关于class

#python-grammar #class

Class在__init__内和__init__外定义变量的区别

1. 变量定义在__init__之外, 该变量隶属于这个类.
2. 变量定义在__init__之内, 该变量隶属于这个实例对象.

示例：

class Book(object):
	count = 100 
	
	def __init__(self, id, name):
		self.book_id = id
		self.book_name = name
		
	def __add__(self, other):
		return self.count + other.count
	
	def show_info(self):
		return (self.book_id, self.book_name, self.count)
		
b1 = Book(1, "b1")
b2 = Book(2, "b2")
sales_cnt = b1 + b2
print(sales_cnt)

count变量：不需要实例化就可以定义

Book.count = 200 # 不实例化改变count的初始变量，将改变全局所有实例的该默认取值
b1.count = 300 # 实例化改变b1这个示例的取值

id和name变量：只能且必须通过实例化进行定义，不得为空

b1 = Book(1, "b1")
b2 = Book(2, "b2")
b1.id = 3 # 只能通过实例化改变b1这个示例的取值

Marks：

1. 同一个参数不同实例的数值类型可以不同

    b1 = Book(1, "b1")
    b2 = Book("EJ038", "b2")
    
    b1.show_info()
    >(1, 'b1', 100)
    
    b2.show_info()
    >('EJ038', 'b2', 100)
   

---

关于class的属性

• delattr(), 从class的定义中删除某个属性
• hasattr()，判断class中是否含有某个属性
• getattr()，获取某个示例的某个属性值
• isinstance(), 判断是否含有这个class的实例

class Student():
     def __init__(self,id=None,name=None):
         self.id = id
         self.name = name

xiaoming = Student(1,'xiaoming')

delattr(xiaoming,'id')
xiaoming.id
> AttributeError: 'Student' object has no attribute 'id'
hasattr(xiaoming,'id') # xiaoming 上没有 id 属性
> False
getsttr(xiaoming, "name")
> 'xiaoming'
isinstance(xiaoming,Student)
> True

---

装饰器

案例

# 不加装饰器
class Student:
    def __init__(self):
        self._name = None

    def get_name(self):
        return self._name

    def set_name(self, val):
        self._name = val

    def del_name(self):
        del self._name
        
	name = property(get_name, set_name, del_name, "name property")

# 加装饰器
class Stu(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self._name = None

    @property
    def name(self):
        return self._name

    @name.setter
    def name(self, val):
        self._name = val

    @name.deleter
    def name(self):
        del self._name

# 测试
xiaoming = Student()
xiaoming.name = 'xiaoming'
xiaoming.name
> 'xiaoming'

---

关于class的函数

• super()，调用父类class的属性

class Parent():
     def __init__(self,x):
         self.v = x

     def add(self,x):
         return self.v + x

class Son(Parent):
     def add(self,y):
         r = super().add(y) #直接调用父类的add方法
         print(r) #子类的add与父类相比，能实现对结果的打印功能
Son(1).add(2)
> 3

• callable()，判断对象是否可被调用

class Stu2():
     def __init__(self,id,name):
         self.id = id
         self.name = name
     def __call__(self):
         print('I can be called')
         print(f'my name is {self.name}')

class stu3():
    def __init__(self, id, name):
        self.id = id
        self.name = name

a = Stu2(100, "大宝")
b = stu3(200, "大毛")
print(a())
> I can be called
> my name is 大宝
print(b())
> TypeError: 'stu3' object is not callable