python 学习笔记3

print "Hello World!"

print "I could have code like this." # and the comment after is ignored

Numbers and Math

print "Roosters", 100 -  25 * 3 % 4

+ plus
-  minus
/ slash
* asterisk
% percent
< less- than
> greater- than
<= less- than- equal
>= greater- than- equal

Variables and Names

cars = 100
space_in_a_car = 4.0
drivers = 30
passengers = 90
cars_not_driven = cars -  drivers
cars_driven = drivers
carpool_capacity = cars_driven * space_in_a_car
average_passengers_per_car = passengers / cars_driven
print "There are", cars, "cars available."
print "There are only", drivers, "drivers available."
print "There will be", cars_not_driven, "empty cars today."
print "We can transport", carpool_capacity, "people today."
print "We have", passengers, "to carpool today."
print "We need to put about", average_passengers_per_car, "in each car."

More Variables and Printing

my_name = 'Zed A. Shaw'
my_age = 35 # not a lie
my_height = 74 # inches
my_weight = 180 # lbs
my_eyes = 'Blue'
my_teeth = 'White'
my_hair = 'Brown'
print "Let's talk about %s." % my_name
print "He's %d inches tall." % my_height
print "He's %d pounds heavy." % my_weight
print "Actually that's not too heavy."
print "He's got %s eyes and %s hair." % (my_eyes, my_hair)
print "His teeth are usually %s depending on the coffee." % my_teeth
# this line is tricky, try to get it exactly right
print "If I add %d, %d, and %d I get %d." % (my_age, my_height, my_weight, my_age + my_height + my_weight)

Strings and Text

x = "There are %d types of people." % 10
binary = "binary"
do_not = "don't"
y = "Those who know %s and those who %s." % (binary, do_not)
print x
print y
print "I said: %r." % x
print "I also said: '%s'." % y
hilarious = False
joke_evaluation = "Isn't that joke so funny?! %r"
print joke_evaluation % hilarious
w = "This is the left side of..."
e = "a string with a right side."
print w + e

More Printing

print "Mary had a little lamb."
print "Its fleece was white as %s." % 'snow'
print "And everywhere that Mary went."
print "." * 10  # what'd that do?
end1 = "C"
end2 = "h"
end3 = "e"
end4 = "e"
end5 = "s"
end6 = "e"
end7 = "B"
end8 = "u"
end9 = "r"
end10 = "g"
end11 = "e"
end12 = "r"
# watch that comma at the end.  try removing it to see what happens
print end1 + end2 + end3 + end4 + end5 + end6,
print end7 + end8 + end9 + end10 + end11 + end12

Printing, Printing

formatter = "%r %r %r %r"
print formatter % (1, 2, 3, 4)
print formatter % ("one", "two", "three", "four")
print formatter % (True, False, False, True)
print formatter % (formatter, formatter, formatter, formatter)
print formatter % (
    "I had this thing.",
    "That you could type up right.",
    "But it didn't sing.",
    "So I said goodnight."
)

Printing, Printing, Printing

# Here's some new strange stuff, remember type it exactly.
days = "Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun"
months = "Jan\nFeb\nMar\nApr\nMay\nJun\nJul\nAug"
print "Here are the days: ", days
print "Here are the months: ", months
print """
There's something going on here.
With the three double- quotes.
We'll be able to type as much as we like.
Even 4 lines if we want, or 5, or 6.
"""

What Was That?

tabby_cat = "\tI'm tabbed in."
persian_cat = "I'm split\non a line."
backslash_cat = "I'm \\ a \\ cat."
fat_cat = """
I'll do a list:
\t* Cat food
\t* Fishies
\t* Catnip\n\t* Grass
"""
print tabby_cat
print persian_cat
print backslash_cat
print fat_cat

Escape Sequences

Escape What it does.
\\ Backslash (\)
\' Single- quote (')
\" Double- quote (")
\a ASCII bell (BEL)
\b ASCII backspace (BS)
\f ASCII formfeed (FF)
\n ASCII linefeed (LF)
\N{name} Character named name in the Unicode database (Unicode only)
\r ASCII carriage return (CR)
\t ASCII horizontal tab (TAB)
\uxxxx Character with 16- bit hex value xxxx (Unicode only)
\Uxxxxxxxx Character with 32- bit hex value xxxxxxxx (Unicode only)
\v ASCII vertical tab (VT)
\ooo Character with octal value oo
\xhh Character with hex value hh

Asking Questions

print "How old are you?",
age = raw_input()
print "How tall are you?",
height = raw_input()
print "How much do you weigh?",
weight = raw_input()
print "So, you're %r old, %r tall and %r heavy." % (
    age, height, weight)

Prompting People

age = raw_input("How old are you? ")
height = raw_input("How tall are you? ")
weight = raw_input("How much do you weigh? ")
print "So, you're %r old, %r tall and %r heavy." % (
    age, height, weight)

Parameters, Unpacking, Variables

from sys import argv

script, first, second, third = argv
print "The script is called:", script
print "Your first variable is:", first
print "Your second variable is:", second
print "Your third variable is:", third

Prompting and Passing

from sys import argv
script, user_name = argv
prompt = '> '
print "Hi %s, I'm the %s script." % (user_name, script)
print "I'd like to ask you a few questions."
print "Do you like me %s?" % user_name
likes = raw_input(prompt)
print "Where do you live %s?" % user_name
lives = raw_input(prompt)
print "What kind of computer do you have?"
computer = raw_input(prompt)
print """
Alright, so you said %r about liking me.
You live in %r.  Not sure where that is.
And you have a %r computer.  Nice.
""" % (likes, lives, computer)

Names, Variables, Code, Functions

# this one is like your scripts with argv
def print_two(*args):
    arg1, arg2 = args
    print "arg1: %r, arg2: %r" % (arg1, arg2)
# ok, that *args is actually pointless, we can just do this
def print_two_again(arg1, arg2):
    print "arg1: %r, arg2: %r" % (arg1, arg2)
# this just takes one argument
def print_one(arg1):
    print "arg1: %r" % arg1
# this one takes no arguments
def print_none():
    print "I got nothin'."
print_two("Zed","Shaw")
print_two_again("Zed","Shaw")
print_one("First!")
print_none()

Functions and Variables

def cheese_and_crackers(cheese_count, boxes_of_crackers):
    print "You have %d cheeses!" % cheese_count
    print "You have %d boxes of crackers!" % boxes_of_crackers
    print "Man that's enough for a party!"
    print "Get a blanket.\n"
print "We can just give the function numbers directly:"
cheese_and_crackers(20, 30)
print "OR, we can use variables from our script:"
amount_of_cheese = 10
amount_of_crackers = 50
cheese_and_crackers(amount_of_cheese, amount_of_crackers)
print "We can even do math inside too:"
cheese_and_crackers(10 + 20, 5 + 6)
print "And we can combine the two, variables and math:"
cheese_and_crackers(amount_of_cheese + 100, amount_of_crackers + 1000)

Functions Can Return Something

def add(a, b):
    print "ADDING %d + %d" % (a, b)
    return a + b
def subtract(a, b):
    print "SUBTRACTING %d -  %d" % (a, b)
    return a -  b
def multiply(a, b):
    print "MULTIPLYING %d * %d" % (a, b)
    return a * b
def divide(a, b):
    print "DIVIDING %d / %d" % (a, b)
    return a / b
print "Let's do some math with just functions!"
age = add(30, 5)
height = subtract(78, 4)
weight = multiply(90, 2)
iq = divide(100, 2)
print "Age: %d, Height: %d, Weight: %d, IQ: %d" % (age, height, weight, iq)
# A puzzle for the extra credit, type it in anyway.
print "Here is a puzzle."
what = add(age, subtract(height, multiply(weight, divide(iq, 2))))
print "That becomes: ", what, "Can you do it by hand?"

More Practice

print "Let's practice everything."
print 'You\'d need to know \'bout escapes with \\ that do \n newlines and \t tabs.'
poem = """
\tThe lovely world
with logic so firmly planted
cannot discern \n the needs of love
nor comprehend passion from intuition
and requires an explanation
\n\t\twhere there is none.
"""
print "- - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
print poem
print "- - - - - - - - - - - - - - "
five = 10 -  2 + 3 -  6
print "This should be five: %s" % five
def secret_formula(started):
    jelly_beans = started * 500
    jars = jelly_beans / 1000
    crates = jars / 100
    return jelly_beans, jars, crates
start_point = 10000
beans, jars, crates = secret_formula(start_point)
print "With a starting point of: %d" % start_point
print "We'd have %d beans, %d jars, and %d crates." % (beans, jars, crates)
start_point = start_point / 10
print "We can also do that this way:"
print "We'd have %d beans, %d jars, and %d crates." % secret_formula(start_point)

Even More Practice

save to ex25.py

def break_words(stuff):
    """This function will break up words for us."""
    words = stuff.split(' ')
    return words
def sort_words(words):
    """Sorts the words."""
    return sorted(words)
def print_first_word(words):
    """Prints the first word after popping it off."""
    word = words.pop(0)
    print word
def print_last_word(words):
    """Prints the last word after popping it off."""
    word = words.pop(- 1)
    print word
def sort_sentence(sentence):
    """Takes in a full sentence and returns the sorted words."""
    words = break_words(sentence)
    return sort_words(words)
def print_first_and_last(sentence):
    """Prints the first and last words of the sentence."""
    words = break_words(sentence)
    print_first_word(words)
    print_last_word(words)
def print_first_and_last_sorted(sentence):
    """Sorts the words then prints the first and last one."""
    words = sort_sentence(sentence)
    print_first_word(words)
    print_last_word(words)

import ex25
sentence = "All good things come to those who wait."
words = ex25.break_words(sentence)
print words

Memorizing Logic

and
or
not
!= (not equal)
== (equal)
>= (greater- than- equal)
<= (less- than- equal)
True
False

What If

people = 20
cats = 30
dogs = 15
if people < cats:
    print "Too many cats! The world is doomed!"
if people > cats:
    print "Not many cats! The world is saved!"
if people < dogs:
    print "The world is drooled on!"
if people > dogs:
    print "The world is dry!"
dogs += 5
if people >= dogs:
    print "People are greater than or equal to dogs."
if people <= dogs:
    print "People are less than or equal to dogs."
if people == dogs:
    print "People are dogs."

Else and If

people = 30
cars = 40
buses = 15
if cars > people:
    print "We should take the cars."
elif cars < people:
    print "We should not take the cars."
else:
    print "We can't decide."
if buses > cars:
    print "That's too many buses."
elif buses < cars:
    print "Maybe we could take the buses."
else:
    print "We still can't decide."
if people > buses:
    print "Alright, let's just take the buses."
else:
    print "Fine, let's stay home then."

Making Decisions

print "You enter a dark room with two doors.  Do you go through door #1 or door #2?"
door = raw_input("> ")
if door == "1":
    print "There's a giant bear here eating a cheese cake.  What do you do?"
    print "1. Take the cake."
    print "2. Scream at the bear."
    bear = raw_input("> ")
    if bear == "1":
        print "The bear eats your face off.  Good job!"
    elif bear == "2":
        print "The bear eats your legs off.  Good job!"
    else:
        print "Well, doing %s is probably better.  Bear runs away." % bear
elif door == "2":
    print "You stare into the endless abyss at Cthulhu's retina."
    print "1. Blueberries."
    print "2. Yellow jacket clothespins."
    print "3. Understanding revolvers yelling melodies."
    insanity = raw_input("> ")
    if insanity == "1" or insanity == "2":
        print "Your body survives powered by a mind of jello.  Good job!"
    else:
        print "The insanity rots your eyes into a pool of muck.  Good job!"
else:
    print "You stumble around and fall on a knife and die.  Good job!"

Loops and Lists

the_count = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
fruits = ['apples', 'oranges', 'pears', 'apricots']
change = [1, 'pennies', 2, 'dimes', 3, 'quarters']
# this first kind of for- loop goes through a list
for number in the_count:
    print "This is count %d" % number
# same as above
for fruit in fruits:
    print "A fruit of type: %s" % fruit
# also we can go through mixed lists too
# notice we have to use %r since we don't know what's in it
for i in change:
    print "I got %r" % i
# we can also build lists, first start with an empty one
elements = []
# then use the range function to do 0 to 5 counts
for i in range(0, 6):
    print "Adding %d to the list." % i
    # append is a function that lists understand
    elements.append(i)
# now we can print them out too
for i in elements:
    print "Element was: %d" % i

While-Loops

i = 0
numbers = []
while i < 6:
    print "At the top i is %d" % i
    numbers.append(i)
    i = i + 1
    print "Numbers now: ", numbers
    print "At the bottom i is %d" % i
print "The numbers: "
for num in numbers:
    print num

Branches and Functions

from sys import exit
def gold_room():
    print "This room is full of gold.  How much do you take?"
    next = raw_input("> ")
    if "0" in next or "1" in next:
        how_much = int(next)
    else:
        dead("Man, learn to type a number.")
    if how_much < 50:
        print "Nice, you're not greedy, you win!"
        exit(0)
    else:
        dead("You greedy bastard!")
def bear_room():
    print "There is a bear here."
    print "The bear has a bunch of honey."
    print "The fat bear is in front of another door."
    print "How are you going to move the bear?"
    bear_moved = False
    while True:
        next = raw_input("> ")
        if next == "take honey":
            dead("The bear looks at you then slaps your face off.")
        elif next == "taunt bear" and not bear_moved:
            print "The bear has moved from the door. You can go through it now."
            bear_moved = True
        elif next == "taunt bear" and bear_moved:
            dead("The bear gets pissed off and chews your leg off.")
        elif next == "open door" and bear_moved:
            gold_room()
        else:
            print "I got no idea what that means."
def cthulhu_room():
    print "Here you see the great evil Cthulhu."
    print "He, it, whatever stares at you and you go insane."
    print "Do you flee for your life or eat your head?"
    next = raw_input("> ")
    if "flee" in next:
        start()
    elif "head" in next:
        dead("Well that was tasty!")
    else:
        cthulhu_room()
def dead(why):
    print why, "Good job!"
    exit(0)
def start():
    print "You are in a dark room."
    print "There is a door to your right and left."
    print "Which one do you take?"
    next = raw_input("> ")
    if next == "left":
        bear_room()
    elif next == "right":
        cthulhu_room()
    else:
        dead("You stumble around the room until you starve.")
start()

Symbol Review

Keywords

and
del
from
not
while
as
elif
global
or
with
assert
else
if
pass
yield
break
except
import
print
class
exec
in
raise
continue
finally
is
return
def
for
lambda
try

Data Types

True
False
None
strings
numbers
floats
lists

String Escape Sequences

\\
\'
\"
\a
\b
\f
\n
\r
\t
\v

String Formats

%d
%i
%o
%u
%x
%X
%e
%E
%f
%F
%g
%G
%c
%r
%s
%%

Operators

+
- 
*
**
/
//
%
<
>
<=
>=
==
!=
<>
( )
[ ]
{ }
@
,
:
.
=
;
+=
- =
*=
/=
//=
%=
**=

Dictionaries, Oh Lovely Dictionaries

stuff = {'name': 'Zed', 'age': 36, 'height': 6*12+2}
print stuff['name']
print stuff['age']
print stuff['height']
stuff['city'] = "San Francisco"
print stuff['city']

# create a mapping of state to abbreviation
states = {
    'Oregon':'OR',
    'Florida':'FL',
    'California':'CA',
    'New York':'NY',
    'Michigan':'MI'
}
# create a basic set of states and some cities in them
cities = {
    'CA': 'San Francisco',
    'MI': 'Detroit',
    'FL': 'Jacksonville'
}
# add some more cities
cities['NY'] = 'New York'
cities['OR'] = 'Portland'
# print out some cities
print '- ' * 10
print "NY State has: ", cities['NY']
print "OR State has: ", cities['OR']
# print some states
print '- ' * 10
print "Michigan's abbreviation is: ", states['Michigan']
print "Florida's abbreviation is: ", states['Florida']
# do it by using the state then cities dict
print '- ' * 10
print "Michigan has: ", cities[states['Michigan']]
print "Florida has: ", cities[states['Florida']]
# print every state abbreviation
print '- ' * 10
for state, abbrev in states.items():
    print "%s is abbreviated %s" % (state, abbrev)
# print every city in state
print '- ' * 10
for abbrev, city in cities.items():
    print "%s has the city %s" % (abbrev, city)
# now do both at the same time
print '- ' * 10
for state, abbrev in states.items():
    print "%s state is abbreviated %s and has city %s" % (
        state, abbrev, cities[abbrev])
print '- ' * 10
# safely get an abbreviation by state that might not be there
state = states.get('Texas', None)
if not state:
    print "Sorry, no Texas."
# get a city with a default value
city = cities.get('TX', 'Does Not Exist')
print "The city for the state 'TX' is: %s" % city