CCNA读书笔记（二）

Introduction to TCP/IP

The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol(TCP/IP) suite was ensure created by the Department of Defense(DoD) to ensure and preserve data integrity, as well as maintain communications in the event of catastrophic war.

TCP/IP and the DoD Model

Process/Application layer

Host-to-Host layer

Internet layer

Network Access layer

The Process/Application layer protocols

Telnet

Telnet is the chameleon of protocol – its specialty is terminal emulation

File transfer protocol(FTP)

It is the protocol that actually lets us transfer files, and it can accomplish this between any two machines using it.

Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)

 It is the stripped-down, stock version of FTP.

Network File System(NFS)

It is a jewel of a protocol specializing in file sharing

Simple Mail transfer Protocol(SMTP)

Answering our ubiquitous call to email, use a spooled, or queued, method of mail delivery. SMTP is used to send email; POP3 is used to receive mail.

Line Printer Daemon(LPD)

 It is designed for printer sharing.

X window

 Designed for client/server operations. It defines a protocol for writing client/server applications based on a graphical user interface(GUI).

Simple Network Management Protocol(SNMP)

 It collects and manipulates valuable network information

Domain Name Service(DNS)

It resolves hostname (a fully qualified domain name)

Dynamic Host Configuration protocol(DHCP)

It assign IP addresses to host.

 

The Host-to-Host layer protocols

Transmission Control Protocol(TCP)

TCP takes large blocks information from an application and breaks them into segments. TCP is a full-duplex,connection-oriented,reliable,and accurate protocol, but establishing all these terms and conditions,in addition ,to error checking ,is no small task.

TCP segment format

 略

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

TCP          UDP

Sequenced        Unsequenced

Reliable         Unrelable

Connection-oriented      Connectionless

Virtual circuit        Low overload

Acknowledgments       No acknowledgment

Windowing flow control      no windowing or flow control

Prot numbers

TCP and UDP must use port numbers to communicate with the upper layers because they’re what keep track of different conversations crossing the network simultaneously.

telnet23 smtp25 http80 ftp21 dns53 https443 snmp161 tftp69

The Internet layer protocols

Routing and providing a single network interface to the upper layers.

Internet protocol(IP) 略

Internet control message protocol(ICMP)

 It is a management protocol and messaging service provider for ID .Its messages are carried as IP datagram affords host’s extended capability in discovering routers to gateways.

Address Resolution protocol(ARP)

ARP finds the hardware address of a host from a known IP address

IP addressing

IP terminology

Bit: one digit ,either a 1 or a 0

Byte:  8 bits

Octet: byte and octet are completely interchangeable.

The hierarchical IP addressing scheme

An IP address consists of 32 bits of information.

Dotted-decimal, as in 172.168.2.3

Binary: 10001111.01001111.10100000.11110000

Hexadecimal.  AC.10.1E.38

Network addressing

Class A 00000000-01111111  0-127

Class B 10000000-11111111 128-191

Class C 11000000-11011111 192-223

Class D 224-239 multicast address

Class E 240-255 scientific purposes

Private IP addresses

A   10.0.0.0

B   172.16.0.0

C   192.168.0.0

Broadcast addresses 略