参数指定指向映射内存的指针的输出
	void* data;
	vkMapMemory(device, vertexBufferMemory, 0, bufferInfo.size, 0, &data);

	//现在您只需将顶点数据memcpy到映射内存中，然后使用vkUnmapMemory再次取消映射即可。
	//不幸的是，驱动程序可能不会立即将数据复制到缓冲区内存中，
	//例如因为caching。对缓冲区的写入也可能在映射的内存中还不可见
	//有两种方法可以解决这个问题：
	//使用主机相关的memory heap，用VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT表示
	//在写入mapped memory后调用vkFlushMappedMemoryRanges，在从mapped memory读取之前调用vkInvalidateMappedMemoryRanges
	//使用第一种方法，它确保映射内存始终与分配内存的内容匹配。请记住，这可能会导致比显式刷新稍差的性能
	memcpy(data, vertices.data(), (size_t)bufferInfo.size);
	vkUnmapMemory(device, vertexBufferMemory);

Binding the vertex buffer

修改createCommandBuffers()函数

		vkCmdBindPipeline(commandBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, graphicsPipeline);
		VkBuffer vertexBuffers[] = { vertexBuffer };
		VkDeviceSize offsets[] = { 0 };
		//[9]用于绑定顶点缓冲区,前两个参数，除了command buffer之外，还指定了要为其指定顶点缓冲区的偏移量和绑定数。
		//[9]最后两个参数指定要绑定的顶点缓冲区数组和开始从中读取顶点数据的字节偏移量。
		//[9]还应该更改对vkCmdDraw的调用，以传递缓冲区中的顶点数，而不是硬编码的数字3。
		vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(commandBuffers[i], 0, 1, vertexBuffers, offsets);

		vkCmdDraw(commandBuffers[i], static_cast<uint32_t>(vertices.size()), 1, 0, 0);
		//vkCmdDraw(commandBuffers[i], 3, 1, 0, 0);

		if (vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to record command buffer!");
		}

Code

#version 450
#extension GL_ARB_separate_shader_objects : enable

layout(location = 0) in vec2 inPosition;
layout(location = 1) in vec3 inColor;
layout(location = 0) out vec3 fragColor;

void main() {
  gl_Position = vec4(inPosition, 0.0, 1.0);
  fragColor = inColor;
}

#define GLFW_INCLUDE_VULKAN
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>

#include <iostream>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <vector>
#include <map>
#include <optional>
#include <set>
#include <fstream>
#include <array>
//[1]
#include <glm/glm.hpp>

#ifdef NDEBUG
const bool enableValidationLayers = false;
#else
const bool enableValidationLayers = true;
#endif

const std::vector<const char*> validationLayers = {
	"VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation"
};

struct QueueFamilyIndices {
	std::optional<uint32_t> graphicsFamily;
	std::optional<uint32_t> presentFamily;
	bool isComplete() {
		return graphicsFamily.has_value() && presentFamily.has_value();
	}
};

struct SwapChainSupportDetails {
	VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities;
	std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> formats;
	std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> presentModes;
};

const std::vector<const char*> deviceExtensions = { VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME };
const int WIDTH = 800;
const int HEIGHT = 600;

static std::vector<char> readFile(const std::string& filename) {
	std::ifstream file(filename, std::ios::ate | std::ios::binary);
	if (!file.is_open()) {
		throw std::runtime_error("failed to open file!");
	}
	size_t fileSize = (size_t)file.tellg();
	std::vector<char> buffer(fileSize);
	file.seekg(0);
	file.read(buffer.data(), fileSize);
	file.close();
	return buffer;
}

const int MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = 2;

//[1]
struct Vertex {
	glm::vec2 pos;
	glm::vec3 color;
	//[2]vertex binding 描述了从内存中加整个顶点载数据的速率。
	static VkVertexInputBindingDescription getBindingDescription() {
		VkVertexInputBindingDescription bindingDescription = {};
		//[2]绑定数组中绑定的索引
		bindingDescription.binding = 0;
		//[2]从一个 entry 到下一个 entry 的字节数
		bindingDescription.stride = sizeof(Vertex);
		//[2]速率参数有两个
		//[2]VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX Move to the next data entry after each vertex
		//[2]VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_INSTANCE Move to the next data entry after each instance
		bindingDescription.inputRate = VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX;
		return bindingDescription;
	}
	//[3]
	static std::array<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription, 2> getAttributeDescriptions() {
		std::array<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription, 2> attributeDescriptions = {};
		//[3]tells Vulkan from which binding the per-vertex data comes
		attributeDescriptions[0].binding = 0;
		//[3]The location parameter references the location directive of the input in the vertex shader.
		attributeDescriptions[0].location = 0;
		//[3]describes the type of data for the attribute
		//[3]float: VK_FORMAT_R32_SFLOAT
		//[3]vec2: VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT
		//[3]vec3: VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT
		//[3]vec4: VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_SFLOAT
		//[3]着色器数据component与颜色通道匹配，允许使用比颜色通道更多的components ，但多出的部分将被丢弃。
		//[3]如果通道数小于components数，则 BGA component 将使用默认值（0，0，1）。
		//[3]颜色类型（SFLOAT、UINT、SINT）和位深度也应与着色器输入的类型匹配。如
		//[3]ivec2: VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SINT, a 2-component vector of 32-bit signed integers
		//[3]uvec4: VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_UINT, a 4-component vector of 32-bit unsigned integers
		//[3]double:VK_FORMAT_R64_SFLOAT, a double-precision (64-bit) float
		attributeDescriptions[0].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT;
		//[3]the number of bytes since the start of the per-vertex data to read from
		attributeDescriptions[0].offset = offsetof(Vertex, pos);


		attributeDescriptions[1].binding = 0;
		attributeDescriptions[1].location = 1;
		attributeDescriptions[1].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
		attributeDescriptions[1].offset = offsetof(Vertex, color);

		return attributeDescriptions;
	}
};

//[1]
//const std::vector<Vertex> vertices = {
//	{ {0.0f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}},
//	{ {0.5f, 0.5f}, {0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}},
//	{ {-0.5f, 0.5f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}}
//};


const std::vector<Vertex> vertices = {
	{ {0.0f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f}},
	{ {0.5f, 0.5f}, {0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}},
	{ {-0.5f, 0.5f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}}
};

class Application {

public:
	void run() {
		initWindow();
		initVulkan();
		mainLoop();
		cleanup();
	}
public:

	GLFWwindow* window;
	VkInstance instance;
	VkSurfaceKHR surface;
	VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger;
	VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
	VkDevice device;
	VkQueue graphicsQueue;
	VkQueue presentQueue;
	VkSwapchainKHR swapChain;
	std::vector<VkImage> swapChainImages;
	VkFormat swapChainImageFormat;
	VkExtent2D swapChainExtent;
	std::vector<VkImageView> swapChainImageViews;
	VkRenderPass renderPass;
	VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout;
	VkPipeline graphicsPipeline;
	std::vector<VkFramebuffer> swapChainFramebuffers;
	VkCommandPool commandPool;
	std::vector<VkCommandBuffer> commandBuffers;
	std::vector<VkSemaphore> imageAvailableSemaphores;
	std::vector<VkSemaphore> renderFinishedSemaphores;
	std::vector<VkFence> inFlightFences;
	std::vector<VkFence> imagesInFlight;
	size_t currentFrame = 0;
	bool framebufferResized = false;
	//[5]
	VkBuffer vertexBuffer;

	//[7]
	VkDeviceMemory vertexBufferMemory;

	void initWindow() {
		glfwInit();
		glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CLIENT_API, GLFW_NO_API);
		//glfwWindowHint(GLFW_RESIZABLE, GLFW_FALSE);
		window = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, "Vulkan", nullptr, nullptr);
		glfwSetWindowUserPointer(window, this);
		glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebufferResizeCallback);
	}
	void initVulkan() {
		createInstance();
		createSurface();
		setupDebugMessenger();
		pickPhysicalDevice();
		createLogicalDevice();
		createSwapChain();
		createImageViews();
		createRenderPass();
		createGraphicsPipeline();
		createFramebuffers();
		createCommandPool();
		//[5]
		createVertexBuffer();
		createCommandBuffers();
		createSemaphores();
	}
	void mainLoop() {
		while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
		{
			glfwPollEvents();
			drawFrame();
		}
		vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);
	}

	void cleanup() {

		cleanupSwapChain();
		//[5]
		vkDestroyBuffer(device, vertexBuffer, nullptr);
		//[7]
		vkFreeMemory(device, vertexBufferMemory, nullptr);
		for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
			vkDestroySemaphore(device, renderFinishedSemaphores[i], nullptr);
			vkDestroySemaphore(device, imageAvailableSemaphores[i], nullptr);
			vkDestroyFence(device, inFlightFences[i], nullptr);
		}
		vkDestroyDevice(device, nullptr);
		if (enableValidationLayers) {
			DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, debugMessenger, nullptr);
		}
		vkDestroySurfaceKHR(instance, surface, nullptr);
		vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr);
		glfwDestroyWindow(window);
		glfwTerminate();
	}

	void createInstance() {

		if (enableValidationLayers && !checkValidationLayerSupport()) {
			throw std::runtime_error("validation layers requested, but not available!");
		}

		VkApplicationInfo appInfo = {};
		appInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO;
		appInfo.pApplicationName = "Hello Triangle";
		appInfo.applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
		appInfo.pEngineName = "No Engine";
		appInfo.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
		appInfo.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_0;

		VkInstanceCreateInfo createInfo = {};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;
		createInfo.pApplicationInfo = &appInfo;


		uint32_t glfwExtensionCount = 0;
		const char** glfwExtensions;
		glfwExtensions =
			glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfwExtensionCount);
		createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = glfwExtensionCount;
		createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = glfwExtensions;
		createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
		if (enableValidationLayers) {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount =
				static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
			createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();
		}
		else {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
		}
		auto extensions = getRequiredExtensions();
		createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(extensions.size());
		createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = extensions.data();
		VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT debugCreateInfo;
		if (enableValidationLayers) {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
			createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();
			populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(debugCreateInfo);
			createInfo.pNext = (VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT*)&debugCreateInfo;
		}
		else {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
			createInfo.pNext = nullptr;
		}
	
		if (vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &instance) != VK_SUCCESS)
		{
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create instance!");

		}
		uint32_t extensionCount = 0;
		vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &extensionCount, nullptr);
		std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> extensionsProperties(extensionCount);
		vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &extensionCount, extensionsProperties.data());

		std::cout << "available extensions:" << std::endl;
		for (const auto& extension : extensionsProperties) {
			std::cout << "\t" << extension.extensionName << std::endl;
		}

	}

	bool checkValidationLayerSupport() {

		uint32_t layerCount;
		vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, nullptr);

		std::vector<VkLayerProperties> availableLayers(layerCount);
		vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount,
			availableLayers.data());
		for (const char* layerName : validationLayers) {
			bool layerFound = false;

			for (const auto& layerProperties : availableLayers) {
				if (strcmp(layerName, layerProperties.layerName) == 0) {
					layerFound = true;
					break;
				}
			}

			if (!layerFound) {
				return false;
			}
		}

		return true;
	}

	std::vector<const char*> getRequiredExtensions() {
		uint32_t glfwExtensionCount = 0;
		const char** glfwExtensions;
		glfwExtensions = glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfwExtensionCount);
		std::vector<const char*> extensions(glfwExtensions, glfwExtensions + glfwExtensionCount);
		if (enableValidationLayers) {
			extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME);

		}
		return extensions;
	}
	void populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT&
		createInfo) {
		createInfo = {};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT;
		createInfo.messageSeverity =
			VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_VERBOSE_BIT_EXT |
			VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT |
			VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT;
		createInfo.messageType =
			VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT |
			VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT |
			VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_BIT_EXT;
		createInfo.pfnUserCallback = debugCallback;
	}

	static VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL debugCallback(

		VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT messageSeverity,
		VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT messageType,
		const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT* pCallbackData,
		void* pUserData) {
		std::cerr << "validation layer: " << pCallbackData->pMessage <<
			std::endl;

		return VK_FALSE;


	}
	void createSurface() {

		if (glfwCreateWindowSurface(instance, window, nullptr, &surface) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create window surface!");

		}
	}
	void setupDebugMessenger() {
		if (!enableValidationLayers) return;

		VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT createInfo = {};
		populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(createInfo);
		if (CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, &createInfo, nullptr,
			&debugMessenger) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to set up debug messenger!");
		}
	}

	VkResult CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance, const
		VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT* pCreateInfo, const
		VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator, VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT*
		pDebugMessenger) {
		auto func = (PFN_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)
			vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
		if (func != nullptr) {
			return func(instance, pCreateInfo, pAllocator, pDebugMessenger);
		}
		else {
			return VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT;
		}
	}

	void DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance,
		VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger, const
		VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator) {
		auto func = (PFN_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)
			vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
		if (func != nullptr) {
			func(instance, debugMessenger, pAllocator);
		}
	}
	void pickPhysicalDevice() {
		uint32_t deviceCount = 0;
		vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, nullptr);
		if (deviceCount == 0) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to find GPUs with Vulkan support!");
		}
		std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> devices(deviceCount);
		vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, devices.data());
		for (const auto& device : devices) {
			if (isDeviceSuitable(device)) {
				physicalDevice = device;
				break;
			}
		}
		if (physicalDevice == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to find a suitable GPU!");
		}
		std::multimap<int, VkPhysicalDevice> candidates;
		for (const auto& device : devices) {
			int score = rateDeviceSuitability(device);
			candidates.insert(std::make_pair(score, device));

		}
		if (candidates.rbegin()->first > 0) {
			physicalDevice = candidates.rbegin()->second;
		}
		else {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to find a suitable GPU!");
		}

	}


	bool isDeviceSuitable(VkPhysicalDevice device) {

		bool extensionsSupported = checkDeviceExtensionSupport(device);
		bool swapChainAdequate = false;
		if (extensionsSupported) {
			SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(device);
			swapChainAdequate = !swapChainSupport.formats.empty() && !swapChainSupport.presentModes.empty();
		}
		QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(device);
		return indices.isComplete() && extensionsSupported && swapChainAdequate;
	}

	SwapChainSupportDetails querySwapChainSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
		SwapChainSupportDetails details;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(device, surface, &details.capabilities);
		uint32_t formatCount;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount, nullptr);
		if (formatCount != 0) {
			details.formats.resize(formatCount);
			vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount, details.formats.data());

		}
		uint32_t presentModeCount;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &presentModeCount, nullptr);
		if (presentModeCount != 0) {
			details.presentModes.resize(presentModeCount);
			vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &presentModeCount, details.presentModes.data());
		}
		return details;

	}

	QueueFamilyIndices findQueueFamilies(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
		QueueFamilyIndices indices;

		uint32_t queueFamilyCount = 0;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, nullptr);
		std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> queueFamilies(queueFamilyCount);
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, queueFamilies.data());
		int i = 0;
		for (const auto& queueFamily : queueFamilies) {
			VkBool32 presentSupport = false;
			vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(device, i, surface, &presentSupport);
			if (presentSupport) {
				indices.presentFamily = i;
			}
			if (queueFamily.queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT) {
				indices.graphicsFamily = i;
				if (indices.isComplete())
					break;
			}
			i++;
		}

		return indices;
	}

	bool checkDeviceExtensionSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {

		uint32_t extensionCount;
		vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount, nullptr);
		std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> availableExtensions(extensionCount);
		vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount, availableExtensions.data());
		std::set<std::string> requiredExtensions(deviceExtensions.begin(), deviceExtensions.end());

		for (const auto& extension : availableExtensions) {
			requiredExtensions.erase(extension.extensionName);
		}
		return requiredExtensions.empty();
	}

	int rateDeviceSuitability(VkPhysicalDevice device) {

		VkPhysicalDeviceProperties deviceProperties;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(device, &deviceProperties);

		int score = 0;
		if (deviceProperties.deviceType == VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_DISCRETE_GPU) {
			score += 1000;
		}
		score += deviceProperties.limits.maxImageDimension2D;

		VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures deviceFeatures;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures(device, &deviceFeatures);
		if (!deviceFeatures.geometryShader) {
			return 0;
		}
		return score;

	}
	void createLogicalDevice() {
		QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);
		VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo = {};
		queueCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;
		queueCreateInfo.queueFamilyIndex = indices.graphicsFamily.value();
		queueCreateInfo.queueCount = 1;
		float queuePriority = 1.0f;
		queueCreateInfo.pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority;
		VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures deviceFeatures = {};

		VkDeviceCreateInfo createInfo = {};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO;
		createInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = &queueCreateInfo;
		createInfo.queueCreateInfoCount = 1;
		createInfo.pEnabledFeatures = &deviceFeatures;

		createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = 0;
		if (enableValidationLayers) {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
			createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();

		}
		else {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;

		}

		std::vector<VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo> queueCreateInfos;
		std::set<uint32_t> uniqueQueueFamilies = { indices.graphicsFamily.value(), indices.presentFamily.value() };
		queuePriority = 1.0f;
		for (uint32_t queueFamily : uniqueQueueFamilies) {
			VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo = {};
			queueCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;
			queueCreateInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamily;
			queueCreateInfo.queueCount = 1;
			queueCreateInfo.pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority;
			queueCreateInfos.push_back(queueCreateInfo);

		}
		createInfo.queueCreateInfoCount =
			static_cast<uint32_t>(queueCreateInfos.size());
		createInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = queueCreateInfos.data();
		createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(deviceExtensions.size());
		createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = deviceExtensions.data();
		if (vkCreateDevice(physicalDevice, &createInfo, nullptr, &device) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create logical device!");
		}
		vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.graphicsFamily.value(), 0, &graphicsQueue);
		vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.presentFamily.value(), 0, &presentQueue);

	}

	void createSwapChain() {
		SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(physicalDevice);
		VkSurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat = chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(swapChainSupport.formats);
		VkPresentModeKHR presentMode = chooseSwapPresentMode(swapChainSupport.presentModes);
		VkExtent2D extent = chooseSwapExtent(swapChainSupport.capabilities);
		uint32_t imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.minImageCount + 1;
		if (swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount > 0 && imageCount > swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount) {
			imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount;
		}

		VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR createInfo = {};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
		createInfo.surface = surface;

		createInfo.minImageCount = imageCount;
		createInfo.imageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
		createInfo.imageColorSpace = surfaceFormat.colorSpace;
		createInfo.imageExtent = extent;
		createInfo.imageArrayLayers = 1;
		createInfo.imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT;

		QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);
		uint32_t queueFamilyIndices[] = { indices.graphicsFamily.value(),
		indices.presentFamily.value() };
		if (indices.graphicsFamily != indices.presentFamily) {
			createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT;
			createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 2;
			createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = queueFamilyIndices;
		}
		else {
			createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
			createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 0; // Optional
			createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = nullptr; // Optional
		}
		createInfo.preTransform = swapChainSupport.capabilities.currentTransform;
		createInfo.compositeAlpha = VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR;
		createInfo.presentMode = presentMode;
		createInfo.clipped = VK_TRUE;
		createInfo.oldSwapchain = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

		if (vkCreateSwapchainKHR(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &swapChain) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create swap chain!");
		}

		vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, nullptr);
		swapChainImages.resize(imageCount);
		vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, swapChainImages.data());
		swapChainImageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
		swapChainExtent = extent;
	}

	VkSurfaceFormatKHR chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(const std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR>& availableFormats) {

		for (const auto& availableFormat : availableFormats) {
			if (availableFormat.format == VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SRGB
				&& availableFormat.colorSpace == VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR) {
				return availableFormat;
			}
		}
		return availableFormats[0];
	}

	VkPresentModeKHR chooseSwapPresentMode(const std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR>& availablePresentModes) {
		for (const auto& availablePresentMode : availablePresentModes) {
			if (availablePresentMode == VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR) {
				return availablePresentMode;
			}
		}
		return VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR;
	}
	VkExtent2D chooseSwapExtent(const VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR& capabilities) {


		if (capabilities.currentExtent.width != UINT32_MAX) {
			return capabilities.currentExtent;
		}
		else {
			int width, height;
			glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
			VkExtent2D actualExtent = { static_cast<uint32_t>(width), static_cast<uint32_t>(height) };
			
			actualExtent.width = std::max(capabilities.minImageExtent.width,
				std::min(capabilities.maxImageExtent.width, actualExtent.width));
			actualExtent.height = std::max(capabilities.minImageExtent.height,
				std::min(capabilities.maxImageExtent.height, actualExtent.height));
			return actualExtent;
		}
	}


	void createImageViews() {

		swapChainImageViews.resize(swapChainImages.size());
		for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {

			VkImageViewCreateInfo createInfo = {};
			createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
			createInfo.image = swapChainImages[i];
			createInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
			createInfo.format = swapChainImageFormat;
			createInfo.components.r = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY; 
			createInfo.components.g = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
			createInfo.components.b = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
			createInfo.components.a = VK_COMPONENT_SWIZZLE_IDENTITY;
			createInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
			createInfo.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
			createInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
			createInfo.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
			createInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
			if (vkCreateImageView(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &swapChainImageViews[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
				throw std::runtime_error("failed to create image views!");
			}

		}
	}

	void createRenderPass() {
		VkAttachmentDescription colorAttachment = {};
		colorAttachment.format = swapChainImageFormat;
		colorAttachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
		colorAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
		colorAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
		colorAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
		colorAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
		colorAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
		colorAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;

		VkAttachmentReference colorAttachmentRef = {};
		colorAttachmentRef.attachment = 0;
		colorAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

		VkSubpassDescription subpass = {};
		subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
		subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
		subpass.pColorAttachments = &colorAttachmentRef;

		VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassInfo = {};
		renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
		renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = 1;
		renderPassInfo.pAttachments = &colorAttachment;
		renderPassInfo.subpassCount = 1;
		renderPassInfo.pSubpasses = &subpass;

		if (vkCreateRenderPass(device, &renderPassInfo, nullptr, &renderPass) != VK_SUCCESS)
		{

			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create render pass!");
		}


	}
	void createGraphicsPipeline() {

		auto vertShaderCode = readFile("shaders/vert.spv");
		auto fragShaderCode = readFile("shaders/frag.spv");
		VkShaderModule vertShaderModule = createShaderModule(vertShaderCode);
		VkShaderModule fragShaderModule = createShaderModule(fragShaderCode);

		VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo vertShaderStageInfo = {};
		vertShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
		vertShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;
		vertShaderStageInfo.module = vertShaderModule;
		vertShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";

		VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo fragShaderStageInfo = {};
		fragShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
		fragShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
		fragShaderStageInfo.module = fragShaderModule;
		fragShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";
		VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo shaderStages[] = { vertShaderStageInfo, fragShaderStageInfo };


		

		VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputInfo = {};
		//[4]
		auto bindingDescription = Vertex::getBindingDescription();
		auto attributeDescriptions = Vertex::getAttributeDescriptions();
		//[4]
		vertexInputInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		vertexInputInfo.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 1;
		vertexInputInfo.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attributeDescriptions.size());
		vertexInputInfo.pVertexBindingDescriptions = &bindingDescription; 
		vertexInputInfo.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = attributeDescriptions.data();


		VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssembly = {};
		inputAssembly.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		inputAssembly.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST;
		inputAssembly.primitiveRestartEnable = VK_FALSE;

		VkViewport viewport = {};
		viewport.x = 0.0f;
		viewport.y = 0.0f;
		viewport.width = (float)swapChainExtent.width;
		viewport.height = (float)swapChainExtent.height;
		viewport.minDepth = 0.0f;
		viewport.maxDepth = 1.0f;

		VkRect2D scissor = {};
		scissor.offset = { 0, 0 };
		scissor.extent = swapChainExtent;

		VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState = {};
		viewportState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		viewportState.viewportCount = 1;
		viewportState.pViewports = &viewport;
		viewportState.scissorCount = 1;
		viewportState.pScissors = &scissor;

		VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizer = {};
		rasterizer.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		rasterizer.depthClampEnable = VK_FALSE;
		rasterizer.rasterizerDiscardEnable = VK_FALSE;
		rasterizer.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL;
		rasterizer.lineWidth = 1.0f;
		rasterizer.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT;
		rasterizer.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_CLOCKWISE;
		rasterizer.depthBiasEnable = VK_FALSE;
		rasterizer.depthBiasConstantFactor = 0.0f;
		rasterizer.depthBiasClamp = 0.0f;
		rasterizer.depthBiasSlopeFactor = 0.0f;

		VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampling = {};
		multisampling.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		multisampling.sampleShadingEnable = VK_FALSE;
		multisampling.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
		multisampling.minSampleShading = 1.0f;
		multisampling.pSampleMask = nullptr; 
		multisampling.alphaToCoverageEnable = VK_FALSE; 
		multisampling.alphaToOneEnable = VK_FALSE; 

		VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState colorBlendAttachment = {};
		colorBlendAttachment.colorWriteMask = VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT |
			VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT |
			VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT;
		colorBlendAttachment.blendEnable = VK_FALSE;
		colorBlendAttachment.srcColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE;
		colorBlendAttachment.dstColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO;
		colorBlendAttachment.colorBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD;
		colorBlendAttachment.srcAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE;
		colorBlendAttachment.dstAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO;
		colorBlendAttachment.alphaBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD;


		colorBlendAttachment.blendEnable = VK_TRUE;
		colorBlendAttachment.srcColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_SRC_ALPHA;
		colorBlendAttachment.dstColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA;
		colorBlendAttachment.colorBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD;
		colorBlendAttachment.srcAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE;
		colorBlendAttachment.dstAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO;
		colorBlendAttachment.alphaBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD;

		VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlending = {};
		colorBlending.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		colorBlending.logicOpEnable = VK_FALSE;
		colorBlending.logicOp = VK_LOGIC_OP_COPY;
		colorBlending.attachmentCount = 1;
		colorBlending.pAttachments = &colorBlendAttachment;
		colorBlending.blendConstants[0] = 0.0f; 
		colorBlending.blendConstants[1] = 0.0f; 
		colorBlending.blendConstants[2] = 0.0f; 
		colorBlending.blendConstants[3] = 0.0f; 

		VkDynamicState dynamicStates[] = {
			 VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_VIEWPORT,
			 VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_LINE_WIDTH
		};

		VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamicState = {};
		dynamicState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DYNAMIC_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		dynamicState.dynamicStateCount = 2;
		dynamicState.pDynamicStates = dynamicStates;
		VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutInfo = {};
		pipelineLayoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
		pipelineLayoutInfo.setLayoutCount = 0; 
		pipelineLayoutInfo.pSetLayouts = nullptr; 
		pipelineLayoutInfo.pushConstantRangeCount = 0; 
		pipelineLayoutInfo.pPushConstantRanges = nullptr; 

		if (vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pipelineLayoutInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create pipeline layout!");
		}


		VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineInfo = {};
		pipelineInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO;
		pipelineInfo.stageCount = 2;
		pipelineInfo.pStages = shaderStages;

		pipelineInfo.pVertexInputState = &vertexInputInfo;
		pipelineInfo.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssembly;
		pipelineInfo.pViewportState = &viewportState;
		pipelineInfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterizer;
		pipelineInfo.pMultisampleState = &multisampling;
		pipelineInfo.pDepthStencilState = nullptr; 
		pipelineInfo.pColorBlendState = &colorBlending;
		pipelineInfo.pDynamicState = nullptr; 

		pipelineInfo.layout = pipelineLayout;
		pipelineInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
		pipelineInfo.subpass = 0;
		pipelineInfo.basePipelineHandle = VK_NULL_HANDLE; 
		pipelineInfo.basePipelineIndex = -1;


		if (vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 1, &pipelineInfo, nullptr, &graphicsPipeline) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create graphics pipeline!");
		}


		vkDestroyShaderModule(device, fragShaderModule, nullptr);
		vkDestroyShaderModule(device, vertShaderModule, nullptr);
	}


	VkShaderModule createShaderModule(const std::vector<char>& code) {
		VkShaderModuleCreateInfo createInfo = {};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO;
		createInfo.codeSize = code.size();
		createInfo.pCode = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(code.data());
		VkShaderModule shaderModule;
		if (vkCreateShaderModule(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &shaderModule) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create shader module!");
		}
		return shaderModule;
	}

	void createFramebuffers()
	{
		swapChainFramebuffers.resize(swapChainImageViews.size());

		for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImageViews.size(); i++) {

			VkImageView attachments[] = { swapChainImageViews[i] };

			VkFramebufferCreateInfo framebufferInfo = {};
			framebufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
			framebufferInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
			framebufferInfo.attachmentCount = 1;
			framebufferInfo.pAttachments = attachments;
			framebufferInfo.width = swapChainExtent.width;
			framebufferInfo.height = swapChainExtent.height;
			framebufferInfo.layers = 1;

			if (vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &framebufferInfo, nullptr, &swapChainFramebuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
				throw std::runtime_error("failed to create framebuffer!");
			}
		}

	}
	void createCommandPool() {

		QueueFamilyIndices queueFamilyIndices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);

		VkCommandPoolCreateInfo poolInfo = {};
		poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
		poolInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamilyIndices.graphicsFamily.value();
		poolInfo.flags = 0; 

		if (vkCreateCommandPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &commandPool) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create command pool!");
		}

	}

	void createCommandBuffers() {
		commandBuffers.resize(swapChainFramebuffers.size());

		VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};
		allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
		allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
		allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
		allocInfo.commandBufferCount = (uint32_t)commandBuffers.size();

		if (vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, commandBuffers.data()) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate command buffers!");
		}

		for (size_t i = 0; i < commandBuffers.size(); i++) {

			VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo = {};
			beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
			beginInfo.flags = 0;
			beginInfo.pInheritanceInfo = nullptr; 

			if (vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[i], &beginInfo) != VK_SUCCESS) {
				throw std::runtime_error("failed to begin recording command buffer!");
			}

			VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassInfo = {};
			renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO;
			renderPassInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
			renderPassInfo.framebuffer = swapChainFramebuffers[i];
			renderPassInfo.renderArea.offset = { 0, 0 }; 
			renderPassInfo.renderArea.extent = swapChainExtent;

			VkClearValue clearColor = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f };
			renderPassInfo.clearValueCount = 1;
			renderPassInfo.pClearValues = &clearColor;
			vkCmdBeginRenderPass(commandBuffers[i], &renderPassInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);

			vkCmdBindPipeline(commandBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, graphicsPipeline);

			VkBuffer vertexBuffers[] = { vertexBuffer };
			VkDeviceSize offsets[] = { 0 };
			//[9]用于绑定顶点缓冲区,前两个参数，除了command buffer之外，还指定了要为其指定顶点缓冲区的偏移量和绑定数。
			//[9]最后两个参数指定要绑定的顶点缓冲区数组和开始从中读取顶点数据的字节偏移量。
			//[9]还应该更改对vkCmdDraw的调用，以传递缓冲区中的顶点数，而不是硬编码的数字3。
			vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(commandBuffers[i], 0, 1, vertexBuffers, offsets);

			vkCmdDraw(commandBuffers[i], static_cast<uint32_t>(vertices.size()), 1, 0, 0);
			//vkCmdDraw(commandBuffers[i], 3, 1, 0, 0);

			if (vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
				throw std::runtime_error("failed to record command buffer!");
			}


		}

	}

	void createSemaphores() {

		imageAvailableSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
		renderFinishedSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
		inFlightFences.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
		imagesInFlight.resize(swapChainImages.size(), VK_NULL_HANDLE);


		VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo = {};
		semaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;
		VkFenceCreateInfo fenceInfo = {};
		fenceInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO;
		fenceInfo.flags = VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT;

		for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
			if (vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &imageAvailableSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||
				vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &renderFinishedSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||
				vkCreateFence(device, &fenceInfo, nullptr, &inFlightFences[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
				throw std::runtime_error("failed to create semaphores for a frame!");
			}
		}


	}

	void drawFrame() {

		uint32_t imageIndex;
		VkResult result = vkAcquireNextImageKHR(device, swapChain, UINT64_MAX, imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame], VK_NULL_HANDLE, &imageIndex);
		if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR) {
			recreateSwapChain();
			return;
		}
		else if (result != VK_SUCCESS && result != VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) {
			
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to acquire swap chain image!");
		}

		if (imagesInFlight[imageIndex] != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
			vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &imagesInFlight[imageIndex], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
		}
		imagesInFlight[imageIndex] = inFlightFences[currentFrame];

		VkSubmitInfo submitInfo = {};
		submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
		VkSemaphore waitSemaphores[] = { imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame] };
		VkPipelineStageFlags waitStages[] = { VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT };
		submitInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = waitSemaphores;
		submitInfo.pWaitDstStageMask = waitStages;
		submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffers[imageIndex];

		VkSemaphore signalSemaphores[] = { renderFinishedSemaphores[currentFrame] };
		submitInfo.signalSemaphoreCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

		vkResetFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame]);

		if (vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, inFlightFences[currentFrame]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to submit draw command buffer!");
		}

		VkPresentInfoKHR presentInfo = {};
		presentInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR;
		presentInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
		presentInfo.pWaitSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

		VkSwapchainKHR swapChains[] = { swapChain };
		presentInfo.swapchainCount = 1;
		presentInfo.pSwapchains = swapChains;
		presentInfo.pImageIndices = &imageIndex;
		presentInfo.pResults = nullptr; 

		result = vkQueuePresentKHR(presentQueue, &presentInfo);


		if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR || result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR || framebufferResized) {
			framebufferResized = false;
			recreateSwapChain();
		}
		else if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to present swap chain image!");
		}

		currentFrame = (currentFrame + 1) % MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
		vkQueueWaitIdle(presentQueue);

	}

	void cleanupSwapChain() {

		for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainFramebuffers.size(); i++) {
			vkDestroyFramebuffer(device, swapChainFramebuffers[i], nullptr);
		}
		vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, commandPool, static_cast<uint32_t>(commandBuffers.size()), commandBuffers.data());
		vkDestroyPipeline(device, graphicsPipeline, nullptr);
		vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayout, nullptr);
		vkDestroyRenderPass(device, renderPass, nullptr);
		for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImageViews.size(); i++) {
			vkDestroyImageView(device, swapChainImageViews[i], nullptr);
		}
		vkDestroySwapchainKHR(device, swapChain, nullptr);
	}

	void recreateSwapChain() {

		int width = 0, height = 0;
		glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
		while (width == 0 || height == 0) {
			glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
			glfwWaitEvents();

		}

		vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);

		cleanupSwapChain();

		createSwapChain();
		createImageViews();
		createRenderPass();
		createGraphicsPipeline();
		createFramebuffers();
		createCommandBuffers();
	}

	static void framebufferResizeCallback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height) {
		auto app = reinterpret_cast<Application*>(glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window));
		app->framebufferResized = true;
	}
	//[5]
	void createVertexBuffer() {

		VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo = {};
		bufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
		bufferInfo.size = sizeof(vertices[0]) * vertices.size();
		//[5]指示缓冲区中的数据将用于哪些目的
		bufferInfo.usage = VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT;
		//[5]就像swap chain中的图像一样，缓冲区也可以由特定queue family拥有或同时在多个队列之间共享。
		//[5]缓冲区只会从图形队列中使用，因此我们可以坚持独占(EXCLUSIVE)访问。
		bufferInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
		//[5]flags 参数用于配置sparse buffer内存  0为不设置
		bufferInfo.flags = 0;

		if (vkCreateBuffer(device, &bufferInfo, nullptr, &vertexBuffer) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create vertex buffer!");
		}


		//[6]为缓冲区分配内存的第一步是使用 vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements 函数查询其内存需求。
		VkMemoryRequirements memRequirements;
		vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(device, vertexBuffer, &memRequirements);

		//[7]分配内存
		VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};
		allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
		allocInfo.allocationSize = memRequirements.size;
		allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT);

		if (vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &vertexBufferMemory) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate vertex buffer memory!");
		}
		//[7]内存与缓冲区关联起来
		//[7]第四个参数是内存区域内的偏移量。
		//[7]因为这个内存是专门分配的，或者这个内存是顶点缓冲区的，所以偏移量只是0。
		//[7]如果偏移量不是0，那么它就需要被memRequirements.alignment整除
		vkBindBufferMemory(device, vertexBuffer, vertexBufferMemory, 0);

		//[8]将顶点数据复制到缓冲区。通过使用vkMapMemory将缓冲区内存映射到CPU可访问内存来实现的
		//[8]此函数允许我们访问由偏移量和大小定义的指定内存资源区域。
		//[8]这里的偏移量和大小分别是0和bufferInfo.size。
		//[8]也可以指定特殊值VK_WHOLE_SIZE来映射所有内存。
		//[8]倒数第二个参数可用于指定标志，但当前API中还没有任何可用的flags。必须将其设置为值0。
		//[8]最后一个参数指定指向映射内存的指针的输出
		void* data;
		vkMapMemory(device, vertexBufferMemory, 0, bufferInfo.size, 0, &data);

		//[8]现在您只需将顶点数据memcpy到映射内存中，然后使用vkUnmapMemory再次取消映射即可。
		//[8]不幸的是，驱动程序可能不会立即将数据复制到缓冲区内存中，
		//[8]例如因为caching。对缓冲区的写入也可能在映射的内存中还不可见
		//[8]有两种方法可以解决这个问题：
		//[8]使用主机相关的memory heap，用VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT表示
		//[8]在写入mapped memory后调用vkFlushMappedMemoryRanges，在从mapped memory读取之前调用vkInvalidateMappedMemoryRanges
		//[8]使用第一种方法，它确保映射内存始终与分配内存的内容匹配。请记住，这可能会导致比显式刷新稍差的性能
		memcpy(data, vertices.data(), (size_t)bufferInfo.size);
		vkUnmapMemory(device, vertexBufferMemory);

	}

	//[6]typeFilter参数将用于指定适合的内存类型的bit field 。这意味着我们可以找到一个合适的内存类型的索引，只需对它们进行迭代，并检查相应的位是否设置为1。
	uint32_t findMemoryType(uint32_t typeFilter, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties) {
		//[6]查询有关可用内存类型的信息
		//[6]memoryTypes 指定每种类型内存的堆和属性
		//[6]这些属性定义了内存的特殊特性，比如能够映射它，这样我们就可以从CPU写入它。
		//[6]这个属性用VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT表示，
		//[6]但是我们还需要使用VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT属性。
		//[6]memoryHeaps memory Heaps 是不同的内存资源，如专用 VRAM 和 RAM 中的交换空间，以便在 VRAM 耗尽时使用。
		//[6]不同类型的内存存在于这些堆中。 现在我们只关心内存的类型而不是它来自的堆，但是可以想象这会影响性能的
		VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memProperties;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(physicalDevice, &memProperties);

		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++) {
			if ((typeFilter & (1 << i)) && (memProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & properties) == properties) {
				return i;
			}
		}

		throw std::runtime_error("failed to find suitable memory type!");

		
	}
};


int main() {
	Application app;
	try {
		app.run();
	}
	catch (const std::exception& e) {
		std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
		return EXIT_FAILURE;
	}

	return EXIT_FAILURE;
}

七Du°C糊涂

关注

0
点赞
踩
0

收藏

觉得还不错? 一键收藏
0
评论
Vulkan学习（九）: Vertex Input Description & Vertex Buffer Creation

目录Vertex Input DescriptionVertex DataBinding DescriptionsAttribute descriptionsPipeline vertex inputVertex Input DescriptionVertex Data 与OpenGL相同 #include <glm/glm.hpp> struct Vertex { glm::vec2 pos; glm::vec3 color; }; const std::vecto
复制链接

扫一扫