线段树【区间树】(Segment Tree)
一、为何使用线段树
对于有一类问题,我们关心的是线段(或区间)
经典线段树问题:区间染色
有一面墙,长度为 n ,每次选择一段墙进行染色
染色过程:
1. 4-9 黄色
2. 7-15 绿色
3. 1-5 蓝色
4. 6-12 红色
存在颜色覆盖问题,
1.m 次操作后,可以看见多少种颜色?
2.m 次操作后,在区间 [i,j] 可以看见多少种颜色?
分析:
另一类经典问题:区间查询
查询一个区间 [ i,j ] 的最大值,最小值,或者区间数字和 【实质:基于区间的统计查询】
实际使用情况:
使用线段树的必要性:极大降低时间复杂度
总结线段树:
对于给定区间--更新:更新区间中一个元素或者一个区间的值 / 查询一个区间 [i,j] 的最大值,最小值,或者区间数字和
二、什么是线段树
每一个节点表示 一个区间内的信息,不断拆分区间,直到每个叶子节点均表示一个元素;
线段树优势:可以快速的找到所关心的区间,对其进行操作;无需对区间所有的元素都进行一次遍历
例 :10 个元素的线段树
线段树不是完全二叉树(对于深度为K的,有n个结点的二叉树,当且仅当其每一个结点都与深度为K的满二叉树中编号从1至n的结点一一对应时称之为完全二叉树)
线段树是平衡二叉树,可以用数组来表示(对于整棵树来说,最大深度与最小深度之间的差最多为 1)
如果区间有 n 个元素,用数组表示需要多少个节点?
分析:
区间有 n 个元素,用数组表示需要 4n 空间,线段树不考虑添加元素,即区间固定,使用 4n 的静态空间即可,但存在内存占用浪费的情况,如下图,为空的也要占据存储空间,一般忽略 (使用空间换时间)
[递归]建立线段树:
Merger.java
public interface Merger<E> { //定义接口
E merge(E a, E b); //将参数 a , b 通过 merge 操作转换成一个元素 E
}
SegmentTree.java
public class SegmentTree<E> {
private E[] tree;
private E[] data;
private Merger<E> merger;
public SegmentTree(E[] arr, Merger<E> merger){
this.merger = merger; //定义merge【融合】方法
data = (E[])new Object[arr.length];
for(int i = 0 ; i < arr.length ; i ++)
data[i] = arr[i];
tree = (E[])new Object[4 * arr.length];
buildSegmentTree(0, 0, arr.length - 1); //边界
}
// 在treeIndex的位置创建表示区间[l...r]的线段树
private void buildSegmentTree(int treeIndex, int l, int r){
if(l == r){ //递归到底的情况【节点存储元素本身,不是区间】
tree[treeIndex] = data[l];
return;
}
int leftTreeIndex = leftChild(treeIndex);
int rightTreeIndex = rightChild(treeIndex);
// int mid = (l + r) / 2;
int mid = l + (r - l) / 2; //防止边界溢出
buildSegmentTree(leftTreeIndex, l, mid);
buildSegmentTree(rightTreeIndex, mid + 1, r);
tree[treeIndex] = merger.merge(tree[leftTreeIndex], tree[rightTreeIndex]);
}
public int getSize(){
return data.length;
}
public E get(int index){
if(index < 0 || index >= data.length)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Index is illegal.");
return data[index];
}
// 返回完全二叉树的数组表示中,一个索引所表示的元素的左孩子节点的索引
private int leftChild(int index){
return 2*index + 1;
}
// 返回完全二叉树的数组表示中,一个索引所表示的元素的右孩子节点的索引
private int rightChild(int index){
return 2*index + 2;
}
@Override
public String toString(){
StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
res.append('[');
for(int i = 0 ; i < tree.length ; i ++){
if(tree[i] != null)
res.append(tree[i]);
else
res.append("null");
if(i != tree.length - 1)
res.append(", ");
}
res.append(']');
return res.toString();
}
}
Main.java
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Integer[] nums = {-2, 0, 3, -5, 2, -1};
// SegmentTree<Integer> segTree = new SegmentTree<>(nums,
// new Merger<Integer>() {
// @Override
// public Integer merge(Integer a, Integer b) {
// return a + b;
// }
// });
SegmentTree<Integer> segTree = new SegmentTree<>(nums,
(a, b) -> a + b);
System.out.println(segTree);
}
}
输出:
三、线段树的查询
查询 [ 2 , 5 ]
过程如图:
代码实现:
Merger.java
public interface Merger<E> {
E merge(E a, E b);
}
SegmentTree.java
public class SegmentTree<E> {
private E[] tree;
private E[] data;
private Merger<E> merger;
public SegmentTree(E[] arr, Merger<E> merger){
this.merger = merger;
data = (E[])new Object[arr.length];
for(int i = 0 ; i < arr.length ; i ++)
data[i] = arr[i];
tree = (E[])new Object[4 * arr.length];
buildSegmentTree(0, 0, arr.length - 1);
}
// 在treeIndex的位置创建表示区间[l...r]的线段树
private void buildSegmentTree(int treeIndex, int l, int r){
if(l == r){
tree[treeIndex] = data[l];
return;
}
int leftTreeIndex = leftChild(treeIndex);
int rightTreeIndex = rightChild(treeIndex);
// int mid = (l + r) / 2;
int mid = l + (r - l) / 2;
buildSegmentTree(leftTreeIndex, l, mid);
buildSegmentTree(rightTreeIndex, mid + 1, r);
tree[treeIndex] = merger.merge(tree[leftTreeIndex], tree[rightTreeIndex]);
}
public int getSize(){
return data.length;
}
public E get(int index){
if(index < 0 || index >= data.length)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Index is illegal.");
return data[index];
}
// 返回完全二叉树的数组表示中,一个索引所表示的元素的左孩子节点的索引
private int leftChild(int index){
return 2*index + 1;
}
// 返回完全二叉树的数组表示中,一个索引所表示的元素的右孩子节点的索引
private int rightChild(int index){
return 2*index + 2;
}
// 返回区间[queryL, queryR]的值【新增代码】
public E query(int queryL, int queryR){ //边界检查
if(queryL < 0 || queryL >= data.length ||
queryR < 0 || queryR >= data.length || queryL > queryR)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Index is illegal.");
return query(0, 0, data.length - 1, queryL, queryR);
}
// 在以treeIndex为根的线段树中[l...r]的范围里,搜索区间[queryL...queryR]的值
private E query(int treeIndex, int l, int r, int queryL, int queryR){
if(l == queryL && r == queryR) //递归到底的情况
return tree[treeIndex];
int mid = l + (r - l) / 2;
// treeIndex的节点分为[l...mid]和[mid+1...r]两部分
int leftTreeIndex = leftChild(treeIndex);
int rightTreeIndex = rightChild(treeIndex);
if(queryL >= mid + 1)
return query(rightTreeIndex, mid + 1, r, queryL, queryR);
else if(queryR <= mid)
return query(leftTreeIndex, l, mid, queryL, queryR);
E leftResult = query(leftTreeIndex, l, mid, queryL, mid);
E rightResult = query(rightTreeIndex, mid + 1, r, mid + 1, queryR);
return merger.merge(leftResult, rightResult);
}
@Override
public String toString(){
StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
res.append('[');
for(int i = 0 ; i < tree.length ; i ++){
if(tree[i] != null)
res.append(tree[i]);
else
res.append("null");
if(i != tree.length - 1)
res.append(", ");
}
res.append(']');
return res.toString();
}
}
Main.java
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Integer[] nums = {-2, 0, 3, -5, 2, -1};
SegmentTree<Integer> segTree = new SegmentTree<>(nums,
(a, b) -> a + b);
System.out.println(segTree);
System.out.println(segTree.query(0, 2));
System.out.println(segTree.query(2, 5));
System.out.println(segTree.query(0, 5));
}
}
输出:
四、线段树习题
代码实现:
Merger.java
public interface Merger<E> {
E merge(E a, E b);
}
SegmentTree.java
public class SegmentTree<E> {
private E[] tree;
private E[] data;
private Merger<E> merger;
public SegmentTree(E[] arr, Merger<E> merger){
this.merger = merger;
data = (E[])new Object[arr.length];
for(int i = 0 ; i < arr.length ; i ++)
data[i] = arr[i];
tree = (E[])new Object[4 * arr.length];
buildSegmentTree(0, 0, arr.length - 1);
}
// 在treeIndex的位置创建表示区间[l...r]的线段树
private void buildSegmentTree(int treeIndex, int l, int r){
if(l == r){
tree[treeIndex] = data[l];
return;
}
int leftTreeIndex = leftChild(treeIndex);
int rightTreeIndex = rightChild(treeIndex);
// int mid = (l + r) / 2;
int mid = l + (r - l) / 2;
buildSegmentTree(leftTreeIndex, l, mid);
buildSegmentTree(rightTreeIndex, mid + 1, r);
tree[treeIndex] = merger.merge(tree[leftTreeIndex], tree[rightTreeIndex]);
}
public int getSize(){
return data.length;
}
public E get(int index){
if(index < 0 || index >= data.length)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Index is illegal.");
return data[index];
}
// 返回完全二叉树的数组表示中,一个索引所表示的元素的左孩子节点的索引
private int leftChild(int index){
return 2*index + 1;
}
// 返回完全二叉树的数组表示中,一个索引所表示的元素的右孩子节点的索引
private int rightChild(int index){
return 2*index + 2;
}
// 返回区间[queryL, queryR]的值
public E query(int queryL, int queryR){
if(queryL < 0 || queryL >= data.length ||
queryR < 0 || queryR >= data.length || queryL > queryR)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Index is illegal.");
return query(0, 0, data.length - 1, queryL, queryR);
}
// 在以treeIndex为根的线段树中[l...r]的范围里,搜索区间[queryL...queryR]的值
private E query(int treeIndex, int l, int r, int queryL, int queryR){
if(l == queryL && r == queryR)
return tree[treeIndex];
int mid = l + (r - l) / 2;
// treeIndex的节点分为[l...mid]和[mid+1...r]两部分
int leftTreeIndex = leftChild(treeIndex);
int rightTreeIndex = rightChild(treeIndex);
if(queryL >= mid + 1)
return query(rightTreeIndex, mid + 1, r, queryL, queryR);
else if(queryR <= mid)
return query(leftTreeIndex, l, mid, queryL, queryR);
E leftResult = query(leftTreeIndex, l, mid, queryL, mid);
E rightResult = query(rightTreeIndex, mid + 1, r, mid + 1, queryR);
return merger.merge(leftResult, rightResult);
}
@Override
public String toString(){
StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
res.append('[');
for(int i = 0 ; i < tree.length ; i ++){
if(tree[i] != null)
res.append(tree[i]);
else
res.append("null");
if(i != tree.length - 1)
res.append(", ");
}
res.append(']');
return res.toString();
}
}
NumArray.java
class NumArray {
private SegmentTree<Integer> segmentTree;
public NumArray(int[] nums) {
if(nums.length > 0){
Integer[] data = new Integer[nums.length];
for (int i = 0; i < nums.length; i++)
data[i] = nums[i];
segmentTree = new SegmentTree<>(data, (a, b) -> a + b);
}
}
public int sumRange(int i, int j) {
if(segmentTree == null)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Segment Tree is null");
return segmentTree.query(i, j);
}
}
输出:
不使用线段树:【此题不涉及更新操作】
public class NumArray2 {
private int[] sum; // sum[i]存储前i个元素和, sum[0] = 0
// 即sum[i]存储nums[0...i-1]的和
// sum(i, j) = sum[j + 1] - sum[i]
public NumArray2(int[] nums) {
sum = new int[nums.length + 1];
sum[0] = 0;
for(int i = 1 ; i < sum.length ; i ++)
sum[i] = sum[i - 1] + nums[i - 1];
}
public int sumRange(int i, int j) {
return sum[j + 1] - sum[i];
}
}
输出:更高效
题2 习题链接
代码实现:
class NumArray {
private int[] data;
private int[] sum;
public NumArray(int[] nums) {
data = new int[nums.length];
for(int i = 0 ; i < nums.length ; i ++)
data[i] = nums[i];
sum = new int[nums.length + 1];
sum[0] = 0;
for(int i = 1 ; i <= nums.length ; i ++)
sum[i] = sum[i - 1] + nums[i - 1];
}
public int sumRange(int i, int j) {
return sum[j + 1] - sum[i];
}
public void update(int index, int val) {
data[index] = val;
for(int i = index + 1 ; i < sum.length ; i ++)
sum[i] = sum[i - 1] + data[i - 1];
}
}
输出:
方法二
class NumArray {
private interface Merger<E> {
E merge(E a, E b);
}
private class SegmentTree<E> {
private E[] tree;
private E[] data;
private Merger<E> merger;
public SegmentTree(E[] arr, Merger<E> merger){
this.merger = merger;
data = (E[])new Object[arr.length];
for(int i = 0 ; i < arr.length ; i ++)
data[i] = arr[i];
tree = (E[])new Object[4 * arr.length];
buildSegmentTree(0, 0, arr.length - 1);
}
// 在treeIndex的位置创建表示区间[l...r]的线段树
private void buildSegmentTree(int treeIndex, int l, int r){
if(l == r){
tree[treeIndex] = data[l];
return;
}
int leftTreeIndex = leftChild(treeIndex);
int rightTreeIndex = rightChild(treeIndex);
// int mid = (l + r) / 2;
int mid = l + (r - l) / 2;
buildSegmentTree(leftTreeIndex, l, mid);
buildSegmentTree(rightTreeIndex, mid + 1, r);
tree[treeIndex] = merger.merge(tree[leftTreeIndex], tree[rightTreeIndex]);
}
public int getSize(){
return data.length;
}
public E get(int index){
if(index < 0 || index >= data.length)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Index is illegal.");
return data[index];
}
// 返回完全二叉树的数组表示中,一个索引所表示的元素的左孩子节点的索引
private int leftChild(int index){
return 2*index + 1;
}
// 返回完全二叉树的数组表示中,一个索引所表示的元素的右孩子节点的索引
private int rightChild(int index){
return 2*index + 2;
}
// 返回区间[queryL, queryR]的值
public E query(int queryL, int queryR){
if(queryL < 0 || queryL >= data.length ||
queryR < 0 || queryR >= data.length || queryL > queryR)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Index is illegal.");
return query(0, 0, data.length - 1, queryL, queryR);
}
// 在以treeIndex为根的线段树中[l...r]的范围里,搜索区间[queryL...queryR]的值
private E query(int treeIndex, int l, int r, int queryL, int queryR){
if(l == queryL && r == queryR)
return tree[treeIndex];
int mid = l + (r - l) / 2;
// treeIndex的节点分为[l...mid]和[mid+1...r]两部分
int leftTreeIndex = leftChild(treeIndex);
int rightTreeIndex = rightChild(treeIndex);
if(queryL >= mid + 1)
return query(rightTreeIndex, mid + 1, r, queryL, queryR);
else if(queryR <= mid)
return query(leftTreeIndex, l, mid, queryL, queryR);
E leftResult = query(leftTreeIndex, l, mid, queryL, mid);
E rightResult = query(rightTreeIndex, mid + 1, r, mid + 1, queryR);
return merger.merge(leftResult, rightResult);
}
// 将index位置的值,更新为e
public void set(int index, E e){
if(index < 0 || index >= data.length)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Index is illegal");
data[index] = e;
set(0, 0, data.length - 1, index, e);
}
// 在以treeIndex为根的线段树中更新index的值为e
private void set(int treeIndex, int l, int r, int index, E e){
if(l == r){
tree[treeIndex] = e;
return;
}
int mid = l + (r - l) / 2;
// treeIndex的节点分为[l...mid]和[mid+1...r]两部分
int leftTreeIndex = leftChild(treeIndex);
int rightTreeIndex = rightChild(treeIndex);
if(index >= mid + 1)
set(rightTreeIndex, mid + 1, r, index, e);
else // index <= mid
set(leftTreeIndex, l, mid, index, e);
tree[treeIndex] = merger.merge(tree[leftTreeIndex], tree[rightTreeIndex]);
}
@Override
public String toString(){
StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
res.append('[');
for(int i = 0 ; i < tree.length ; i ++){
if(tree[i] != null)
res.append(tree[i]);
else
res.append("null");
if(i != tree.length - 1)
res.append(", ");
}
res.append(']');
return res.toString();
}
}
private SegmentTree<Integer> segTree;
public NumArray(int[] nums) {
if(nums.length != 0){
Integer[] data = new Integer[nums.length];
for(int i = 0 ; i < nums.length ; i ++)
data[i] = nums[i];
segTree = new SegmentTree<>(data, (a, b) -> a + b);
}
}
public void update(int i, int val) {
if(segTree == null)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Error");
segTree.set(i, val);
}
public int sumRange(int i, int j) {
if(segTree == null)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Error");
return segTree.query(i, j);
}
}
输出:使用线段树【有动态更新操作】
复杂度回顾:
补充:
1.对一个区间进行更新
方案:懒惰更新--使用 lazy 数组记录未记录内容
2.二维线段树
3.动态线段树