Vulkan学习（十三）: Depth Buffering

最新推荐文章于 2023-11-19 02:22:46 发布
最新推荐文章于 2023-11-19 02:22:46 发布
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分类专栏： 图形 文章标签： vulkan
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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/jiamada/article/details/117917567
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目录

Depth Buffering

有两种方法：

  • 从后到前按深度对所有绘制调用进行排序
  • 使用深度缓冲区进行深度测试

  第一种方法通常用于绘制透明对象，因为与顺序无关的透明度很难进行深度检测。 按深度对片段进行排序的问题通常使用深度缓冲区来解决。

   Vulkan的深度值范围是0 to 1。使用定义GLM_FORCE_DEPTH_ZERO_TO_ONE
因为OpenGL为-1 to 1

#define GLM_FORCE_RADIANS
#define GLM_FORCE_DEPTH_ZERO_TO_ONE
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>

Depth image and view

  与纹理图像不同，我们不一定需要特定的格式，因为我们不会从程序中直接访问texels。 只需要具有合理的精度，在实际应用中至少 24 位是常见的。 有几种格式符合此要求：

  • VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT: 32-bit float for depth
  • VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT: 32-bit signed float for depth and 8 bit stencil component
  • VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT: 24-bit float for depth and 8 bit stencil component
	void createDepthResources() {
		VkFormat depthFormat = findDepthFormat();
		createImage(swapChainExtent.width, swapChainExtent.height, depthFormat, VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL,
			VK_IMAGE_USAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT,
				depthImage, depthImageMemory);
		depthImageView = createImageView(depthImage, depthFormat, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT);
	}
	//[从最理想到最不理想的顺序获取候选格式列表，并检查哪个是受支持的第一个格式：
	VkFormat findSupportedFormat(const std::vector<VkFormat>& candidates, VkImageTiling tiling, VkFormatFeatureFlags features)
	{
		for (VkFormat format : candidates) {
			//linearTilingFeatures 支持线性平铺
			//optimalTilingFeatures supported with optimal tiling
			//bufferFeatures are supported for buffers
			VkFormatProperties props;
			vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(physicalDevice, format, &props);

			if (tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR && (props.linearTilingFeatures & features) == features) {
				return format;
			}
			else if (tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL && (props.optimalTilingFeatures & features) == features) {
				return format;
			}

			throw std::runtime_error("failed to find supported format!");
		}
	}
	VkFormat findDepthFormat() {
		return findSupportedFormat(
			{ VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT, VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT, VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT },
				VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL, VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT);
	}
	bool hasStencilComponent(VkFormat format) {
		return format == VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT || format == VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;
	}

Explicitly transitioning the depth image

	//transitionImageLayout()
	if (newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL) {
		barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT;
		if (hasStencilComponent(format))
		{
			barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask |= VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_STENCIL_BIT;
		}
	}
	else {
		barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
	}

	if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED && newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL) 
	{
		barrier.srcAccessMask = 0;
		barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
		sourceStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;
		destinationStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
	}
	else if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL && newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL)
	{
		barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
		barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
		sourceStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
		destinationStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT;
	}
	else if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED && newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL) 
	{
		barrier.srcAccessMask = 0;
		barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
		sourceStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;
		destinationStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
	}
	else {
		throw std::invalid_argument("unsupported layout transition!");
	}
	--------------------------------------------------------------
	//createDepthResources()
	transitionImageLayout(depthImage, depthFormat, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL);

Render pass

void createRenderPass() {
		VkAttachmentDescription colorAttachment = {};
		colorAttachment.format = swapChainImageFormat;
		colorAttachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
		colorAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
		colorAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
		colorAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
		colorAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
		colorAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
		colorAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;

		VkAttachmentReference colorAttachmentRef = {};
		colorAttachmentRef.attachment = 0;
		colorAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

		//
		VkAttachmentDescription depthAttachment = {};
		depthAttachment.format = findDepthFormat();
		depthAttachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
		depthAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
		depthAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
		depthAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
		depthAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
		depthAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
		depthAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
		//
		VkAttachmentReference depthAttachmentRef = {};
		depthAttachmentRef.attachment = 1;
		depthAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

		VkSubpassDescription subpass = {};
		subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
		subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
		subpass.pColorAttachments = &colorAttachmentRef;
		//
		subpass.pDepthStencilAttachment = &depthAttachmentRef;

		/*VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassInfo = {};
		renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
		renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = 1;
		renderPassInfo.pAttachments = &colorAttachment;
		renderPassInfo.subpassCount = 1;
		renderPassInfo.pSubpasses = &subpass;*/
		//or
		std::array<VkAttachmentDescription, 2> attachments = { colorAttachment, depthAttachment };
		VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassInfo = {};
		renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
		renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attachments.size());
		renderPassInfo.pAttachments = attachments.data();
		renderPassInfo.subpassCount = 1;
		renderPassInfo.pSubpasses = &subpass;
		//renderPassInfo.dependencyCount = 1;
		//renderPassInfo.pDependencies = &dependency;

		if (vkCreateRenderPass(device, &renderPassInfo, nullptr, &renderPass) != VK_SUCCESS)
		{

			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create render pass!");
		}
	}

Framebuffer

	void createFramebuffers()
	{
		swapChainFramebuffers.resize(swapChainImageViews.size());
	
		for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImageViews.size(); i++) {
	
			//VkImageView attachments[] = { swapChainImageViews[i] };
			//or
			std::array<VkImageView, 2> attachments = { swapChainImageViews[i], depthImageView };
			
			VkFramebufferCreateInfo framebufferInfo = {};
			framebufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
			framebufferInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
			//
			framebufferInfo.attachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attachments.size());
			framebufferInfo.pAttachments = attachments.data();
			//or
			//framebufferInfo.attachmentCount = 1;
			//framebufferInfo.pAttachments = attachments;
			framebufferInfo.width = swapChainExtent.width;
			framebufferInfo.height = swapChainExtent.height;
			framebufferInfo.layers = 1;
	
			if (vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &framebufferInfo, nullptr, &swapChainFramebuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
				throw std::runtime_error("failed to create framebuffer!");
			}
		}
	
	}

Clear values

	//createCommandBuffers()
	std::array<VkClearValue, 2> clearValues = {};
	clearValues[0].color = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f };
	clearValues[1].depthStencil = { 1.0f, 0 };
	VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassInfo = {};
	renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO;
	renderPassInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
	renderPassInfo.framebuffer = swapChainFramebuffers[i];
	renderPassInfo.renderArea.offset = { 0, 0 }; 
	renderPassInfo.renderArea.extent = swapChainExtent;
	//
	renderPassInfo.clearValueCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(clearValues.size());
	renderPassInfo.pClearValues = clearValues.data();

Depth and stencil state

	//深度模板测试开启
	VkPipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo depthStencil = {};
	depthStencil.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DEPTH_STENCIL_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
	//指定是否应将新片段的深度与深度缓冲区进行比较
	depthStencil.depthTestEnable = VK_TRUE;
	//指定是否应将通过深度测试的新片段深度实际写入深度缓冲区。 
	//对绘制透明对象很有用。 它们应该与先前渲染的不透明对象进行比较，但不会导致无法绘制更远的透明对象。
	depthStencil.depthWriteEnable = VK_TRUE;
	//指定为保留或丢弃片段而执行的比较。 我们坚持 lower depth = closer的约定，所以新片段的深度应该更小
	depthStencil.depthCompareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_LESS;
	//用于可选的深度边界测试。 基本上，这允许您只保留落在指定深度范围内的片段。
	depthStencil.depthBoundsTestEnable = VK_FALSE;
	depthStencil.minDepthBounds = 0.0f; // Optional
	depthStencil.maxDepthBounds = 1.0f; // Optional

	depthStencil.stencilTestEnable = VK_FALSE;
	depthStencil.front = {}; // Optional
	depthStencil.back = {}; // Optional

Code

#version 450
#extension GL_ARB_separate_shader_objects : enable


layout(binding = 0) uniform UniformBufferObject {
  mat4 model;
  mat4 view;
  mat4 proj;
} ubo;

layout(location = 0) in vec3 inPosition;
layout(location = 1) in vec3 inColor;
layout(location = 2) in vec2 inTexCoord;

layout(location = 0) out vec3 fragColor;
layout(location = 1) out vec2 fragTexCoord;


void main() {
  gl_Position = ubo.proj * ubo.view * ubo.model * vec4(inPosition, 1.0);
  fragColor = inColor;
  fragTexCoord = inTexCoord;
}

#version 450
#extension GL_ARB_separate_shader_objects : enable

layout(location = 0) in vec3 fragColor;
layout(location = 1) in vec2 fragTexCoord;

layout(location = 0) out vec4 outColor;

layout(binding = 1) uniform sampler2D texSampler;

void main() {
  outColor = texture(texSampler, fragTexCoord);
}

#define GLFW_INCLUDE_VULKAN
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>

#include <iostream>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <vector>
#include <map>
#include <optional>
#include <set>
#include <fstream>
#include <array>
//glm::rotate 这样的函数使用弧度作为参数，以避免任何可能的混淆
#define GLM_FORCE_RADIANS
//The perspective projection matrix generated by GLM will use the OpenGL
//depth range of - 1.0 to 1.0 by default.We need to configure it to use the Vulkan
//range of 0.0 to 1.0 using the GLM_FORCE_DEPTH_ZERO_TO_ONE definition.
#define GLM_FORCE_DEPTH_ZERO_TO_ONE
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
//做精确计时
#include <chrono>

#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
#include <stb_image.h>

#ifdef NDEBUG
const bool enableValidationLayers = false;
#else
const bool enableValidationLayers = true;
#endif

const std::vector<const char*> validationLayers = {
	"VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation"
};

struct QueueFamilyIndices {
	std::optional<uint32_t> graphicsFamily;
	std::optional<uint32_t> presentFamily;
	bool isComplete() {
		return graphicsFamily.has_value() && presentFamily.has_value();
	}
};

struct SwapChainSupportDetails {
	VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities;
	std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> formats;
	std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> presentModes;
};

const std::vector<const char*> deviceExtensions = { VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME };
const int WIDTH = 800;
const int HEIGHT = 600;

static std::vector<char> readFile(const std::string& filename) {
	std::ifstream file(filename, std::ios::ate | std::ios::binary);
	if (!file.is_open()) {
		throw std::runtime_error("failed to open file!");
	}
	size_t fileSize = (size_t)file.tellg();
	std::vector<char> buffer(fileSize);
	file.seekg(0);
	file.read(buffer.data(), fileSize);
	file.close();
	return buffer;
}

const int MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = 2;

struct Vertex {
	glm::vec3 pos;
	glm::vec3 color;
	glm::vec2 texCoord;

	static VkVertexInputBindingDescription getBindingDescription() {
		VkVertexInputBindingDescription bindingDescription = {};
		bindingDescription.binding = 0;
		bindingDescription.stride = sizeof(Vertex);
		bindingDescription.inputRate = VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX;
		return bindingDescription;
	}
	static std::array<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription, 3> getAttributeDescriptions() {
		std::array<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription, 3> attributeDescriptions = {};
		attributeDescriptions[0].binding = 0;
		attributeDescriptions[0].location = 0;
		attributeDescriptions[0].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
		attributeDescriptions[0].offset = offsetof(Vertex, pos);


		attributeDescriptions[1].binding = 0;
		attributeDescriptions[1].location = 1;
		attributeDescriptions[1].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
		attributeDescriptions[1].offset = offsetof(Vertex, color);

		attributeDescriptions[2].binding = 0;
		attributeDescriptions[2].location = 2;
		attributeDescriptions[2].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT;
		attributeDescriptions[2].offset = offsetof(Vertex, texCoord);

		return attributeDescriptions;
	}
};

const std::vector<Vertex> vertices = {
	{{-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f}},
	{{0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f}, {0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}, {1.0f, 0.0f}},
	{ {0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}, {1.0f, 1.0f}},
	{ {-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f}, {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f}, {0.0f, 1.0f}},

	{ {-0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f}, {0.0f, 0.0f}},
	{ {0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f}, {0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f}, {1.0f, 0.0f}},
	{ {0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f}, {0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f}, {1.0f, 1.0f}},
	{ {-0.5f, 0.5f, -0.5f}, {1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f}, {0.0f, 1.0f}}
};

const std::vector<uint16_t> indices = {
	0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 0,
	4, 5, 6, 6, 7, 4
};

struct UniformBufferObject {
	alignas(16) glm::mat4 model;
	alignas(16) glm::mat4 view;
	alignas(16) glm::mat4 proj;
};

class Application {

public:
	void run() {
		initWindow();
		initVulkan();
		mainLoop();
		cleanup();
	}
public:

	GLFWwindow* window;
	VkInstance instance;
	VkSurfaceKHR surface;
	VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger;
	VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
	VkDevice device;
	VkQueue graphicsQueue;
	VkQueue presentQueue;
	VkSwapchainKHR swapChain;
	std::vector<VkImage> swapChainImages;
	VkFormat swapChainImageFormat;
	VkExtent2D swapChainExtent;
	std::vector<VkImageView> swapChainImageViews;
	VkRenderPass renderPass;
	VkDescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout;
	VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout;
	VkPipeline graphicsPipeline;
	std::vector<VkFramebuffer> swapChainFramebuffers;
	VkCommandPool commandPool;
	std::vector<VkCommandBuffer> commandBuffers;
	std::vector<VkSemaphore> imageAvailableSemaphores;
	std::vector<VkSemaphore> renderFinishedSemaphores;
	std::vector<VkFence> inFlightFences;
	std::vector<VkFence> imagesInFlight;
	size_t currentFrame = 0;
	bool framebufferResized = false;
	VkBuffer vertexBuffer;
	VkDeviceMemory vertexBufferMemory;
	VkBuffer indexBuffer;
	VkDeviceMemory indexBufferMemory;
	std::vector<VkBuffer> uniformBuffers;
	std::vector<VkDeviceMemory> uniformBuffersMemory;
	VkDescriptorPool descriptorPool;
	std::vector<VkDescriptorSet> descriptorSets;
	VkImage textureImage;
	VkDeviceMemory textureImageMemory;
	VkImageView textureImageView;
	VkSampler textureSampler;
	//[1]
	VkImage depthImage;
	//[1]
	VkDeviceMemory depthImageMemory;
	//[1]
	VkImageView depthImageView;

	void initWindow() {
		glfwInit();
		glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CLIENT_API, GLFW_NO_API);
		//glfwWindowHint(GLFW_RESIZABLE, GLFW_FALSE);
		window = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, "Vulkan", nullptr, nullptr);
		glfwSetWindowUserPointer(window, this);
		glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebufferResizeCallback);
	}
	void initVulkan() {
		createInstance();
		createSurface();
		setupDebugMessenger();
		pickPhysicalDevice();
		createLogicalDevice();
		createSwapChain();
		createImageViews();
		createRenderPass();
		createDescriptorSetLayout();
		createGraphicsPipeline();
		
		createCommandPool();
		//[1]
		createDepthResources();
		//[4]createFramebuffers 必须在createDepthResources之后
		createFramebuffers();
		createTextureImage();
		createTextureImageView();
		createTextureSampler();
		createVertexBuffer();
		createIndexBuffer();
		createUniformBuffers();
		createDescriptorPool();
		createDescriptorSets();
		createCommandBuffers();
		createSemaphores();
	}
	void mainLoop() {
		while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window))
		{
			glfwPollEvents();
			drawFrame();
		}
		vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);
	}

	void cleanup() {

		cleanupSwapChain();
		vkDestroySampler(device, textureSampler, nullptr);
		vkDestroyImageView(device, textureImageView, nullptr);
		vkDestroyImage(device, textureImage, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, textureImageMemory, nullptr);

		vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(device, descriptorSetLayout, nullptr);
		vkDestroyBuffer(device, indexBuffer, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, indexBufferMemory, nullptr);
		vkDestroyBuffer(device, vertexBuffer, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, vertexBufferMemory, nullptr);
		for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
			vkDestroySemaphore(device, renderFinishedSemaphores[i], nullptr);
			vkDestroySemaphore(device, imageAvailableSemaphores[i], nullptr);
			vkDestroyFence(device, inFlightFences[i], nullptr);
		}
		vkDestroyDevice(device, nullptr);
		if (enableValidationLayers) {
			DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, debugMessenger, nullptr);
		}
		vkDestroySurfaceKHR(instance, surface, nullptr);
		vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr);
		glfwDestroyWindow(window);
		glfwTerminate();
	}

	void createInstance() {

		if (enableValidationLayers && !checkValidationLayerSupport()) {
			throw std::runtime_error("validation layers requested, but not available!");
		}

		VkApplicationInfo appInfo = {};
		appInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO;
		appInfo.pApplicationName = "Hello Triangle";
		appInfo.applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
		appInfo.pEngineName = "No Engine";
		appInfo.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
		appInfo.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_0;

		VkInstanceCreateInfo createInfo = {};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;
		createInfo.pApplicationInfo = &appInfo;


		uint32_t glfwExtensionCount = 0;
		const char** glfwExtensions;
		glfwExtensions =
			glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfwExtensionCount);
		createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = glfwExtensionCount;
		createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = glfwExtensions;
		createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
		if (enableValidationLayers) {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount =
				static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
			createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();
		}
		else {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
		}
		auto extensions = getRequiredExtensions();
		createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(extensions.size());
		createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = extensions.data();
		VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT debugCreateInfo;
		if (enableValidationLayers) {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
			createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();
			populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(debugCreateInfo);
			createInfo.pNext = (VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT*)&debugCreateInfo;
		}
		else {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
			createInfo.pNext = nullptr;
		}
	
		if (vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &instance) != VK_SUCCESS)
		{
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create instance!");

		}
		uint32_t extensionCount = 0;
		vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &extensionCount, nullptr);
		std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> extensionsProperties(extensionCount);
		vkEnumerateInstanceExtensionProperties(nullptr, &extensionCount, extensionsProperties.data());

		std::cout << "available extensions:" << std::endl;
		for (const auto& extension : extensionsProperties) {
			std::cout << "\t" << extension.extensionName << std::endl;
		}

	}

	bool checkValidationLayerSupport() {

		uint32_t layerCount;
		vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, nullptr);

		std::vector<VkLayerProperties> availableLayers(layerCount);
		vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount,
			availableLayers.data());
		for (const char* layerName : validationLayers) {
			bool layerFound = false;

			for (const auto& layerProperties : availableLayers) {
				if (strcmp(layerName, layerProperties.layerName) == 0) {
					layerFound = true;
					break;
				}
			}

			if (!layerFound) {
				return false;
			}
		}

		return true;
	}

	std::vector<const char*> getRequiredExtensions() {
		uint32_t glfwExtensionCount = 0;
		const char** glfwExtensions;
		glfwExtensions = glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfwExtensionCount);
		std::vector<const char*> extensions(glfwExtensions, glfwExtensions + glfwExtensionCount);
		if (enableValidationLayers) {
			extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME);

		}
		return extensions;
	}
	void populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT&
		createInfo) {
		createInfo = {};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT;
		createInfo.messageSeverity =
			VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_VERBOSE_BIT_EXT |
			VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT |
			VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT;
		createInfo.messageType =
			VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT |
			VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT |
			VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_BIT_EXT;
		createInfo.pfnUserCallback = debugCallback;
	}

	static VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL debugCallback(

		VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT messageSeverity,
		VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT messageType,
		const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT* pCallbackData,
		void* pUserData) {
		std::cerr << "validation layer: " << pCallbackData->pMessage <<
			std::endl;

		return VK_FALSE;


	}
	void createSurface() {

		if (glfwCreateWindowSurface(instance, window, nullptr, &surface) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create window surface!");

		}
	}
	void setupDebugMessenger() {
		if (!enableValidationLayers) return;

		VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT createInfo = {};
		populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(createInfo);
		if (CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, &createInfo, nullptr,
			&debugMessenger) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to set up debug messenger!");
		}
	}

	VkResult CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance, const
		VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT* pCreateInfo, const
		VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator, VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT*
		pDebugMessenger) {
		auto func = (PFN_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)
			vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
		if (func != nullptr) {
			return func(instance, pCreateInfo, pAllocator, pDebugMessenger);
		}
		else {
			return VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT;
		}
	}

	void DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance,
		VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger, const
		VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator) {
		auto func = (PFN_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)
			vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
		if (func != nullptr) {
			func(instance, debugMessenger, pAllocator);
		}
	}
	void pickPhysicalDevice() {
		uint32_t deviceCount = 0;
		vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, nullptr);
		if (deviceCount == 0) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to find GPUs with Vulkan support!");
		}
		std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> devices(deviceCount);
		vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, devices.data());
		for (const auto& device : devices) {
			if (isDeviceSuitable(device)) {
				physicalDevice = device;
				break;
			}
		}
		if (physicalDevice == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to find a suitable GPU!");
		}
		std::multimap<int, VkPhysicalDevice> candidates;
		for (const auto& device : devices) {
			int score = rateDeviceSuitability(device);
			candidates.insert(std::make_pair(score, device));

		}
		if (candidates.rbegin()->first > 0) {
			physicalDevice = candidates.rbegin()->second;
		}
		else {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to find a suitable GPU!");
		}

	}


	bool isDeviceSuitable(VkPhysicalDevice device) {

		bool extensionsSupported = checkDeviceExtensionSupport(device);
		bool swapChainAdequate = false;
		if (extensionsSupported) {
			SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(device);
			swapChainAdequate = !swapChainSupport.formats.empty() && !swapChainSupport.presentModes.empty();
		}
		QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(device);

		VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures supportedFeatures;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures(device, &supportedFeatures);
		return indices.isComplete() && extensionsSupported && swapChainAdequate && supportedFeatures.samplerAnisotropy;
	}

	SwapChainSupportDetails querySwapChainSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
		SwapChainSupportDetails details;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(device, surface, &details.capabilities);
		uint32_t formatCount;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount, nullptr);
		if (formatCount != 0) {
			details.formats.resize(formatCount);
			vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount, details.formats.data());

		}
		uint32_t presentModeCount;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &presentModeCount, nullptr);
		if (presentModeCount != 0) {
			details.presentModes.resize(presentModeCount);
			vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &presentModeCount, details.presentModes.data());
		}
		return details;

	}

	QueueFamilyIndices findQueueFamilies(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
		QueueFamilyIndices indices;

		uint32_t queueFamilyCount = 0;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, nullptr);
		std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> queueFamilies(queueFamilyCount);
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, queueFamilies.data());
		int i = 0;
		for (const auto& queueFamily : queueFamilies) {
			VkBool32 presentSupport = false;
			vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(device, i, surface, &presentSupport);
			if (presentSupport) {
				indices.presentFamily = i;
			}
			if (queueFamily.queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT) {
				indices.graphicsFamily = i;
				if (indices.isComplete())
					break;
			}
			i++;
		}

		return indices;
	}

	bool checkDeviceExtensionSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {

		uint32_t extensionCount;
		vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount, nullptr);
		std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> availableExtensions(extensionCount);
		vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount, availableExtensions.data());
		std::set<std::string> requiredExtensions(deviceExtensions.begin(), deviceExtensions.end());

		for (const auto& extension : availableExtensions) {
			requiredExtensions.erase(extension.extensionName);
		}
		return requiredExtensions.empty();
	}

	int rateDeviceSuitability(VkPhysicalDevice device) {

		VkPhysicalDeviceProperties deviceProperties;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(device, &deviceProperties);

		int score = 0;
		if (deviceProperties.deviceType == VK_PHYSICAL_DEVICE_TYPE_DISCRETE_GPU) {
			score += 1000;
		}
		score += deviceProperties.limits.maxImageDimension2D;

		VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures deviceFeatures;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures(device, &deviceFeatures);
		if (!deviceFeatures.geometryShader) {
			return 0;
		}
		return score;

	}
	void createLogicalDevice() {
		QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);
		VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo = {};
		queueCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;
		queueCreateInfo.queueFamilyIndex = indices.graphicsFamily.value();
		queueCreateInfo.queueCount = 1;
		float queuePriority = 1.0f;
		queueCreateInfo.pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority;
		VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures deviceFeatures = {};

		deviceFeatures.samplerAnisotropy = VK_TRUE;



		VkDeviceCreateInfo createInfo = {};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO;
		createInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = &queueCreateInfo;
		createInfo.queueCreateInfoCount = 1;
		createInfo.pEnabledFeatures = &deviceFeatures;

		createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = 0;
		if (enableValidationLayers) {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
			createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();

		}
		else {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;

		}

		std::vector<VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo> queueCreateInfos;
		std::set<uint32_t> uniqueQueueFamilies = { indices.graphicsFamily.value(), indices.presentFamily.value() };
		queuePriority = 1.0f;
		for (uint32_t queueFamily : uniqueQueueFamilies) {
			VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo = {};
			queueCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;
			queueCreateInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamily;
			queueCreateInfo.queueCount = 1;
			queueCreateInfo.pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority;
			queueCreateInfos.push_back(queueCreateInfo);

		}
		createInfo.queueCreateInfoCount =
			static_cast<uint32_t>(queueCreateInfos.size());
		createInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = queueCreateInfos.data();
		createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(deviceExtensions.size());
		createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = deviceExtensions.data();
		if (vkCreateDevice(physicalDevice, &createInfo, nullptr, &device) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create logical device!");
		}
		vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.graphicsFamily.value(), 0, &graphicsQueue);
		vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.presentFamily.value(), 0, &presentQueue);

	}

	void createSwapChain() {
		SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(physicalDevice);
		VkSurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat = chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(swapChainSupport.formats);
		VkPresentModeKHR presentMode = chooseSwapPresentMode(swapChainSupport.presentModes);
		VkExtent2D extent = chooseSwapExtent(swapChainSupport.capabilities);
		uint32_t imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.minImageCount + 1;
		if (swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount > 0 && imageCount > swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount) {
			imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount;
		}

		VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR createInfo = {};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
		createInfo.surface = surface;

		createInfo.minImageCount = imageCount;
		createInfo.imageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
		createInfo.imageColorSpace = surfaceFormat.colorSpace;
		createInfo.imageExtent = extent;
		createInfo.imageArrayLayers = 1;
		createInfo.imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT;

		QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);
		uint32_t queueFamilyIndices[] = { indices.graphicsFamily.value(),
		indices.presentFamily.value() };
		if (indices.graphicsFamily != indices.presentFamily) {
			createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT;
			createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 2;
			createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = queueFamilyIndices;
		}
		else {
			createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
			createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 0; // Optional
			createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = nullptr; // Optional
		}
		createInfo.preTransform = swapChainSupport.capabilities.currentTransform;
		createInfo.compositeAlpha = VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR;
		createInfo.presentMode = presentMode;
		createInfo.clipped = VK_TRUE;
		createInfo.oldSwapchain = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

		if (vkCreateSwapchainKHR(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &swapChain) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create swap chain!");
		}

		vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, nullptr);
		swapChainImages.resize(imageCount);
		vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, swapChainImages.data());
		swapChainImageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
		swapChainExtent = extent;
	}

	VkSurfaceFormatKHR chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(const std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR>& availableFormats) {

		for (const auto& availableFormat : availableFormats) {
			if (availableFormat.format == VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SRGB
				&& availableFormat.colorSpace == VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR) {
				return availableFormat;
			}
		}
		return availableFormats[0];
	}

	VkPresentModeKHR chooseSwapPresentMode(const std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR>& availablePresentModes) {
		for (const auto& availablePresentMode : availablePresentModes) {
			if (availablePresentMode == VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR) {
				return availablePresentMode;
			}
		}
		return VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR;
	}
	VkExtent2D chooseSwapExtent(const VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR& capabilities) {


		if (capabilities.currentExtent.width != UINT32_MAX) {
			return capabilities.currentExtent;
		}
		else {
			int width, height;
			glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
			VkExtent2D actualExtent = { static_cast<uint32_t>(width), static_cast<uint32_t>(height) };
			
			actualExtent.width = std::max(capabilities.minImageExtent.width,
				std::min(capabilities.maxImageExtent.width, actualExtent.width));
			actualExtent.height = std::max(capabilities.minImageExtent.height,
				std::min(capabilities.maxImageExtent.height, actualExtent.height));
			return actualExtent;
		}
	}


	void createImageViews() {

		swapChainImageViews.resize(swapChainImages.size());
		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
			swapChainImageViews[i] = createImageView(swapChainImages[i], swapChainImageFormat, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
		}
	}

	void createRenderPass() {
		VkAttachmentDescription colorAttachment = {};
		colorAttachment.format = swapChainImageFormat;
		colorAttachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
		colorAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
		colorAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
		colorAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
		colorAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
		colorAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
		colorAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;

		VkAttachmentReference colorAttachmentRef = {};
		colorAttachmentRef.attachment = 0;
		colorAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

		//[3]
		VkAttachmentDescription depthAttachment = {};
		depthAttachment.format = findDepthFormat();
		depthAttachment.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
		depthAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
		depthAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
		depthAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
		depthAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
		depthAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
		depthAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;
		//[3]
		VkAttachmentReference depthAttachmentRef = {};
		depthAttachmentRef.attachment = 1;
		depthAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

		VkSubpassDescription subpass = {};
		subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
		subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
		subpass.pColorAttachments = &colorAttachmentRef;
		//[3]
		subpass.pDepthStencilAttachment = &depthAttachmentRef;


		VkSubpassDependency dependency = {};
		dependency.srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
		dependency.dstSubpass = 0;
		dependency.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
		dependency.srcAccessMask = 0;
		dependency.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT;
		dependency.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;


		/*VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassInfo = {};
		renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
		renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = 1;
		renderPassInfo.pAttachments = &colorAttachment;
		renderPassInfo.subpassCount = 1;
		renderPassInfo.pSubpasses = &subpass;*/
		//or
		//[3]
		std::array<VkAttachmentDescription, 2> attachments = { colorAttachment, depthAttachment };
		VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassInfo = {};
		renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
		renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attachments.size());
		renderPassInfo.pAttachments = attachments.data();
		renderPassInfo.subpassCount = 1;
		renderPassInfo.pSubpasses = &subpass;
		renderPassInfo.dependencyCount = 1;
		renderPassInfo.pDependencies = &dependency;

		if (vkCreateRenderPass(device, &renderPassInfo, nullptr, &renderPass) != VK_SUCCESS)
		{

			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create render pass!");
		}


	}
	void createGraphicsPipeline() {

		auto vertShaderCode = readFile("shaders/vert.spv");
		auto fragShaderCode = readFile("shaders/frag.spv");
		VkShaderModule vertShaderModule = createShaderModule(vertShaderCode);
		VkShaderModule fragShaderModule = createShaderModule(fragShaderCode);

		VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo vertShaderStageInfo = {};
		vertShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
		vertShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;
		vertShaderStageInfo.module = vertShaderModule;
		vertShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";

		VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo fragShaderStageInfo = {};
		fragShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
		fragShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
		fragShaderStageInfo.module = fragShaderModule;
		fragShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";
		VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo shaderStages[] = { vertShaderStageInfo, fragShaderStageInfo };


		

		VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputInfo = {};
		auto bindingDescription = Vertex::getBindingDescription();
		auto attributeDescriptions = Vertex::getAttributeDescriptions();
		vertexInputInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		vertexInputInfo.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 1;
		vertexInputInfo.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attributeDescriptions.size());
		vertexInputInfo.pVertexBindingDescriptions = &bindingDescription; 
		vertexInputInfo.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = attributeDescriptions.data();


		VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssembly = {};
		inputAssembly.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		inputAssembly.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST;
		inputAssembly.primitiveRestartEnable = VK_FALSE;

		VkViewport viewport = {};
		viewport.x = 0.0f;
		viewport.y = 0.0f;
		viewport.width = (float)swapChainExtent.width;
		viewport.height = (float)swapChainExtent.height;
		viewport.minDepth = 0.0f;
		viewport.maxDepth = 1.0f;

		VkRect2D scissor = {};
		scissor.offset = { 0, 0 };
		scissor.extent = swapChainExtent;

		VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState = {};
		viewportState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		viewportState.viewportCount = 1;
		viewportState.pViewports = &viewport;
		viewportState.scissorCount = 1;
		viewportState.pScissors = &scissor;

		VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizer = {};
		rasterizer.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		rasterizer.depthClampEnable = VK_FALSE;
		rasterizer.rasterizerDiscardEnable = VK_FALSE;
		rasterizer.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL;
		rasterizer.lineWidth = 1.0f;
		
		//rasterizer.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT;
		//rasterizer.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_CLOCKWISE;
		//or
		rasterizer.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT;
		rasterizer.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_COUNTER_CLOCKWISE;
		
		rasterizer.depthBiasEnable = VK_FALSE;
		rasterizer.depthBiasConstantFactor = 0.0f;
		rasterizer.depthBiasClamp = 0.0f;
		rasterizer.depthBiasSlopeFactor = 0.0f;

		VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampling = {};
		multisampling.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		multisampling.sampleShadingEnable = VK_FALSE;
		multisampling.rasterizationSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
		multisampling.minSampleShading = 1.0f;
		multisampling.pSampleMask = nullptr; 
		multisampling.alphaToCoverageEnable = VK_FALSE; 
		multisampling.alphaToOneEnable = VK_FALSE; 

		VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState colorBlendAttachment = {};
		colorBlendAttachment.colorWriteMask = VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT |
			VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT |
			VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT;
		colorBlendAttachment.blendEnable = VK_FALSE;
		colorBlendAttachment.srcColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE;
		colorBlendAttachment.dstColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO;
		colorBlendAttachment.colorBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD;
		colorBlendAttachment.srcAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE;
		colorBlendAttachment.dstAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO;
		colorBlendAttachment.alphaBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD;


		colorBlendAttachment.blendEnable = VK_TRUE;
		colorBlendAttachment.srcColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_SRC_ALPHA;
		colorBlendAttachment.dstColorBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE_MINUS_SRC_ALPHA;
		colorBlendAttachment.colorBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD;
		colorBlendAttachment.srcAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ONE;
		colorBlendAttachment.dstAlphaBlendFactor = VK_BLEND_FACTOR_ZERO;
		colorBlendAttachment.alphaBlendOp = VK_BLEND_OP_ADD;

		VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlending = {};
		colorBlending.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		colorBlending.logicOpEnable = VK_FALSE;
		colorBlending.logicOp = VK_LOGIC_OP_COPY;
		colorBlending.attachmentCount = 1;
		colorBlending.pAttachments = &colorBlendAttachment;
		colorBlending.blendConstants[0] = 0.0f; 
		colorBlending.blendConstants[1] = 0.0f; 
		colorBlending.blendConstants[2] = 0.0f; 
		colorBlending.blendConstants[3] = 0.0f; 

		VkDynamicState dynamicStates[] = {
			 VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_VIEWPORT,
			 VK_DYNAMIC_STATE_LINE_WIDTH
		};

		VkPipelineDynamicStateCreateInfo dynamicState = {};
		dynamicState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DYNAMIC_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		dynamicState.dynamicStateCount = 2;
		dynamicState.pDynamicStates = dynamicStates;
		VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutInfo = {};
		pipelineLayoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
		//pipelineLayoutInfo.setLayoutCount = 0; 
		//pipelineLayoutInfo.pSetLayouts = nullptr; 
		//or
		pipelineLayoutInfo.setLayoutCount = 1;
		pipelineLayoutInfo.pSetLayouts = &descriptorSetLayout;

		pipelineLayoutInfo.pushConstantRangeCount = 0; 
		pipelineLayoutInfo.pPushConstantRanges = nullptr; 

		if (vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pipelineLayoutInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create pipeline layout!");
		}

		//[6]深度模板测试开启
		VkPipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo depthStencil = {};
		depthStencil.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DEPTH_STENCIL_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		//[6]指定是否应将新片段的深度与深度缓冲区进行比较
		depthStencil.depthTestEnable = VK_TRUE;
		//[6]指定是否应将通过深度测试的新片段深度实际写入深度缓冲区。 
		//[6]对绘制透明对象很有用。 它们应该与先前渲染的不透明对象进行比较，但不会导致无法绘制更远的透明对象。
		depthStencil.depthWriteEnable = VK_TRUE;
		//[6]指定为保留或丢弃片段而执行的比较。 我们坚持 lower depth = closer的约定，所以新片段的深度应该更小
		depthStencil.depthCompareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_LESS;
		//[6]用于可选的深度边界测试。 基本上，这允许您只保留落在指定深度范围内的片段。
		depthStencil.depthBoundsTestEnable = VK_FALSE;
		depthStencil.minDepthBounds = 0.0f; // Optional
		depthStencil.maxDepthBounds = 1.0f; // Optional

		depthStencil.stencilTestEnable = VK_FALSE;
		depthStencil.front = {}; // Optional
		depthStencil.back = {}; // Optional


		VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineInfo = {};
		pipelineInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO;
		pipelineInfo.stageCount = 2;
		pipelineInfo.pStages = shaderStages;

		pipelineInfo.pVertexInputState = &vertexInputInfo;
		pipelineInfo.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssembly;
		pipelineInfo.pViewportState = &viewportState;
		pipelineInfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterizer;
		pipelineInfo.pMultisampleState = &multisampling;
		//[6]
		pipelineInfo.pDepthStencilState = &depthStencil;
		pipelineInfo.pColorBlendState = &colorBlending;
		pipelineInfo.pDynamicState = nullptr; 

		pipelineInfo.layout = pipelineLayout;
		pipelineInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
		pipelineInfo.subpass = 0;
		pipelineInfo.basePipelineHandle = VK_NULL_HANDLE; 
		pipelineInfo.basePipelineIndex = -1;

		if (vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 1, &pipelineInfo, nullptr, &graphicsPipeline) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create graphics pipeline!");
		}


		vkDestroyShaderModule(device, fragShaderModule, nullptr);
		vkDestroyShaderModule(device, vertShaderModule, nullptr);
	}


	VkShaderModule createShaderModule(const std::vector<char>& code) {
		VkShaderModuleCreateInfo createInfo = {};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO;
		createInfo.codeSize = code.size();
		createInfo.pCode = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(code.data());
		VkShaderModule shaderModule;
		if (vkCreateShaderModule(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &shaderModule) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create shader module!");
		}
		return shaderModule;
	}

	void createFramebuffers()
	{
		swapChainFramebuffers.resize(swapChainImageViews.size());

		for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImageViews.size(); i++) {

			//VkImageView attachments[] = { swapChainImageViews[i] };
			//or
			//[4]
			std::array<VkImageView, 2> attachments = { swapChainImageViews[i], depthImageView };
			
			VkFramebufferCreateInfo framebufferInfo = {};
			framebufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
			framebufferInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
			//[4]
			framebufferInfo.attachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attachments.size());
			framebufferInfo.pAttachments = attachments.data();
			//or
			//framebufferInfo.attachmentCount = 1;
			//framebufferInfo.pAttachments = attachments;
			framebufferInfo.width = swapChainExtent.width;
			framebufferInfo.height = swapChainExtent.height;
			framebufferInfo.layers = 1;

			if (vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &framebufferInfo, nullptr, &swapChainFramebuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
				throw std::runtime_error("failed to create framebuffer!");
			}
		}

	}
	void createCommandPool() {

		QueueFamilyIndices queueFamilyIndices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);

		VkCommandPoolCreateInfo poolInfo = {};
		poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
		poolInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamilyIndices.graphicsFamily.value();
		poolInfo.flags = 0; 

		if (vkCreateCommandPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &commandPool) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create command pool!");
		}

	}

	void createCommandBuffers() {
		commandBuffers.resize(swapChainFramebuffers.size());

		VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};
		allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
		allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
		allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
		allocInfo.commandBufferCount = (uint32_t)commandBuffers.size();

		if (vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, commandBuffers.data()) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate command buffers!");
		}

		for (size_t i = 0; i < commandBuffers.size(); i++) {

			VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo = {};
			beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
			beginInfo.flags = 0;
			beginInfo.pInheritanceInfo = nullptr; 

			if (vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[i], &beginInfo) != VK_SUCCESS) {
				throw std::runtime_error("failed to begin recording command buffer!");
			}

			//[5]Clear values
			std::array<VkClearValue, 2> clearValues = {};
			clearValues[0].color = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f };
			clearValues[1].depthStencil = { 1.0f, 0 };

			VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassInfo = {};
			renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO;
			renderPassInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
			renderPassInfo.framebuffer = swapChainFramebuffers[i];
			renderPassInfo.renderArea.offset = { 0, 0 }; 
			renderPassInfo.renderArea.extent = swapChainExtent;
			//[5]
			renderPassInfo.clearValueCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(clearValues.size());
			renderPassInfo.pClearValues = clearValues.data();

			//VkClearValue clearColor = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f };
			//renderPassInfo.clearValueCount = 1;
			//renderPassInfo.pClearValues = &clearColor;
			vkCmdBeginRenderPass(commandBuffers[i], &renderPassInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);

			vkCmdBindPipeline(commandBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, graphicsPipeline);

			VkBuffer vertexBuffers[] = { vertexBuffer };
			VkDeviceSize offsets[] = { 0 };
			vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(commandBuffers[i], 0, 1, vertexBuffers, offsets);

			vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(commandBuffers[i], indexBuffer, 0, VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT16);

			vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(commandBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelineLayout, 0, 1, &descriptorSets[i], 0, nullptr);

			vkCmdDrawIndexed(commandBuffers[i], static_cast<uint32_t>(indices.size()), 1, 0, 0, 0);

			if (vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
				throw std::runtime_error("failed to record command buffer!");
			}


		}

	}

	void createSemaphores() {

		imageAvailableSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
		renderFinishedSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
		inFlightFences.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
		imagesInFlight.resize(swapChainImages.size(), VK_NULL_HANDLE);


		VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo = {};
		semaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;
		VkFenceCreateInfo fenceInfo = {};
		fenceInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO;
		fenceInfo.flags = VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT;

		for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
			if (vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &imageAvailableSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||
				vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &renderFinishedSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||
				vkCreateFence(device, &fenceInfo, nullptr, &inFlightFences[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
				throw std::runtime_error("failed to create semaphores for a frame!");
			}
		}


	}

	void drawFrame() {

		uint32_t imageIndex;
		VkResult result = vkAcquireNextImageKHR(device, swapChain, UINT64_MAX, imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame], VK_NULL_HANDLE, &imageIndex);
		if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR) {
			recreateSwapChain();
			return;
		}
		else if (result != VK_SUCCESS && result != VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) {
			
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to acquire swap chain image!");
		}

		if (imagesInFlight[imageIndex] != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
			vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &imagesInFlight[imageIndex], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
		}
		imagesInFlight[imageIndex] = inFlightFences[currentFrame];

		updateUniformBuffer(imageIndex);

		VkSubmitInfo submitInfo = {};
		submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
		VkSemaphore waitSemaphores[] = { imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame] };
		VkPipelineStageFlags waitStages[] = { VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT };
		submitInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = waitSemaphores;
		submitInfo.pWaitDstStageMask = waitStages;
		submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffers[imageIndex];

		VkSemaphore signalSemaphores[] = { renderFinishedSemaphores[currentFrame] };
		submitInfo.signalSemaphoreCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

		vkResetFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame]);

		if (vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, inFlightFences[currentFrame]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to submit draw command buffer!");
		}

		VkPresentInfoKHR presentInfo = {};
		presentInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR;
		presentInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
		presentInfo.pWaitSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

		VkSwapchainKHR swapChains[] = { swapChain };
		presentInfo.swapchainCount = 1;
		presentInfo.pSwapchains = swapChains;
		presentInfo.pImageIndices = &imageIndex;
		presentInfo.pResults = nullptr; 

		result = vkQueuePresentKHR(presentQueue, &presentInfo);


		if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR || result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR || framebufferResized) {
			framebufferResized = false;
			recreateSwapChain();
		}
		else if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to present swap chain image!");
		}

		currentFrame = (currentFrame + 1) % MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
		vkQueueWaitIdle(presentQueue);

	}

	void cleanupSwapChain() {

		//[7]
		vkDestroyImageView(device, depthImageView, nullptr);
		vkDestroyImage(device, depthImage, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, depthImageMemory, nullptr);

		for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainFramebuffers.size(); i++) {
			vkDestroyFramebuffer(device, swapChainFramebuffers[i], nullptr);
		}
		vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, commandPool, static_cast<uint32_t>(commandBuffers.size()), commandBuffers.data());
		vkDestroyPipeline(device, graphicsPipeline, nullptr);
		vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayout, nullptr);
		vkDestroyRenderPass(device, renderPass, nullptr);
		for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImageViews.size(); i++) {
			vkDestroyImageView(device, swapChainImageViews[i], nullptr);
		}
		vkDestroySwapchainKHR(device, swapChain, nullptr);

		for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
			vkDestroyBuffer(device, uniformBuffers[i], nullptr);
			vkFreeMemory(device, uniformBuffersMemory[i], nullptr);
		}
		vkDestroyDescriptorPool(device, descriptorPool, nullptr);
	}

	void recreateSwapChain() {

		int width = 0, height = 0;
		//glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
		while (width == 0 || height == 0) {
			glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
			glfwWaitEvents();

		}

		vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);

		cleanupSwapChain();

		createSwapChain();
		createImageViews();
		createRenderPass();
		createGraphicsPipeline();
		//[7]
		createDepthResources();
		createFramebuffers();
		createUniformBuffers();
		createDescriptorPool();
		createDescriptorSets();
		createCommandBuffers();
	}

	static void framebufferResizeCallback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height) {
		auto app = reinterpret_cast<Application*>(glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window));
		app->framebufferResized = true;
	}
	void createVertexBuffer() {

		VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(vertices[0]) * vertices.size();
		VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
		VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;
		createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT |
			VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

		void* data;
		vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, bufferSize, 0, &data);
		memcpy(data, vertices.data(), (size_t)bufferSize);
		vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);
		
		createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT,
				VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, vertexBuffer, vertexBufferMemory);
		copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, vertexBuffer, bufferSize);
		vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);
	}

	uint32_t findMemoryType(uint32_t typeFilter, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties) {
		VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memProperties;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(physicalDevice, &memProperties);

		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++) {
			if ((typeFilter & (1 << i)) && (memProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & properties) == properties) {
				return i;
			}
		}

		throw std::runtime_error("failed to find suitable memory type!");

		
	}
	void createBuffer(VkDeviceSize size, VkBufferUsageFlags usage,
			VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties, VkBuffer& buffer,
				VkDeviceMemory& bufferMemory) {
		VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo = {};
		bufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
		bufferInfo.size = size;
		bufferInfo.usage = usage;
		bufferInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;

		if (vkCreateBuffer(device, &bufferInfo, nullptr, &buffer) !=
			VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create buffer!");
		}

		VkMemoryRequirements memRequirements;
		vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(device, buffer, &memRequirements);

		VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};
		allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
		allocInfo.allocationSize = memRequirements.size;
		allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex =
			findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, properties);

		if (vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &bufferMemory)
			!= VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate buffer memory!");
		}

		vkBindBufferMemory(device, buffer, bufferMemory, 0);

	}
	void copyBuffer(VkBuffer srcBuffer, VkBuffer dstBuffer, VkDeviceSize size) {

		VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

		VkBufferCopy copyRegion = {};
		copyRegion.srcOffset = 0; 
		copyRegion.dstOffset = 0;
		copyRegion.size = size;
		vkCmdCopyBuffer(commandBuffer, srcBuffer, dstBuffer, 1, &copyRegion);

		endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
	}
	void createIndexBuffer() {
	
		VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(indices[0]) * indices.size();

		VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
		VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;
		createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT |
			VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

		void* data;
		vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, bufferSize, 0, &data);

		memcpy(data, indices.data(), (size_t)bufferSize);
		vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);

		createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT,
			VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, indexBuffer, indexBufferMemory);

		copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, indexBuffer, bufferSize);

		vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);
	}
	void createDescriptorSetLayout() {
		VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding uboLayoutBinding = {};
		uboLayoutBinding.binding = 0;
		uboLayoutBinding.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
		uboLayoutBinding.descriptorCount = 1;
		uboLayoutBinding.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;

		uboLayoutBinding.pImmutableSamplers = nullptr; 

		VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding samplerLayoutBinding = {};
		samplerLayoutBinding.binding = 1;
		samplerLayoutBinding.descriptorCount = 1;
		samplerLayoutBinding.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
		samplerLayoutBinding.pImmutableSamplers = nullptr;
		samplerLayoutBinding.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
		std::array<VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding, 2> bindings = { uboLayoutBinding, samplerLayoutBinding };
		VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo layoutInfo = {};
		layoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
		layoutInfo.bindingCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(bindings.size());
		layoutInfo.pBindings = bindings.data();

		if (vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(device, &layoutInfo, nullptr, &descriptorSetLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create descriptor set layout!");
		}

	}

	void createUniformBuffers() {
		VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(UniformBufferObject);
		uniformBuffers.resize(swapChainImages.size());
		uniformBuffersMemory.resize(swapChainImages.size());
		for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
			createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT |
				VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, uniformBuffers[i], uniformBuffersMemory[i]);
		}
	}
	void updateUniformBuffer(uint32_t currentImage) {

		static auto startTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
		auto currentTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
		float time = std::chrono::duration<float, std::chrono::seconds::period>(currentTime - startTime).count();
		UniformBufferObject ubo = {};
		ubo.model = glm::rotate(glm::mat4(1.0f), time * glm::radians(90.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
		ubo.view = glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(2.0f, 2.0f, 2.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
		ubo.proj = glm::perspective(glm::radians(45.0f), swapChainExtent.width / (float)swapChainExtent.height, 0.1f, 10.0f);
		ubo.proj[1][1] *= -1;

		void* data;
		vkMapMemory(device, uniformBuffersMemory[currentImage], 0, sizeof(ubo), 0, &data);
		memcpy(data, &ubo, sizeof(ubo));
		vkUnmapMemory(device, uniformBuffersMemory[currentImage]);
	}
	void createDescriptorPool() {

		std::array<VkDescriptorPoolSize, 2> poolSizes = {};
		poolSizes[0].type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
		poolSizes[0].descriptorCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(swapChainImages.size());
		poolSizes[1].type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
		poolSizes[1].descriptorCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(swapChainImages.size());
		VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo poolInfo = {};

		poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
		poolInfo.poolSizeCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(poolSizes.size());
		poolInfo.pPoolSizes = poolSizes.data();
		poolInfo.maxSets = static_cast<uint32_t>(swapChainImages.size());

		if (vkCreateDescriptorPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &descriptorPool) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create descriptor pool!");
		}
	}
	void createDescriptorSets() {

		std::vector<VkDescriptorSetLayout> layouts(swapChainImages.size(), descriptorSetLayout);
		VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};
		allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_ALLOCATE_INFO;
		allocInfo.descriptorPool = descriptorPool;
		allocInfo.descriptorSetCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(swapChainImages.size());
		allocInfo.pSetLayouts = layouts.data();

		descriptorSets.resize(swapChainImages.size());
		if (vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &allocInfo, descriptorSets.data()) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate descriptor sets!");
		}

		for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {

			VkDescriptorBufferInfo bufferInfo = {};
			bufferInfo.buffer = uniformBuffers[i];
			bufferInfo.offset = 0;
			bufferInfo.range = sizeof(UniformBufferObject);

			VkDescriptorImageInfo imageInfo = {};
			imageInfo.imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
			imageInfo.imageView = textureImageView;
			imageInfo.sampler = textureSampler;

			std::array<VkWriteDescriptorSet, 2> descriptorWrites = {};
			descriptorWrites[0].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET;
			descriptorWrites[0].dstSet = descriptorSets[i];
			descriptorWrites[0].dstBinding = 0;
			descriptorWrites[0].dstArrayElement = 0;
			descriptorWrites[0].descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
			descriptorWrites[0].descriptorCount = 1;
			descriptorWrites[0].pBufferInfo = &bufferInfo;

			descriptorWrites[1].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET;
			descriptorWrites[1].dstSet = descriptorSets[i];
			descriptorWrites[1].dstBinding = 1;
			descriptorWrites[1].dstArrayElement = 0;
			descriptorWrites[1].descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
			descriptorWrites[1].descriptorCount = 1;
			descriptorWrites[1].pImageInfo = &imageInfo;
			
			vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, static_cast<uint32_t>(descriptorWrites.size()),
					descriptorWrites.data(), 0, nullptr);

		}

		
	}

	void createTextureImage() {
		int texWidth, texHeight, texChannels;
		stbi_uc * pixels = stbi_load("textures/texture.jpg", &texWidth, &texHeight, &texChannels, STBI_rgb_alpha);
		VkDeviceSize imageSize = texWidth * texHeight * 4;
		if (!pixels) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to load texture image!");
		}

		VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
		VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;
		createBuffer(imageSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT |
			VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);
		void* data;
		vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, imageSize, 0, &data);
		memcpy(data, pixels, static_cast<size_t>(imageSize));
		vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);
		stbi_image_free(pixels);

		createImage(texWidth, texHeight, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB, VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL,
				VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT,
					VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, textureImage, textureImageMemory);


		transitionImageLayout(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB,
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL);
		copyBufferToImage(stagingBuffer, textureImage, static_cast<uint32_t>(texWidth),
			static_cast<uint32_t>(texHeight));
		transitionImageLayout(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB,
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL);


		vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);


	}

	void createImage(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, VkFormat format, VkImageTiling tiling, 
				VkImageUsageFlags usage, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties, 
			VkImage& image, VkDeviceMemory& imageMemory) {
		VkImageCreateInfo imageInfo = {};
		imageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO;
		imageInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
		imageInfo.extent.width = width;
		imageInfo.extent.height = height;
		imageInfo.extent.depth = 1;
		imageInfo.mipLevels = 1;
		imageInfo.arrayLayers = 1;

		imageInfo.format = format;
		imageInfo.tiling = tiling;
		imageInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
		imageInfo.usage = usage;
		imageInfo.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
		imageInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
		imageInfo.flags = 0;


		if (vkCreateImage(device, &imageInfo, nullptr, &image) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create image!");
		}

		VkMemoryRequirements memRequirements;
		vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device, image, &memRequirements);
		VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};
		allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
		allocInfo.allocationSize = memRequirements.size;
		allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT);
		if (vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &imageMemory) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate image memory!");
		}
		vkBindImageMemory(device, image, imageMemory, 0);
	}

	VkCommandBuffer beginSingleTimeCommands() {
		VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo = {};
		allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
		allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
		allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
		allocInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;

		VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer;
		vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, &commandBuffer);

		VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo = {};
		beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
		beginInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT;

		vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, &beginInfo);

		return commandBuffer;
	}
	void endSingleTimeCommands(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer) {
		
		vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffer);
		VkSubmitInfo submitInfo = {};
		submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
		submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffer;

		vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, VK_NULL_HANDLE);
		vkQueueWaitIdle(graphicsQueue);
		
		vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, commandPool, 1, &commandBuffer);
	}

	void transitionImageLayout(VkImage image, VkFormat format, VkImageLayout oldLayout, VkImageLayout newLayout) {
		
		VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();
	
		VkImageMemoryBarrier barrier = {};
		barrier.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
		barrier.oldLayout = oldLayout;
		barrier.newLayout = newLayout;
		barrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
		barrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
		barrier.image = image;

		//[2]
		if (newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL) {
			barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT;
			if (hasStencilComponent(format))
			{
				barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask |= VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_STENCIL_BIT;
			}
		}
		else {
			barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
		}
		//or
		//barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
		barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
		barrier.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
		barrier.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		barrier.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

		VkPipelineStageFlags sourceStage;
		VkPipelineStageFlags destinationStage;
		/*if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED && newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL)
		{
			barrier.srcAccessMask = 0;
			barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
			sourceStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;
			destinationStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
		}
		else if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL && newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL)
		{
			barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
			barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;

			sourceStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
			destinationStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT;

		}
		else
		{
			throw std::invalid_argument("unsupported layout transition!");
		}*/
		//or
		//[2]
		if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED && newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL) 
		{
			barrier.srcAccessMask = 0;
			barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
			sourceStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;
			destinationStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
		}
		else if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL && newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL)
		{
			barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
			barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;
			sourceStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
			destinationStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT;
		}
		else if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED && newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL) 
		{
			barrier.srcAccessMask = 0;
			barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_READ_BIT | VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;
			sourceStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;
			destinationStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
		}
		else {
			throw std::invalid_argument("unsupported layout transition!");
		}

		vkCmdPipelineBarrier(commandBuffer, sourceStage, destinationStage, 0, 0, nullptr, 0, nullptr, 1, &barrier);

		endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
	}
	void copyBufferToImage(VkBuffer buffer, VkImage image, uint32_t width, uint32_t height) {
		VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

		VkBufferImageCopy region = {};
		region.bufferOffset = 0;
		region.bufferRowLength = 0;
		region.bufferImageHeight = 0;
		region.imageSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
		region.imageSubresource.mipLevel = 0;
		region.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		region.imageSubresource.layerCount = 1;
		region.imageOffset = { 0, 0, 0 };
		region.imageExtent = { width, height, 1 };

		vkCmdCopyBufferToImage( commandBuffer, buffer, image, 
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, 1, &region
		);

		endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
	}
	void createTextureImageView() {
		textureImageView = createImageView(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT);
	}
	//[1]
	VkImageView createImageView(VkImage image, VkFormat format, VkImageAspectFlags aspectFlags) {

		VkImageViewCreateInfo viewInfo = {};
		viewInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
		viewInfo.image = image;
		viewInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
		viewInfo.format = format;
		viewInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = aspectFlags;
		viewInfo.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
		viewInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;
		viewInfo.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		viewInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

		VkImageView imageView;
		if (vkCreateImageView(device, &viewInfo, nullptr, &imageView) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create texture image view!");
		}
		return imageView;
	}

	void createTextureSampler() {
		VkSamplerCreateInfo samplerInfo = {};
		samplerInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO;
		samplerInfo.magFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
		samplerInfo.minFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
		samplerInfo.addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
		samplerInfo.addressModeV = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
		samplerInfo.addressModeW = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
		samplerInfo.anisotropyEnable = VK_FALSE;
		samplerInfo.maxAnisotropy = 1;
		samplerInfo.borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_INT_OPAQUE_BLACK;
		samplerInfo.unnormalizedCoordinates = VK_FALSE;
		samplerInfo.compareEnable = VK_FALSE;
		samplerInfo.compareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_ALWAYS;

		samplerInfo.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;
		samplerInfo.mipLodBias = 0.0f;
		samplerInfo.minLod = 0.0f;
		samplerInfo.maxLod = 0.0f;

	

		if (vkCreateSampler(device, &samplerInfo, nullptr, &textureSampler) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create texture sampler!");
		}

	}
	//[1]
	void createDepthResources() {
		VkFormat depthFormat = findDepthFormat();

		createImage(swapChainExtent.width, swapChainExtent.height, depthFormat, VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL,
			VK_IMAGE_USAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT,
			depthImage, depthImageMemory);
		depthImageView = createImageView(depthImage, depthFormat, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT);
		//[2]
		transitionImageLayout(depthImage, depthFormat, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED,
			VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL);

	}
	//[1]从最理想到最不理想的顺序获取候选格式列表，并检查哪个是受支持的第一个格式：
	VkFormat findSupportedFormat(const std::vector<VkFormat>& candidates, VkImageTiling tiling, VkFormatFeatureFlags features)
	{
		for (VkFormat format : candidates) {
			//[1]linearTilingFeatures 支持线性平铺
			//[1]optimalTilingFeatures supported with optimal tiling
			//[1]bufferFeatures are supported for buffers
			VkFormatProperties props;
			vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(physicalDevice, format, &props);

			if (tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR && (props.linearTilingFeatures & features) == features) {
				return format;
			}
			else if (tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL && (props.optimalTilingFeatures & features) == features) {
				return format;
			}

			throw std::runtime_error("failed to find supported format!");
		}
	}
	//[1]
	VkFormat findDepthFormat() {
		return findSupportedFormat(
			{ VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT, VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT, VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT },
				VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL, VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT);
	}
	//[1]
	bool hasStencilComponent(VkFormat format) {
		return format == VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT || format == VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;
	}

};


int main() {
	Application app;
	try {
		app.run();
	}
	catch (const std::exception& e) {
		std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
		return EXIT_FAILURE;
	}

	return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
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专栏目录
VulKan视频编解码: NVIDIA
weixin_42519113的博客
10-12 2214
Vulkan 是新一代图形和计算 API，能够跨平台高效访问 GPU。Vulkan 作为业内一款开放标准式现代 GPU API，在帮助开发者编写可移植到多个不同平台的应用程序方面，具有独特作用.
图形API学习工程（9）：深度缓冲（Depth Buffering）
主要记录了工作之余胡乱学习的知识，大部分是入门级别的内容。 主要是为了自己未来有用到时能快速上手，相当于是个备忘录。 当然，也很开心其他人可以从中找到对自己有用的信息。^_^
11-05 579
目标 如果不设置“深度缓冲”，场景中的图形将不能以正确的遮挡关系渲染。（见本篇的【无深度缓冲的情况】） 本篇目标是配置好工程中各个图形API的深度缓冲。 无深度缓冲的情况 现在将顶点数据变成一个立方体，并为每一个面都设置不同的颜色： //作为测试的顶点缓冲数据： std::vector<RawVertexData> vertices = { //六个面，颜色各不同 { {-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f}, {1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f} }, { {1.0f
Vulkan Tutorial 8 深度缓冲
qq_41061477的博客
05-31 902
深度缓冲区是一个额外的附件，它存储每个位置的深度，就像颜色附件存储每个位置的颜色一样。到目前为止，我们所处理的几何体是投射到三维的，但它仍然是完全平面的。我们将使用这第三个坐标在当前的正方形上放置一个正方形，看看几何体不按深度排序时出现的问题。与纹理图像不同，我们不一定需要一个特定的格式，因为我们不会直接从程序中访问纹理。它只需要有一个合理的精度，在现实世界的应用中，至少有24比特是常见的。格式，因为对它的支持是非常普遍的（见硬件数据库），但在可能的情况下，为我们的应用增加一些额外的灵活性也是不错的。
Vulkan教程翻译之七 创建 Depth Buffer
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05-14 450
原文链接：https://vulkan.lunarg.com/doc/sdk/1.2.131.2/windows/tutorial/html/06-init_depth_buffer.html 创建 Depth Buffer 这一章节的代码文件是06-init_depth_buffer.cpp Depth buffer 是可选的，但是在最终的示例里，你需要 depth buffer 来渲染3D立方体。而且你只需要一个就能渲染每一帧，即使 swapchain 有多个 image。这是因为你在使用 sw.
Vulkan教程 - 22 深度缓冲
捉不住的鼬鼠的足迹
07-03 1215
现在创建的几何对象是投影到3D中的，但是还是完全的平面。本章我们添加一个Z坐标来为3D网格做准备。我们会使用这个第三个坐标来放置一个正方形在我们当前正方形之上，从而引出不进行深度排序存在的问题。 修改Vertex结构体来为位置使用3D向量，并更新format： glm::vec3 pos; ... attributeDescriptions[0].format = VK_FORMAT_R32...
Vulkan【7】创建深度缓冲区
克劳德D的开发日志
08-23 1642
创建深度缓冲区 本节的代码是 06-init_depth_buffer.cpp 深度缓冲区是可选的，但在示例最后渲染3D方块时，你需要一个深度缓冲区。而且在渲染每帧时，你只需要一个，即使交换链里有不止一个图像。因为深度缓冲区在交换链的图像中是可重用的。 与vkCreateSwapchainKHR()不同的是，交换链中的每一个图像都是为你创建的，你需要创建和分配您自己的图像来表示深度缓冲。 ...
vulkan学习指南源码:LearningVulkan_Code
02-19
本"Vulkan学习指南源码"提供了实践Vulkan API的基础，尤其适用于C++开发者。这个资源包含了在Windows 10环境下可以编译并运行的源代码，这对于学习和理解Vulkan的工作原理至关重要。 首先，Vulkan的学习需要了解它...
Vulkan_VK_KHR_depth_stencil_resolve:Vulkan VK_KHR_depth_stencil_resolve
03-16
`VK_KHR_depth_stencil_resolve`是Vulkan的一个扩展，它处理深度和模板分辨率问题，这是在多采样抗锯齿（MSAA）中一个重要的优化步骤。此扩展为深度和模板缓冲区的分辨率提供了更多控制，允许更精细的性能调整。 在...
vulkan:学习vulkan
04-01
三、Vulkan的内存管理 1. **内存分配**：Vulkan允许开发者直接管理GPU内存，需要考虑内存类型、内存池和内存绑定。 2. **内存绑顶**：每个资源（如缓冲区或图像）都需要与特定的GPU内存区域绑定，确保数据能够正确...
Vulkan2DRenderer:使用Vulkan API作为后端的易于使用的2D渲染引擎
05-15
Vulkan 2D渲染器库 :red_exclamation_mark: 该项目正在进行中（pre-alpha）。 API频繁更改，ABI更改，崩溃... :red_exclamation_mark: Vulkan 2D渲染器是一个C ++ 17库，旨在为实时应用程序提供易于使用的高性能2D...
[译]Vulkan教程(30)深度缓存
weixin_30433075的博客
07-15 424
[译]Vulkan教程(30)深度缓存 Depth buffering 深度缓存 Introduction 入门 The geometry we've worked with so far is projected into 3D, but it's still completely flat. In this chapter we're going to add a Z coordinat...
Early Depth testing
weixin_43313321的博客
05-28 677
正常情况下，depth testing(深度测试)是在屏幕空间进行的，是在fragment shader运行后，stencil testing运行后。 现在大部分GPUs支持Early Fragment Test也称为Early Depth Testing(提前深度测试)，这是一种硬件特性。Early depth testing允许在fragment shader运行前进行depth test。只要一发现某个fragment不可见，则丢弃它，不再运行相应的fragment shader。这是一种性能优化。
Vulkan填坑学习Day26-2—深度缓冲区
qq_35312463的博客
01-22 1104
Vulkan 深度缓冲区 Vulkan 深度缓冲区，到目前为止，我们所使用的几何图形为3D，但仍然完全扁平的。在本章节中我们添加Z坐标到3D模型数据中。我们将使用这个第三个坐标在当前平面上放置一个正方形，以查看几何图形没有进行深度排序造成的问题。 一、3D 空间 修改 Vertex 结构体使用3D vector作为位置，并且更新对应VkVertexInputAttributeDescription...
【小沐学Vulkan】Vulkan入门简介与开发环境配置
爱看书的小沐
10-06 3551
Vulkan 是新一代图形和计算 API，用于高效、跨平台访问 GPU。Vulkan是一个跨平台的2D和3D绘图应用程序接口（API），最早由科纳斯组织在2015年游戏开发者大会（GDC）上发表。号称是glNext。旨在提供更低的CPU开销与更直接的GPU控制，其理念大致与Direct3D 12和Mantle类似。作为业界唯一的开放标准现代 GPU API，Vulkan 在使开发人员能够编写可移植到多个不同平台的应用程序方面独树一帜。
Vulkan渲染引擎开发教程 一、开发环境搭建
最新发布
炼丹炉里有煤灰
11-19 3533
运行成功会显示两个窗口，一个是用于显示调试信息的控制台，一个就是用于显示vukan实例的glfw窗口，长这样。依次填入Vulkan SDK下的include目录、glm下的glm目录、glfw下的include目录。填写glfw下的lib–vs2022目录、vulkan下的Lib目录，在属性面板中，点击C/C++ -> 常规 -> 附加包含目录。GLFW是个跨平台的小型窗口库，也就是显示窗口，图形的载体。在下一章中，将尝试在vulkan中绘制一个三角形。再点击连接器->常规->附加库目录。
Vulkan教程 - 01 环境搭建
捉不住的鼬鼠的足迹
05-28 1万+
根据工作需要，开始学习Vulkan了。由于以前没有太接触图形的知识，感觉Vulkan学习任重道远啊。毕竟是很底层，很核心的技术，而且要用C或者C++，难是肯定的。就像之前学习shader，感到涉及了很多东西。那些光照和贴图等各种不同设置，分别能实现什么样的效果，看着就很高深了。没办法，雄关漫道真如铁，而今迈步从头越。 先从这个教程看： https://vulkan-tutorial.com/ ...
Vulkan环境搭建的详细方法(for Windows)
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