编程通识教育-03-控制流

Programming Tutorial

03 Control Flow

Decision

if you want the program to take some decisions and do different things depending on different situations

1. boolean condition

   e.g. if n is odd, then … ; if n is even, then …

2. Hash condition

   e.g. Key-Value Pair; Dictionary

number = 23 
guess = int(input('Enter an integer : ')) 
if guess == number: 
  # New block starts here 
  print('Congratulations, you guessed it.') 
  print('(but you do not win any prizes!)') 
  # New block ends here 
elif guess < number: 
  # Another block 
  print('No, it is a little higher than that') 
  # You can do whatever you want in a block ... 
else:
  print('No, it is a little lower than that') 
  # you must have guessed > number to reach here 
print('Done') 
# This last statement is always executed, 
# after the if statement is executed.number = 23
guess = int (input('Enter an integer:'))
if guess == number:
    print('Congratulations!')
else:
    print('No')

Repeat

if you wanna repeatedly execute a block of statements:

1. explicit counter

   e.g. prompt user input 5 numbers and calculate the sum.

for i in range(1, 5): 
	print(“helloworld”) 

2. as long as a condition is true

   e.g. when the user enters invalid value, the system does not quit, but prompts again and waits for a valide input.

number = 23
running = True

while running:
   guess = int (input('Enter an integer:'))
   if guess == number:
       print('Congratulations!')
       running = False
   elif guess < number:
       print('Higher')
   else:
       print('Lower')
else:
   print('Done')

3. recursive

   Some languges does not provide repeat statement but recursive statement instead. e.g. Elixir.

4. nested loop

   Multiplication Table

Use the counter to accumulate

sum = 0
#calculation 1,2，3，4 。。。+100
for i in range(1,101):
    sum+=i;
else:
    print(sum)

break & continue

The break statement is used to break out of a loop statement i.e. stop the execution of a

looping statement, even if the loop condition has not become False or the sequence of

items has not been completely iterated over.

An important note is that if you break out of a for or while loop, any corresponding loop

else block is not executed.

The continue statement is used to skip the rest of the statements in the

current loop block and to continue to the next iteration of the loop.

Flow Chart

Flow chart is a diagram that represents a workflow or process. It is a representation of an algorithm.

| Shape | Name |Description|
| ---- | ---- ||
| Line | Flow Line（Arrowhead） |Shows the process’s order of operation.|
| Rounded Rectangle | Terminal |Indicates the beginning and ending of a program or sub-process.|
| Rectangel | Process |Represents a set of operations that changes value, form, or location of data.|
| Diamond | Decision |Shows a conditional operation that determines which one of the two paths the program will take.|
| Parallelogram | Input/Output |Indicates the process of inputting and outputting data, as in entering data or displaying results. |

//int i=0,sum =0; => Block A
//i<=100 => Block B   
//i++ => Block C
for(int i=0,sum = 0;i<=100;i++)  
  sum+=i; // sum+=i; => Block D

Data Processing

Data process is typical application for our computer. The main flow for data processing is input, process and output.

#Bad Example for Data Processing

#Currency Exchange
euro=float(input("How many euros are you exchanging?"))
rate=float(input("What is the exchange rate?"))
print('{0} euro at an exchange rate of {1} is {2:.3f} U.S.dollars.'.format(euro,rate,rate*euro/100))

Comments and extra blank lines are utilized to devided your code into threes parts: Input, Process, Output.

Although one more variable “dollars” is used, it is much more easy to read.

#Better Example for Data Processing

#Currency Exchange
#1. input
euro = float(input("How many eruos are you exchanging?"))
rate = float(input("What is the exchange rate?"))

#2. process
dollars = euro * 100 /rate;

#3. output
print('{0} euro at an exchange rate of {1} is {2:.2f} U.S. dollars.'.format(euro, rate, dollars))