6.播放音频（第一部分）

6.1 从tinyalsa开始

这一章将对播放音频的具体内容做讲解。我的想法是按照tinyalsa中的例子作为讲解的范本，因为tinyalsa足够简单，很多时候都忽略了它的细节。趁着这个机会再整理一下tinyalsa的内容。我使用的tinyalsa从https://github.com/tinyalsa/tinyalsa下载，从examples/writei.c开始。

int main(void)
{
    void *frames;
    size_t size;

    size = read_file(&frames);
    if (size == 0) {
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }

    if (write_frames(frames, size) < 0) {
        return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }

    free(frames);
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}

其中函数read_file从指定的文件中读取pcm数据到frames。

static int write_frames(const void * frames, size_t byte_count){

    unsigned int card = 0;
    unsigned int device = 0;
    int flags = PCM_OUT;

    const struct pcm_config config = {
        .channels = 2,
        .rate = 48000,
        .format = PCM_FORMAT_S32_LE,
        .period_size = 1024,
        .period_count = 2,
        .start_threshold = 1024,
        .silence_threshold = 1024 * 2,
        .stop_threshold = 1024 * 2
    };

    struct pcm * pcm = pcm_open(card, device, flags, &config);
    if (pcm == NULL) {
        fprintf(stderr, "failed to allocate memory for PCM\n");
        return -1;
    } else if (!pcm_is_ready(pcm)){
        pcm_close(pcm);
        fprintf(stderr, "failed to open PCM\n");
        return -1;
    }

    unsigned int frame_count = pcm_bytes_to_frames(pcm, byte_count);

    int err = pcm_writei(pcm, frames, frame_count);
    if (err < 0) {
      printf("error: %s\n", pcm_get_error(pcm));
    }

    pcm_close(pcm);

    return 0;
}

这个函数里通过pcm_open打开设备，后面通过pcm_writei去写数据。这里先注意一下pcm_config中的内容，包括声道数、采样数、数据格式等内容。period_size表示的内核中DMA块的大小，period_count表示这样的块有几个，period_count的大小应该大于2，这样才能保证音频播放过程中无卡顿。start_threshold用来表示有多少帧数据的时候，才开始播放声音。silence_threshold和stop_threshold表示静音和停止播放时候需要的帧数，帧数太少的时候进行操作，可能导致破音的产生。

struct pcm *pcm_open(unsigned int card, unsigned int device,
                     unsigned int flags, const struct pcm_config *config)
{
    struct pcm *pcm;
    struct snd_pcm_info info;
    int rc;

    pcm = calloc(1, sizeof(struct pcm));
    if (!pcm) {
        oops(&bad_pcm, ENOMEM, "can't allocate PCM object");
        return &bad_pcm;
    }

    /* Default to hw_ops, attemp plugin open only if hw (/dev/snd/pcm*) open fails */
    pcm->ops = &hw_ops;
    pcm->fd = pcm->ops->open(card, device, flags, &pcm->data, NULL);

#ifdef TINYALSA_USES_PLUGINS
    if (pcm->fd < 0) {
        int pcm_type;
        pcm->snd_node = snd_utils_open_pcm(card, device);
        pcm_type = snd_utils_get_node_type(pcm->snd_node);
        if (!pcm->snd_node || pcm_type != SND_NODE_TYPE_PLUGIN) {
            oops(&bad_pcm, ENODEV, "no device (hw/plugin) for card(%u), device(%u)",
                 card, device);
            goto fail_close_dev_node;
        }
        pcm->ops = &plug_ops;
        pcm->fd = pcm->ops->open(card, device, flags, &pcm->data, pcm->snd_node);
    }
#endif
    if (pcm->fd < 0) {
        oops(&bad_pcm, errno, "cannot open device (%u) for card (%u)",
             device, card);
        goto fail_close_dev_node;
    }

    pcm->flags = flags;

    if (pcm->ops->ioctl(pcm->data, SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL_INFO, &info)) {
        oops(&bad_pcm, errno, "cannot get info");
        goto fail_close;
    }
    pcm->subdevice = info.subdevice;

    if (pcm_set_config(pcm, config) != 0)
        goto fail_close;

    rc = pcm_hw_mmap_status(pcm);
    if (rc < 0) {
        oops(&bad_pcm, errno, "mmap status failed");
        goto fail;
    }

#ifdef SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL_TTSTAMP
    if (pcm->flags & PCM_MONOTONIC) {
        int arg = SNDRV_PCM_TSTAMP_TYPE_MONOTONIC;
        rc = pcm->ops->ioctl(pcm->data, SNDRV_PCM_IOCTL_TTSTAMP, &arg);
        if (rc < 0) {
            oops(&bad_pcm, errno, "cannot set timestamp type");
            goto fail;
        }
    }
#endif

    pcm->xruns = 0;
    return pcm;

fail:
    pcm_hw_munmap_status(pcm);
    if (flags & PCM_MMAP)