Scala入门

最新推荐文章于 2024-07-25 23:49:05 发布

尘埃落定55

最新推荐文章于 2024-07-25 23:49:05 发布

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分类专栏： Scala 文章标签： scala

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/jiang0426/article/details/51760233

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scala介绍

Scala语言来自于Scalable（可伸缩的）既可以写一些小的脚本，又可以写一写复杂的服务器端的程序。
Scala是一门纯正的面向对象语言，具有OO特征。
Scala是一门函数式语言，可以用函数式思想来编写代码
Scala是构建于JVM之上的，与java可以无缝互操作。

函数式编程思想

函数式编程基本名词介绍

纯函数来编写程序。

纯函数（Pure Function），或函数的纯粹性（Purity）没有副作用（side Effect）
副作用是状态的变化
- 例子
- 修改全局变量
- 抛出异常
- IO读写
- 调用有副作用的函数

<code class="language-scala hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> x = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">def</span> XplusY_V1(y:Int) = x + y
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">def</span> XplusY_V2(y:Int) = {x += y;x}
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

上面第一个函数是输入一个int类型的y，第二个函数是输入一个int类型的y返回值是x。
第二个函数相对于第一个函数对变量x产生了副作用。改变了x的值。
* 引用透明（Referential Transparency）对于相同的输入，总能得到相同的输出。
如果f（x）的参数x和函数体都是引用透明的，那么函数f是纯函数。
违反引用透明

不变性（Immutability）为了获得引用透明性，任何值都不能发生变化。
函数是一等公民（First-class Function）一切都是计算，函数式编程中只有表达式，变量、函数都是表达式。
函数也可以作为参数或者返回值。
表达式求值策略：严格求值和非严格求职。
Call By Value属于严格求值
Call By Name属于非严格求职
惰性求值（Lazy Evaluation）当定义这个变量时不会立即求值，只有在使用到这个变量时才会求值。
递归函数（Recursive Function）
在函数式编程中没有循环语句，所有的循环都要用递归来实现。
递归有个性能问题。容易堆栈溢出。

* 尾递归（Tail Recursion）

函数式编程的优点

生产效率高
同样的功能，Lisp（世界上第一个函数式编程语言）代码长度可能是C代码长度的七到十分之一。
易于推理
并行编程
因为是纯函数，所以不会引起线程紊乱。
多核计算、云计算

搭建scala环境

安装JDK

下载JDK最新版本，将环境变量添加到配置文件中

安装Scala的运行环境和包

从http://www.scala-lang.org/download上下载了Scala的最新版本，将环境变量添加到配置文件中就可以用了。

REPL（Read Evaluate Print Loop）就是scala命令行的运行环境。

在linux命令行输入scala就可以直接进入到scala REPL中。

<code class="language-scala hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">devil<span class="hljs-annotation" style="color: rgb(155, 133, 157); box-sizing: border-box;">@devilshome</span>:~$ scala
Welcome to Scala <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2.12</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.0</span>-M4 (Java HotSpot(TM) <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">64</span>-Bit Server VM, Java <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1.8</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.0</span>_60).
Type in expressions <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span> evaluation. Or <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">try</span> :help.

scala> println(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"Hello World"</span>)
Hello World

scala> </code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li></ul>

println()函数在所有Scala代码中都可用。

<code class="hljs scala has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">scala> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">val</span> x =<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>
x: Int = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>

scala> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">var</span> x = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>
x: Int = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>

scala> 
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li></ul>

var 和 val 的区别稍后解释。

使用eclipse开发scala

在http://scala-ide.org/download/sdk.html下载专为scala的eclipse
- new一个Scala Project
- new 一个Scala Worksheet
worksheet是可以在IDE中直接进行代码的运行和结果的获得，是交互式的。
默认直接生成一个Object 在eclipse中开发Scala

<code class="language-scala hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-class" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">object</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">worksheet</span> {</span>
  println(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"Welcome to the Scala worksheet"</span>)       <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//> Welcome to the Scala worksheet</span>

  <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">val</span> x = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>                                       <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//> x  : Int = 1</span>

  println(x)                                      <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//> 1</span>

}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li></ul>

输入代码以后保存，会直接把输出的结果打印在右边。
新建一个package demo01
在package中新建一个scala app

<code class="language-scala hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">package</span> demo01

<span class="hljs-class" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">object</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">Greeting</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">extends</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">App</span> {</span>
println(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"Hello,"</span>+args(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>)+<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"!"</span>)
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>

运行时设置main class和参数，main class的格式为包名.类名。

设置参数
在控制台查看打印输出的结果

<code class="language-scala hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">Hello,Devil!</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

使用命令行编译scala

在文件夹中新建一个.scala文件，如Greeting.scala
在命令行中键入

<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">devil<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@devilshome</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:~/example</span><span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>scalac <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Greeting</span>.scala</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

编译完成后，原文夹下多了一个Greeting.class文件，这个就是编译后的字节码文件。
再对这个字节码文件进行使用。

<code class="hljs ruby has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">devil<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@devilshome</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:~/example</span><span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>scala <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Greeting</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Jack</span>
<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hello</span>,<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Jack</span>!
devil<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@devilshome</span><span class="hljs-symbol" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">:~/example</span><span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">$ </span>scala <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Greeting</span> <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Devil</span>
<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hello</span>,<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Devil</span>!</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

变量和表达式

变量

var 自动生成读写接口，代表的是一个可变的有类型的存储单元。可以在定义变量时为它指定数据，而且可以在任何时间重新赋值。
val 只生成了只读接口是一个不可变得、有类型的存储单元。可以在定义值时为它指定数据，不过不允许重新赋值，代表是一种函数式的思维。val蕴含了final的语义。
lazy val 定义惰性求值的常量。
可以不显示指定变量的类型，因为Scala会自动进行类型推导。

<code class="language-scala hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">scala> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">val</span> x=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>
x: Int = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>

scala> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">val</span> y :Int =<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span>
y: Int = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span>

scala> x+x
res0: Int = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span>

scala> res0
res1: Int = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span>

scala> res0*res1
res2: Int = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">400</span>

scala> z=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">200</span>
<console>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">16</span>: error: reassignment to <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">val</span>
       z=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">200</span>
        ^
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//val的值不能被修改</span>
scala> 
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">22</li></ul>

<code class="language-scala hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">scala> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">val</span> d = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span>
d: Int = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span>

scala> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">val</span> e = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">30</span>
e: Int = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">30</span>

scala> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">lazy</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">val</span> f = d * e
f: Int = <<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">lazy</span>>

scala> f * <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>
res3: Int = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6000</span>

scala> f
res4: Int = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">600</span>

scala> 
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li></ul>

精度问题

<code class="hljs vbnet has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">scala>  val b :<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">Byte</span> = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>
b: <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">Byte</span> = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>

scala> val x :<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">Long</span> = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>
x: <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">Long</span> = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>

scala> val y :<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">Long</span> = b
y: <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">Long</span> = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">10</span>

scala> val z : <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">Byte</span> = x
<console>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">12</span>: <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">error</span>: type mismatch;
 found   : <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">Long</span>
 required: <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">Byte</span>
       val z : <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">Byte</span> = x
                      ^

scala> </code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li></ul>

字符类型

<code class="language-scala hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">scala> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">val</span> q = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">'X'</span>
q: Char = X</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>

Unit类型

Scala中的Unit类型类似于java中的void。主要的不同是在Scala中可以有一个Unit类型值，也就是（），然而java中是没有void类型的值的。除了这一点，Unit和void是等效的。一般来说每一个返回void的java方法对应一个返回Unit的Scala方法。

<code class="language-scala hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">scala> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">val</span> u : Unit=()
u: Unit = ()

scala> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">val</span> p = ()
p: Unit = ()</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>

Nothing
对于一个函数而言，如果返回值是nothing，则表名该函数发生了异常。

<code class="hljs php has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">scala> def foo() = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">throw</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">Exception</span>(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"error occurred"</span>)
foo: ()Nothing</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>

String
构建于java的String之上。
新增了字符串插值（interpolation）的特性

<code class="language-shell hljs applescript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">scala> val <span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">name</span> = <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"devil"</span>
<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">name</span>: String = devil

scala> s<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"my name if ${name}"</span>
res5: String = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">my</span> <span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">name</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> devil
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li></ul>

Block
在scala中，代码块用于组织多个表达式，block也是一个表达式，其最终的求得的值是最后一个表达式的值。

函数

<code class="language-scala hljs  has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-class" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">object</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">func_wxamples</span> {</span>
  <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">def</span> hello(name: String): String = {
    s<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"hello,${name}"</span>
  }                                               <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//> hello: (name: String)String</span>
  hello(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"devil"</span>)                                  <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//> res0: String = hello,devil</span>

  <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">def</span> hello2(name: String) = {
    s<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"hello,${name}"</span>
  }                                               <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//> hello2: (name: String)String</span>
    hello2(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"devil"</span>)                           <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//> res1: String = hello,devil</span>

    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">def</span> add (x:Int,y:Int) = x+y               <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//> add: (x: Int, y: Int)Int</span>
    add(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>)                                  <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//> res2: Int = 8</span>

}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li></ul>

if表达式

在scala中，if是表达式，而不是语句。

<code class="hljs livecodeserver has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">object fun_if_example {
  <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">true</span>) <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">else</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span>                             <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"> //> res0: Int = 1</span>
  <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">false</span>) <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">else</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span>                            <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"> //> res1: Int = 4</span>

  val <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;">a</span> = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>                                      <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"> //> a  : Int = 1</span>
  <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (<span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;">a</span> == <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>) <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;">a</span>                                  <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"> //> res2: AnyVal = 1</span>
  <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (<span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;">a</span> != <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>) <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"不是1"</span>                              <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"> //> res3: Any = ()</span>
  <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (<span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;">a</span> != <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>) <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"不是1"</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">else</span> <span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;">a</span>                       <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"> //> res4: Any = 1</span>
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li></ul>

for循环

<code class="hljs scala has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-class" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">object</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">fun_for_examples</span> {</span>

  <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">val</span> l = List(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"elisa"</span>, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"sin"</span>, <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"satoshi"</span>)         <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//> l  : List[String] = List(elisa, sin, satoshi)</span>

  <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span> (
    s <- l <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//用s循环遍历l中的元素</span>
  ) println(s)                                    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//> elisa</span>
                                                  <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//| sin</span>
                                                  <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//| satoshi</span>

  <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span> (
    s <- l <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (s.length > <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>)
  ) println(s)                                    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//> elisa</span>
                                                  <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//| satoshi</span>

  <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">val</span> result_for = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span> {
    s <- l
    s1 = s.toUpperCase()
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (s1 != <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">""</span>)
  } <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">yield</span> (s1)                                    <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//> result_for  : List[String] = List(ELISA, SIN, SATOSHI)</span>

}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">22</li></ul>

yield (s1)的意思是将s放入一个新的collection中。

try表达式

<code class="hljs cs has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">try</span>{}
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">catch</span>{}
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">finally</span>{}<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//无论有没有发生异常，我们都会执行finally这个代码块</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

match表达式

<code class="hljs php has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">exp match{
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">case</span> p1 => val1
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">case</span> p2 => val2
    …
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">case</span> _ => valn
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li></ul>

<code class="hljs scala has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-class" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">object</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">func_match_example</span> {</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">val</span> code = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span>                              <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//> code  : Int = 3</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">val</span> result_match = code <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">match</span>{
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">case</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> => <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"one"</span>
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">case</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> => <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"two"</span>
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">case</span> _ => <span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"three"</span>
    }                                         <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//> result_match  : String = three</span>
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li></ul>

求值策略

scala里有两种求值策略（Evaluation Strategy）
- Call By Value 对函数实参求值，且仅求值一次
- Call By Name 对函数实参每次在函数体内被用到时都会求值。

scala通常使用 Call By Value
如果函数性参类型以 => 开头，那么会使用Call By Name

<code class="hljs sql has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">def foo(x:Int) = x //<span class="hljs-operator" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">Call</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">By</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">Value</span>
def foo(x:=><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">Int</span>) = x //<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">Call</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">By</span> Name</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li></ul>

<code class="hljs vbscript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">scala> def bar(x:<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">Int</span>,y: => <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">Int</span>)=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>
bar: (x: <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">Int</span>, y: => <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">Int</span>)<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">Int</span>

scala> def <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">loop</span>(): <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">Int</span> = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">loop</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">loop</span>: ()<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">Int</span>

scala> bar(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">loop</span>)
res6: <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">Int</span> = <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>

scala> bar(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">loop</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>)
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li></ul>

第二个bar（loop，1）在进行死循环，因为x是Call By Value的需要对所有表达式求值才能进行下一步运算。

高阶函数

scala中函数是第一等公民
Scala语言支持：
1. 把函数作为实参传递给另外一个函数
2. 把函数作为返回值
3. 把函数赋值给变量
4. 把函数存储在数据结构中
在scala中，函数就像普通变量一样，同样也具有函数类型。

在scala中，函数类型的格式为 A=>B，表示一个接收类型A的参数，并返回类型B的函数。

高阶函数
用函数作为形参或返回值的函数，成为高阶函数

匿名函数
就是函数常量，也成为函数文字量。
在scala里，匿名函数的定一个是为（形参列表）=>{函数体}

柯里化

柯里化函数把具有多个参数的函数转换为一条函数链，每个节点上是单一参数。

eg：下面两个函数的定义是等价的

<code class="hljs vbscript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">def add(x: <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">Int</span>,y: <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">Int</span>) = x+y</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

<code class="hljs vbscript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">def add(x: <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">Int</span>)(y: <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">Int</span>) = x+y</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

递归函数

递归函数在函数式变成中是实现循环的一种技术。

<code class="hljs python has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">def</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">factorial</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">(n: Int)</span>:</span> Int =
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (n<=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>) <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">else</span> n* factorial(n-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>)</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li></ul>

尾递归
尾递归函数中所有递归形式的调用都出现在函数的末尾。
当编译器检测到一个函数调用是尾递归的时候，它就覆盖当前的活动记录而不是在栈中去创建一个新的。
避免堆栈溢出

<code class="hljs python has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">    <span class="hljs-decorator" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@annotation.tailrec //告诉scala编译器，对这个递归进行尾递归优化</span>
    <span class="hljs-function" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">def</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">factorial</span><span class="hljs-params" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">(n: Int,m: Int)</span>:</span> Int =
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">if</span> (n<=<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span>) m
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">else</span> factorial(n-<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>,m*n)

    factorial(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>)</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li></ul>

在上面这个案例增加了一个m，m其实是保留了n*n-1*n-2……这样一个累乘器。
m永远拿到都是过去几次累乘的结果。

尘埃落定55

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Scala入门

scala介绍Scala语言来自于Scalable（可伸缩的）既可以写一些小的脚本，又可以写一写复杂的服务器端的程序。Scala是一门纯正的面向对象语言，具有OO特征。Scala是一门函数式语言，可以用函数式思想来编写代码Scala是构建于JVM之上的，与java可以无缝互操作。函数式编程思想函数式编程基本名词介绍纯函数来编写程序。纯函数（Pure Func
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