2 - Zero initialization
# GRADED FUNCTION: initialize_parameters_zeros
def initialize_parameters_zeros(layers_dims):
"""
Arguments:
layer_dims -- python array (list) containing the size of each layer.
Returns:
parameters -- python dictionary containing your parameters "W1", "b1", ..., "WL", "bL":
W1 -- weight matrix of shape (layers_dims[1], layers_dims[0])
b1 -- bias vector of shape (layers_dims[1], 1)
...
WL -- weight matrix of shape (layers_dims[L], layers_dims[L-1])
bL -- bias vector of shape (layers_dims[L], 1)
"""
parameters = {}
L = len(layers_dims) # number of layers in the network
for l in range(1, L):
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
parameters['W' + str(l)] = np.zeros((layers_dims[l], layers_dims[l-1]))
parameters['b' + str(l)] = np.zeros((layers_dims[l], 1))
### END CODE HERE ###
return parameters
3 - Random initialization
# GRADED FUNCTION: initialize_parameters_random
def initialize_parameters_random(layers_dims):
"""
Arguments:
layer_dims -- python array (list) containing the size of each layer.
Returns:
parameters -- python dictionary containing your parameters "W1", "b1", ..., "WL", "bL":
W1 -- weight matrix of shape (layers_dims[1], layers_dims[0])
b1 -- bias vector of shape (layers_dims[1], 1)
...
WL -- weight matrix of shape (layers_dims[L], layers_dims[L-1])
bL -- bias vector of shape (layers_dims[L], 1)
"""
np.random.seed(3) # This seed makes sure your "random" numbers will be the as ours
parameters = {}
L = len(layers_dims) # integer representing the number of layers
for l in range(1, L):
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
parameters['W' + str(l)] = np.random.randn(layers_dims[l], layers_dims[l-1]) * 10 #注意括号的数目
parameters['b' + str(l)] = np.zeros((layers_dims[l], 1))
### END CODE HERE ###
return parameters
4 - He initialization
Xavier初始化的基本思想是保持输入和输出的方差一致,这样就避免了所有输出值都趋向于0
He initialization的思想是:在ReLU网络中,假定每一层有一半的神经元被激活,另一半为0,所以,要保持variance不变,只需要在Xavier的基础上再除以2
# GRADED FUNCTION: initialize_parameters_he
def initialize_parameters_he(layers_dims):
"""
Arguments:
layer_dims -- python array (list) containing the size of each layer.
Returns:
parameters -- python dictionary containing your parameters "W1", "b1", ..., "WL", "bL":
W1 -- weight matrix of shape (layers_dims[1], layers_dims[0])
b1 -- bias vector of shape (layers_dims[1], 1)
...
WL -- weight matrix of shape (layers_dims[L], layers_dims[L-1])
bL -- bias vector of shape (layers_dims[L], 1)
"""
np.random.seed(3)
parameters = {}
L = len(layers_dims) - 1 # integer representing the number of layers
for l in range(1, L + 1):
### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 2 lines of code)
parameters['W' + str(l)] = np.random.randn(layers_dims[l], layers_dims[l-1]) * np.sqrt(2./layers_dims[l-1])
parameters['b' + str(l)] = np.zeros((layers_dims[l], 1))
### END CODE HERE ###
return parameters
疑问:
If you have heard of "Xavier initialization", this is similar except Xavier initialization uses a scaling factor for the weights
W
[
l
]
of
sqrt(1./layers_dims[l-1])
实验中提到的 Xarier 初始化 分布为 正态分布随机化后 除以 “sqrt(上一层结点数目)”
然而在 论文中,
Xavier 初始化 的分布为均匀分布:
in TensorFlow
def
xavier_init
(fan_in
,
fan_out
,
constant =
1
):
low = -constant * np.sqrt(
6.0
/ (fan_in + fan_out))
high = constant * np.sqrt(
6.0
/ (fan_in + fan_out))
return
tf.random_uniform((fan_in
,
fan_out)
,
minval
=low
,
maxval
=high
,
dtype
=tf.float32)
[1] Xavier Glorot et al., Understanding the Difficult of Training Deep Feedforward Neural Networks.