Python3 dict.fromkeys()使用list.append和tuple对比

小结：

1. 如果手动定义Key和初始Value, 那么, 无论使用tuple还是list.append, 都可以得到正确结果；
2. 如果使用dict.fromkeys()定义Key和初始Value, 那么, 使用list.append会误改变所有key的value，使用tuple不会。

"""
# Case A: When initiating the dict with all keys and values \
# announced explicitly, \
# both tuple and list.append will work correctly.
"""
# value type is tuple
a = {"1": (), "2": ()}
a["1"] += (0,)
print(a)
# Output
{'1': (0,), '2': ()}

# value type is list
b = {"1": [], "2": []}
b["1"].append(0)
print(b)
# Output
{'1': [0], '2': []}


"""
# Case B: When initiating the dict with dict.fromkeys, \
# tuple changes only the key as we announce, 
# while list.append will change all keys' values unexpectedly. 
"""
# value type is tuple
c = dict.fromkeys(["1", "2"], ())
c["1"] += (0,)
print(c)
# Output
{'1': (0,), '2': ()}

# value type is list
d = dict.fromkeys(["1", "2"], [])
d["1"].append(0)
print(d)
# Output
{'1': [0], '2': [0]}