drf请求响应，视图类

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已于 2022-09-29 22:30:25 修改

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文章标签： python django 后端

于 2022-09-29 20:07:16 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/juzijunjun/article/details/127106858

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drf 的请求与响应

Request类与Response类

rest_framework类下的

<1> Request类

1.1 .data

request.data返回解析后的请求体数据特性有
- 包含了对POST，PUT，PATCH请求方式解析后的数据
- 包含了解析之后的文件与非文件数据
- 利用了REST framwork的parsers解析器，支持表单数据类型也支持JSON数据

1.2 .query_params

与前面的request.GET用法相同，更换了名称
- 底层原理其实就是反射__getattr__

<2> Response类

2.1 参数

Response类里面有七个参数

class Response(SimpleTemplateResponse):
    def __init__(self, data=None, status=None,
                 template_name=None, headers=None,
                 exception=False, content_type=None):

2.2 data

data=None
- data可以将字典，列表序列化为json格式的字符串，返回给前端（放在http响应的body中）
status=None
- status为状态码，默认为200
- drf可以把http状态响应码做成常量，导入 rest_framework.status
headers=None
- 存放http响应头的字典
template_name=None
- 了解: 模板名称，如果使用HTMLRenderer 时需指明
content_type=None
- 代表的是响应的编码格式

2.3 状态码

1.信息告知 - 1xx

HTTP_100_CONTINUE
HTTP_101_SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS

2.成功 - 2xx

HTTP_200_OK
HTTP_201_CREATED
HTTP_202_ACCEPTED
HTTP_203_NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION
HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT
HTTP_205_RESET_CONTENT
HTTP_206_PARTIAL_CONTENT
HTTP_207_MULTI_STATUS

3.重定向 - 3xx

HTTP_300_MULTIPLE_CHOICES
HTTP_301_MOVED_PERMANENTLY
HTTP_302_FOUND
HTTP_303_SEE_OTHER
HTTP_304_NOT_MODIFIED
HTTP_305_USE_PROXY
HTTP_306_RESERVED
HTTP_307_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT

4.客户端错误 - 4xx

HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST
HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED
HTTP_402_PAYMENT_REQUIRED
HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN
HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND
HTTP_405_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED
HTTP_406_NOT_ACCEPTABLE
HTTP_407_PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED
HTTP_408_REQUEST_TIMEOUT
HTTP_409_CONFLICT
HTTP_410_GONE
HTTP_411_LENGTH_REQUIRED
HTTP_412_PRECONDITION_FAILED
HTTP_413_REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE
HTTP_414_REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG
HTTP_415_UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE
HTTP_416_REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE
HTTP_417_EXPECTATION_FAILED
HTTP_422_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY
HTTP_423_LOCKED
HTTP_424_FAILED_DEPENDENCY
HTTP_428_PRECONDITION_REQUIRED
HTTP_429_TOO_MANY_REQUESTS
HTTP_431_REQUEST_HEADER_FIELDS_TOO_LARGE
HTTP_451_UNAVAILABLE_FOR_LEGAL_REASONS

5.服务器错误 - 5xx

HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR
HTTP_501_NOT_IMPLEMENTED
HTTP_502_BAD_GATEWAY
HTTP_503_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE
HTTP_504_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT
HTTP_505_HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED
HTTP_507_INSUFFICIENT_STORAGE
HTTP_511_NETWORK_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED

drf能够解析的请求编码与响应编码

1.drf能够解析的请求编码

urlencoded
form-data
json

1.1 drf有两套配置

一套是drf项目中的settings.py配置,一套是默认的

找到drf项目中的settings.py配置:

drf中点击rest_framework源码中的settings，找到DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES

'DEFAULT_PARSER_CLASSES': [
        'rest_framework.parsers.JSONParser',      # 可以解析json格式
        'rest_framework.parsers.FormParser',       # 可以解析urlencoded格式
        'rest_framework.parsers.MultiPartParser' # 可以解析form-data格式
    ],

全局配置：
- 接口只接受json格式的需要在django的settings中配置上面的配置，注掉下面两种格式即可

局部配置：视图类自己写

     class TestView(APIView):
			parser_classes = [JSONParser,FormParser,MultiPartParser]

解析类的使用顺序

优先使用：
- 视图类自己的 > 项目配置文件 > drf’内置

项目的实际配置

基本上都运行JSONParser,FormParser
如果上传文件只允许MultiPartParser

2.响应编码格式

默认情况下的响应的编码是根据客户端类型决定的
- 例：如果用浏览器，好看的样子，如果用postman看到json格式

全局配置：在项目的配置文件的settings根据需求注释

 'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': [
        'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',     # json格式
        'rest_framework.renderers.BrowsableAPIRenderer',  # 浏览器的格式
    ],

局部配置：

class TestView(APIView):
    renderer_classes = [JSONRenderer,]`

drf的视图组件

 >  1. drf提供了一个顶层的视图类APIView，我们通过继承APIView写视图类
 >  2. 重复的代码出现较多时，要熟练的使用面向对象的继承与封装

drf两个视图基类

APIView
GenericAPIView:(继承于APIView)

基于APIView写5个接口

models.py（模型层）

要进行数据迁移

from django.db import models

class Book(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    price = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    publish = models.CharField(max_length=32)

views.py（视图层）

from .models import Book
from rest_framework.views import APIView,Response
from .serializer import BookSerializer
class Bookview(APIView):
    def get(self,request):
        book_list=Book.objects.all()
        ser = BookSerializer(instance=book_list,many=True)
        return Response(ser.data)

    def post(self,request):
        ser=BookSerializer(data=request.data)
        if ser.is_valid():
            ser.save()
            return Response({'code':100, 'msg':"新建成功"},status=201)
        else:
            return Response({'code':101, 'msg':ser.errors})

class BookDetailView(APIView):
    def get(self,request,pk):
        book= Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
        ser = BookSerializer(instance=book)
        return Response(ser.data)

    def put(self,request,pk):
        book = Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).first()
        ser = BookSerializer(instance=book,data=request.data)
        if ser.is_valid():
            ser.save()
            return Response({'code':100,'msg':"修改成功"},status=201)
        else:
            return Response({'code':100,'msg':ser.errors})

    def delete(self,request,pk):
        Book.objects.filter(pk=pk).delete()
        return Response('')

serializer.py

from rest_framework import  serializers
from .models import Book
class BookSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = Book
        fields = '__all__'

路由层

from app01 import views
urlpatterns = [
    path('books/',views.Bookview.as_view()),
    path('books/<int:pk>', views.BookDetailView.as_view())
]

基于GenericAPIView写5个接口

GenericAPIView源码中封装的方法
models.py

from django.db import models

class User(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    age = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    gender = models.CharField(max_length=32)

views.py

from .models import User
from rest_framework.views import APIView,Response
from .serializer import UserSerializer
from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView

class Userview(GenericAPIView):
    queryset = User.objects.all()
    serializer_class = UserSerializer
    def get(self,request):
        user_list= self.get_queryset()
        ser = self.get_serializer(instance=user_list,many=True)
        return Response(ser.data)

    def post(self,request):
        ser= self.get_serializer(data=request.data)
        if ser.is_valid():
            ser.save()
            return Response({'code':100, 'msg':"新建成功"},status=201)
        else:
            return Response({'code':101, 'msg':ser.errors})

class UserDetailView(GenericAPIView):
    queryset = User.objects.all()
    serializer_class = UserSerializer
    def get(self,request,pk):
        user= self.get_object()
        ser = self.get_serializer(instance=user)
        return Response(ser.data)

    def put(self,request,pk):
        user = self.get_object()
        ser = self.get_serializer(instance=user,data=request.data)
        if ser.is_valid():
            ser.save()
            return Response({'code':100,'msg':"修改成功"},status=201)
        else:
            return Response({'code':100,'msg':ser.errors})

    def delete(self,request,pk):
        self.get_queryset().filter(pk=pk).delete()
        return Response('')

serializer.py

from rest_framework import serializers
from .models import User
class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    class Meta:
        model = User
        fields = '__all__'

路由层

from app01 import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('users/', views.Userview.as_view()),
    path('users/<int:pk>', views.UserDetailView.as_view())
]

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drf请求响应，视图类

from rest_framework.generics import GenericAPIView
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