5. 打开设备（第三部分）

5. 7  snd_pcm_hw_constraints_init

static int snd_pcm_hw_constraints_init(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream)
{
	struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime;
	struct snd_pcm_hw_constraints *constrs = &runtime->hw_constraints;
	int k, err;

	for (k = SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_FIRST_MASK; k <= SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_LAST_MASK; k++) {
		snd_mask_any(constrs_mask(constrs, k));
	}

	for (k = SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_FIRST_INTERVAL; k <= SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_LAST_INTERVAL; k++) {
		snd_interval_any(constrs_interval(constrs, k));
	}

	snd_interval_setinteger(constrs_interval(constrs, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_CHANNELS));
	snd_interval_setinteger(constrs_interval(constrs, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_BUFFER_SIZE));
	snd_interval_setinteger(constrs_interval(constrs, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_BUFFER_BYTES));
	snd_interval_setinteger(constrs_interval(constrs, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_SAMPLE_BITS));
	snd_interval_setinteger(constrs_interval(constrs, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_FRAME_BITS));

	err = snd_pcm_hw_rule_add(runtime, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_FORMAT,
				   snd_pcm_hw_rule_format, NULL,
				   SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_SAMPLE_BITS, -1);
	if (err < 0)
		return err;
	err = snd_pcm_hw_rule_add(runtime, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_SAMPLE_BITS, 
				  snd_pcm_hw_rule_sample_bits, NULL,
				  SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_FORMAT, 
				  SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_SAMPLE_BITS, -1);
	if (err < 0)
		return err;
	err = snd_pcm_hw_rule_add(runtime, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_SAMPLE_BITS, 
				  snd_pcm_hw_rule_div, NULL,
				  SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_FRAME_BITS, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_CHANNELS, -1);
	if (err < 0)
		return err;
	err = snd_pcm_hw_rule_add(runtime, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_FRAME_BITS, 
				  snd_pcm_hw_rule_mul, NULL,
				  SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_SAMPLE_BITS, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_CHANNELS, -1);
	if (err < 0)
		return err;
	err = snd_pcm_hw_rule_add(runtime, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_FRAME_BITS, 
				  snd_pcm_hw_rule_mulkdiv, (void*) 8,
				  SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_PERIOD_BYTES, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_PERIOD_SIZE, -1);
	if (err < 0)
		return err;
	err = snd_pcm_hw_rule_add(runtime, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_FRAME_BITS, 
				  snd_pcm_hw_rule_mulkdiv, (void*) 8,
				  SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_BUFFER_BYTES, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_BUFFER_SIZE, -1);
	if (err < 0)
		return err;
	err = snd_pcm_hw_rule_add(runtime, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_CHANNELS, 
				  snd_pcm_hw_rule_div, NULL,
				  SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_FRAME_BITS, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_SAMPLE_BITS, -1);
	if (err < 0)
		return err;
	err = snd_pcm_hw_rule_add(runtime, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_RATE, 
				  snd_pcm_hw_rule_mulkdiv, (void*) 1000000,
				  SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_PERIOD_SIZE, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_PERIOD_TIME, -1);
	if (err < 0)
		return err;
	err = snd_pcm_hw_rule_add(runtime, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_RATE, 
				  snd_pcm_hw_rule_mulkdiv, (void*) 1000000,
				  SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_BUFFER_SIZE, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_BUFFER_TIME, -1);
	if (err < 0)
		return err;
	err = snd_pcm_hw_rule_add(runtime, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_PERIODS, 
				  snd_pcm_hw_rule_div, NULL,
				  SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_BUFFER_SIZE, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_PERIOD_SIZE, -1);
	if (err < 0)
		return err;
	err = snd_pcm_hw_rule_add(runtime, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_PERIOD_SIZE, 
				  snd_pcm_hw_rule_div, NULL,
				  SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_BUFFER_SIZE, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_PERIODS, -1);
	if (err < 0)
		return err;
	err = snd_pcm_hw_rule_add(runtime, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_PERIOD_SIZE, 
				  snd_pcm_hw_rule_mulkdiv, (void*) 8,
				  SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_PERIOD_BYTES, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_FRAME_BITS, -1);
	if (err < 0)
		return err;
	err = snd_pcm_hw_rule_add(runtime, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_PERIOD_SIZE, 
				  snd_pcm_hw_rule_muldivk, (void*) 1000000,
				  SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_PERIOD_TIME, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_RATE, -1);
	if (err < 0)
		return err;
	err = snd_pcm_hw_rule_add(runtime, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_BUFFER_SIZE, 
				  snd_pcm_hw_rule_mul, NULL,
				  SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_PERIOD_SIZE, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_PERIODS, -1);
	if (err < 0)
		return err;
	err = snd_pcm_hw_rule_add(runtime, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_BUFFER_SIZE, 
				  snd_pcm_hw_rule_mulkdiv, (void*) 8,
				  SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_BUFFER_BYTES, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_FRAME_BITS, -1);
	if (err < 0)
		return err;
	err = snd_pcm_hw_rule_add(runtime, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_BUFFER_SIZE, 
				  snd_pcm_hw_rule_muldivk, (void*) 1000000,
				  SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_BUFFER_TIME, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_RATE, -1);
	if (err < 0)
		return err;
	err = snd_pcm_hw_rule_add(runtime, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_PERIOD_BYTES, 
				  snd_pcm_hw_rule_muldivk, (void*) 8,
				  SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_PERIOD_SIZE, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_FRAME_BITS, -1);
	if (err < 0)
		return err;
	err = snd_pcm_hw_rule_add(runtime, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_BUFFER_BYTES, 
				  snd_pcm_hw_rule_muldivk, (void*) 8,
				  SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_BUFFER_SIZE, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_FRAME_BITS, -1);
	if (err < 0)
		return err;
	err = snd_pcm_hw_rule_add(runtime, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_PERIOD_TIME, 
				  snd_pcm_hw_rule_mulkdiv, (void*) 1000000,
				  SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_PERIOD_SIZE, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_RATE, -1);
	if (err < 0)
		return err;
	err = snd_pcm_hw_rule_add(runtime, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_BUFFER_TIME, 
				  snd_pcm_hw_rule_mulkdiv, (void*) 1000000,
				  SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_BUFFER_SIZE, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_RATE, -1);
	if (err < 0)
		return err;
	return 0;
}

这个函数的主要作用是为pcm_hw_constraints进行初始化的操作。找一个例子，看看rule的具体实现：

err = snd_pcm_hw_rule_add(runtime, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_CHANNELS, 
			  snd_pcm_hw_rule_div, NULL,
			  SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_FRAME_BITS, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_SAMPLE_BITS, -1);

还以声道数为例子，来看看snd_pcm_hw_rule_div做了什么：

static int snd_pcm_hw_rule_div(struct snd_pcm_hw_params *params,
			       struct snd_pcm_hw_rule *rule)
{
	struct snd_interval t;
	snd_interval_div(hw_param_interval_c(params, rule->deps[0]),
		     hw_param_interval_c(params, rule->deps[1]), &t);
	return snd_interval_refine(hw_param_interval(params, rule->var), &t);
}

void snd_interval_div(const struct snd_interval *a, const struct snd_interval *b, struct snd_interval *c)
{
	unsigned int r;
	if (a->empty || b->empty) {
		snd_interval_none(c);
		return;
	}
	c->empty = 0;
	c->min = div32(a->min, b->max, &r);
	c->openmin = (r || a->openmin || b->openmax);
	if (b->min > 0) {
		c->max = div32(a->max, b->min, &r);
		if (r) {
			c->max++;
			c->openmax = 1;
		} else
			c->openmax = (a->openmax || b->openmin);
	} else {
		c->max = UINT_MAX;
		c->openmax = 0;
	}
	c->integer = 0;
}

针对例子，a 可以理解为帧bit数，b就是采样bit数，而c就是要返回的声道的区间值。代码里的细节，自行理解吧，算不上难。

snd_interval_refine将新值赋予对应的参数。

5.7.1 设置硬件参数

关于snd_pcm_hw_constraints的使用，是一个比较好玩的事情，这里索性一起看了吧。参数由用户空间通过ioctl传入：

case SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL_HW_REFINE:
	return snd_pcm_hw_refine_user(substream, arg);
case SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL_HW_PARAMS:
	return snd_pcm_hw_params_user(substream, arg);

以上两个函数都会改变snd_pcm_hw_constraints的值，差别是前者值改变snd_pcm_hw_constraints的值，而后者还会改变runtime中的实际内容。

int snd_pcm_hw_refine(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
		      struct snd_pcm_hw_params *params)
{
	int err;

	params->info = 0;
	params->fifo_size = 0;
	if (params->rmask & PARAM_MASK_BIT(SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_SAMPLE_BITS))
		params->msbits = 0;
	if (params->rmask & PARAM_MASK_BIT(SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_RATE)) {
		params->rate_num = 0;
		params->rate_den = 0;
	}

	err = constrain_mask_params(substream, params);
	if (err < 0)
		return err;

	err = constrain_interval_params(substream, params);
	if (err < 0)
		return err;

	err = constrain_params_by_rules(substream, params);
	if (err < 0)
		return err;

	params->rmask = 0;

	return 0;
}

前述两个函数都会调用到snd_pcm_hw_refine。函数中通过constrain_mask_params和constrain_interval_params去检查mask或者区间的设置内容是否正确。

constrain_params_by_rules则是通过rule去检查当前参数的变化，是否会引起其它参数的变化。

static int constrain_params_by_rules(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream,
				     struct snd_pcm_hw_params *params)
{
	struct snd_pcm_hw_constraints *constrs =
					&substream->runtime->hw_constraints;
	unsigned int k;
	unsigned int *rstamps;
	unsigned int vstamps[SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_LAST_INTERVAL + 1];
	unsigned int stamp;
	struct snd_pcm_hw_rule *r;
	unsigned int d;
	struct snd_mask old_mask;
	struct snd_interval old_interval;
	bool again;
	int changed, err = 0;

	/*
	 * Each application of rule has own sequence number.
	 *
	 * Each member of 'rstamps' array represents the sequence number of
	 * recent application of corresponding rule.
	 */
	rstamps = kcalloc(constrs->rules_num, sizeof(unsigned int), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!rstamps)
		return -ENOMEM;

	/*
	 * Each member of 'vstamps' array represents the sequence number of
	 * recent application of rule in which corresponding parameters were
	 * changed.
	 *
	 * In initial state, elements corresponding to parameters requested by
	 * a caller is 1. For unrequested parameters, corresponding members
	 * have 0 so that the parameters are never changed anymore.
	 */
	for (k = 0; k <= SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_LAST_INTERVAL; k++)
		vstamps[k] = (params->rmask & PARAM_MASK_BIT(k)) ? 1 : 0;

	/* Due to the above design, actual sequence number starts at 2. */
	stamp = 2;
retry:
	/* Apply all rules in order. */
	again = false;
	for (k = 0; k < constrs->rules_num; k++) {
		r = &constrs->rules[k];

		/*
		 * Check condition bits of this rule. When the rule has
		 * some condition bits, parameter without the bits is
		 * never processed. SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAMS_NO_PERIOD_WAKEUP
		 * is an example of the condition bits.
		 */
		if (r->cond && !(r->cond & params->flags))
			continue;

		/*
		 * The 'deps' array includes maximum four dependencies
		 * to SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_XXXs for this rule. The fifth
		 * member of this array is a sentinel and should be
		 * negative value.
		 *
		 * This rule should be processed in this time when dependent
		 * parameters were changed at former applications of the other
		 * rules.
		 */
		for (d = 0; r->deps[d] >= 0; d++) {
			if (vstamps[r->deps[d]] > rstamps[k])
				break;
		}
		if (r->deps[d] < 0)
			continue;

		if (trace_hw_mask_param_enabled()) {
			if (hw_is_mask(r->var))
				old_mask = *hw_param_mask(params, r->var);
		}
		if (trace_hw_interval_param_enabled()) {
			if (hw_is_interval(r->var))
				old_interval = *hw_param_interval(params, r->var);
		}

		changed = r->func(params, r);
		if (changed < 0) {
			err = changed;
			goto out;
		}

		/*
		 * When the parameter is changed, notify it to the caller
		 * by corresponding returned bit, then preparing for next
		 * iteration.
		 */
		if (changed && r->var >= 0) {
			if (hw_is_mask(r->var)) {
				trace_hw_mask_param(substream, r->var,
					k + 1, &old_mask,
					hw_param_mask(params, r->var));
			}
			if (hw_is_interval(r->var)) {
				trace_hw_interval_param(substream, r->var,
					k + 1, &old_interval,
					hw_param_interval(params, r->var));
			}

			params->cmask |= PARAM_MASK_BIT(r->var);
			vstamps[r->var] = stamp;
			again = true;
		}

		rstamps[k] = stamp++;
	}

	/* Iterate to evaluate all rules till no parameters are changed. */
	if (again)
		goto retry;

 out:
	kfree(rstamps);
	return err;
}

这段代码里的注释很多，说明其实理解起来并不是很直观。

为了理解这段代码，先将rstamps 忽略。看看没有它的时候，逻辑是什么样的。

vstamps用来保存所有变化过的变量，最初的时候变化过的量用1表示，用0表示没有变化。for会检查每条rule，通过vstamps中的值是否为1来判断dep是否发生了变化：

for (d = 0; r->deps[d] >= 0; d++) {
	if (vstamps[r->deps[d]] > rstamps[k])
		break;
}
if (r->deps[d] < 0)
	continue;

这里rtstamps初始化的值都是0，所以可以简单的理解成vstamps是否为1。当条件符合的时候就会调用changed = r->func(params, r)去运行相应的rule。

其实第一轮的运行大致如此。

不过在rule导致值变化的时候：

params->cmask |= PARAM_MASK_BIT(r->var);

vstamps[r->var] = stamp;

会将当前的参数进行修改，并在vstamps中记录是在第几次循环中进行的修改。这样做的目的，举个例子，在采样bit改变的情况下，声道数会在这儿发生变化。声道数发生了变化，可能导致其它的参数也发生了变化。这样就需要再遍历一次规则了。也就是这里看到的goto retry。

需要多次循环，就是rstamps存在的作用。之前的遍历中关于声道数的规则已经运行过一次了，等到再次循环的时候就不需要再次运行。

5.8 azx_pcm_open  （这部分内容还需要补充，暂时忘了要补充什么了）

static int azx_pcm_open(struct snd_pcm_substream *substream)
{
	struct azx_pcm *apcm = snd_pcm_substream_chip(substream);
	struct hda_pcm_stream *hinfo = to_hda_pcm_stream(substream);
	struct azx *chip = apcm->chip;
	struct azx_dev *azx_dev;
	struct snd_pcm_runtime *runtime = substream->runtime;
	int err;
	int buff_step;

	snd_hda_codec_pcm_get(apcm->info);
	mutex_lock(&chip->open_mutex);
    // 分配一个substream，需要再捋一下。
	azx_dev = azx_assign_device(chip, substream);
	trace_azx_pcm_open(chip, azx_dev);
	if (azx_dev == NULL) {
		err = -EBUSY;
		goto unlock;
	}
	runtime->private_data = azx_dev;

	runtime->hw = azx_pcm_hw;
	if (chip->gts_present)
		runtime->hw.info |= SNDRV_PCM_INFO_HAS_LINK_SYNCHRONIZED_ATIME;
	runtime->hw.channels_min = hinfo->channels_min;
	runtime->hw.channels_max = hinfo->channels_max;
	runtime->hw.formats = hinfo->formats;
	runtime->hw.rates = hinfo->rates;
	snd_pcm_limit_hw_rates(runtime);
	snd_pcm_hw_constraint_integer(runtime, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_PERIODS);

	/* avoid wrap-around with wall-clock */
	snd_pcm_hw_constraint_minmax(runtime, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_BUFFER_TIME,
				     20,
				     178000000);

	if (chip->align_buffer_size)
		/* constrain buffer sizes to be multiple of 128
		   bytes. This is more efficient in terms of memory
		   access but isn't required by the HDA spec and
		   prevents users from specifying exact period/buffer
		   sizes. For example for 44.1kHz, a period size set
		   to 20ms will be rounded to 19.59ms. */
		buff_step = 128;
	else
		/* Don't enforce steps on buffer sizes, still need to
		   be multiple of 4 bytes (HDA spec). Tested on Intel
		   HDA controllers, may not work on all devices where
		   option needs to be disabled */
		buff_step = 4;

	snd_pcm_hw_constraint_step(runtime, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_BUFFER_BYTES,
				   buff_step);
	snd_pcm_hw_constraint_step(runtime, 0, SNDRV_PCM_HW_PARAM_PERIOD_BYTES,
				   buff_step);
	snd_hda_power_up(apcm->codec);
	if (hinfo->ops.open)
		err = hinfo->ops.open(hinfo, apcm->codec, substream);
	else
		err = -ENODEV;
	if (err < 0) {
		azx_release_device(azx_dev);
		goto powerdown;
	}
	snd_pcm_limit_hw_rates(runtime);
	/* sanity check */
	if (snd_BUG_ON(!runtime->hw.channels_min) ||
	    snd_BUG_ON(!runtime->hw.channels_max) ||
	    snd_BUG_ON(!runtime->hw.formats) ||
	    snd_BUG_ON(!runtime->hw.rates)) {
		azx_release_device(azx_dev);
		if (hinfo->ops.close)
			hinfo->ops.close(hinfo, apcm->codec, substream);
		err = -EINVAL;
		goto powerdown;
	}

	/* disable LINK_ATIME timestamps for capture streams
	   until we figure out how to handle digital inputs */
	if (substream->stream == SNDRV_PCM_STREAM_CAPTURE) {
		runtime->hw.info &= ~SNDRV_PCM_INFO_HAS_WALL_CLOCK; /* legacy */
		runtime->hw.info &= ~SNDRV_PCM_INFO_HAS_LINK_ATIME;
	}

	snd_pcm_set_sync(substream);
	mutex_unlock(&chip->open_mutex);
	return 0;

 powerdown:
	snd_hda_power_down(apcm->codec);
 unlock:
	mutex_unlock(&chip->open_mutex);
	snd_hda_codec_pcm_put(apcm->info);
	return err;
}

static int playback_pcm_open(struct hda_pcm_stream *hinfo,
			     struct hda_codec *codec,
			     struct snd_pcm_substream *substream)
{
	struct hda_gen_spec *spec = codec->spec;
	int err;

	mutex_lock(&spec->pcm_mutex);
	err = snd_hda_multi_out_analog_open(codec,
					    &spec->multiout, substream,
					     hinfo);
	if (!err) {
		spec->active_streams |= 1 << STREAM_MULTI_OUT;
		call_pcm_playback_hook(hinfo, codec, substream,
				       HDA_GEN_PCM_ACT_OPEN);
	}
	mutex_unlock(&spec->pcm_mutex);
	return err;
}

5.9 snd_pcm_hw_constraints_complete

根据获得的硬件参数，再次去设置snd_pcm_hw_contraints的内容。