哲学家就餐问题之java解决

前言

哲学家就餐问题是在计算机科学中的一个经典问题，用来演示在并行计算中多线程同步(Synchronization)时产生的问题。
有五个哲学家，他们共用一张圆桌，分别坐在五张椅子上。在圆桌上有五个碗和五支筷子，平时一个哲学家进行思考，饥饿时便试图取用其左、右最靠近他的筷子，只有在他拿到两支筷子时才能进餐。进餐完毕，放下筷子又继续思考。

代码描述：

public class PhilosopherThread extends Thread {

    private Chopsticks left;

    private Chopsticks right;

    private int index;

    public PhilosopherThread(Chopsticks left, Chopsticks right, int index) {
        this.left = left;
        this.index = index;
        this.right = right;
    }

    @Override
    public void run() {
        synchronized (left) {
            try {
                Thread.sleep(3000L);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println(index + "等待获取筷子RIGHT进行吃饭");
            synchronized (right) {
                System.out.println(index + "获取筷子RIGHT进行吃饭");
            }
        }



    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Chopsticks chopsticks1 = new Chopsticks();
        Chopsticks chopsticks2 = new Chopsticks();
        Chopsticks chopsticks3 = new Chopsticks();
        Chopsticks chopsticks4 = new Chopsticks();
        Chopsticks chopsticks5 = new Chopsticks();

        PhilosopherThread philosopherThread1 = new PhilosopherThread(chopsticks1, chopsticks2, 1);
        PhilosopherThread philosopherThread2 = new PhilosopherThread(chopsticks2, chopsticks3, 2);
        PhilosopherThread philosopherThread3 = new PhilosopherThread(chopsticks3, chopsticks4, 3);
        PhilosopherThread philosopherThread4 = new PhilosopherThread(chopsticks4, chopsticks5, 4);
        PhilosopherThread philosopherThread5 = new PhilosopherThread(chopsticks5, chopsticks1, 5);
        philosopherThread1.start();
        philosopherThread2.start();
        philosopherThread3.start();
        philosopherThread4.start();
        philosopherThread5.start();
    }
}

通过运行代码，我们发现每一个哲学家都持有左边的筷子取去取右边的筷子，到第五个人的时候，他需要获取的右边筷子是第一个哲学家左手的筷子，最终形成死锁。

如何解决这个问题呢

1. 线程粗化，一个哲学家同时拥有左右筷子时才允许进餐。
2. 奇偶互反，奇数哲学家先取右边，偶数先取左边。
3. 最少保证，最多只有4名哲学家同时去获取左边筷子，最后一名先获取右边筷子,也就是说最少保证有一个哲学家和其他哲学家的取筷顺序是相反的。

1.线程粗化

看代码，我们得知每一个哲学家都是先持有左边的筷子，然后再去获取右边的筷子，如果我们让哲学家同时持有左右筷子的时候在进餐，是不是就能保证不会出现死锁的情况呢。

在java中，没办法同时获取两个对象的锁，必须先获取左边或者右边筷子，才能获取另外一只筷子的锁，这时候我们抽象一下，把左右筷子当成一整个变量，谁获取到了这个变量的锁，就当谁同时持有了左右两只筷子。

也就是说通过一个全局变量，使用互斥锁的方式，谁先获得了，谁就允许进餐。

这种方式可不可行呢，我们看看代码

   public class PhilosopherThread extends Thread {
    
        private Chopsticks left;
    
        private Chopsticks right;
    
        private int index;
    
        private String mutex;
    
        public PhilosopherThread(Chopsticks left, Chopsticks right, int index, String mutex) {
            this.left = left;
            this.index = index;
            this.right = right;
            this.mutex = mutex;
        }
    
        @Override
        public void run() {
            try {
                Thread.sleep(3000L);
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            synchronized (mutex) {
                System.out.println(index + " :获取筷进行吃饭:" + left + ":" + right);
    
            }
    
        }
    
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            Chopsticks chopsticks1 = new Chopsticks();
            Chopsticks chopsticks2 = new Chopsticks();
            Chopsticks chopsticks3 = new Chopsticks();
            Chopsticks chopsticks4 = new Chopsticks();
            Chopsticks chopsticks5 = new Chopsticks();
    
            String mutex="lock";
            PhilosopherThread philosopherThread1 = new PhilosopherThread(chopsticks1, chopsticks2, 1,mutex);
            PhilosopherThread philosopherThread2 = new PhilosopherThread(chopsticks2, chopsticks3, 2,mutex);
            PhilosopherThread philosopherThread3 = new PhilosopherThread(chopsticks3, chopsticks4, 3,mutex);
            PhilosopherThread philosopherThread4 = new PhilosopherThread(chopsticks4, chopsticks5, 4,mutex);
            PhilosopherThread philosopherThread5 = new PhilosopherThread(chopsticks5, chopsticks1, 5,mutex);
            philosopherThread1.start();
            philosopherThread2.start();
            philosopherThread3.start();
            philosopherThread4.start();
            philosopherThread5.start();
    
        }
    }

2.奇偶互反

奇偶互反实际上就是针对哲学家编号，奇偶数获取相反的顺序，

比如哲学家编号从1到5，奇数的先取左边筷子，偶数的取右边筷子。那么1号哲学家取左边，2号哲学家取右边，3号哲学家取左边，以此类推，通过这样编号得到的结果就是，1号获取到左右筷子，开始进餐，2号获取到右边筷子，等待1号吃完放下在获取左边筷子（1号的右边是2号的左边），3号等待获取左边筷子，4号这时候又能同时拥有左右筷子开始进餐。

  public class PhilosopherThread extends Thread {
    
        private Chopsticks left;
    
        private Chopsticks right;
    
        private int index;
    
    
        public PhilosopherThread(Chopsticks left, Chopsticks right, int index) {
            this.left = left;
            this.index = index;
            this.right = right;
        }
    
        @Override
        public void run() {
    
            if (index % 2 == 0) {
                synchronized (right) {
                    try {
                        Thread.sleep(3000L);
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                    System.out.println(index + "等待获取筷子LEFT进行吃饭");
                    synchronized (right) {
                        System.out.println(index + "获取筷子LEFT进行吃饭");
                    }
                }
            } else {
                synchronized (left) {
                    try {
                        Thread.sleep(3000L);
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                    System.out.println(index + "等待获取筷子RIGHT进行吃饭");
                    synchronized (right) {
                        System.out.println(index + "获取筷子RIGHT进行吃饭");
                    }
                }
            }
    
        }
    
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            Chopsticks chopsticks1 = new Chopsticks();
            Chopsticks chopsticks2 = new Chopsticks();
            Chopsticks chopsticks3 = new Chopsticks();
            Chopsticks chopsticks4 = new Chopsticks();
            Chopsticks chopsticks5 = new Chopsticks();
    
            PhilosopherThread philosopherThread1 = new PhilosopherThread(chopsticks1, chopsticks2, 1);
            PhilosopherThread philosopherThread2 = new PhilosopherThread(chopsticks2, chopsticks3, 2);
            PhilosopherThread philosopherThread3 = new PhilosopherThread(chopsticks3, chopsticks4, 3);
            PhilosopherThread philosopherThread4 = new PhilosopherThread(chopsticks4, chopsticks5, 4);
            PhilosopherThread philosopherThread5 = new PhilosopherThread(chopsticks5, chopsticks1, 5);
            philosopherThread1.start();
            philosopherThread2.start();
            philosopherThread3.start();
            philosopherThread4.start();
            philosopherThread5.start();
    
        }
    }

3.最少保证

最少保证，最多只有4名哲学家同时去获取左边筷子，最后一名先获取右边筷子,也就是说最少保证有一个哲学家和其他哲学家的取筷顺序是相反的。这实际上和奇偶的思路是一致的，每次保证有一个人哲学家获取筷子的顺序和其他哲学家相反，这样死锁的条件就不成立。

   public class PhilosopherThread extends Thread {
    
        private Chopsticks left;
    
        private Chopsticks right;
    
        private int index;
    
    
        public PhilosopherThread(Chopsticks left, Chopsticks right, int index) {
            this.left = left;
            this.index = index;
            this.right = right;
        }
    
        @Override
        public void run() {
    
            if (index==5) {
                synchronized (right) {
                    try {
                        Thread.sleep(3000L);
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                    System.out.println(index + "等待获取筷子LEFT进行吃饭");
                    synchronized (right) {
                        System.out.println(index + "获取筷子LEFT进行吃饭");
                    }
                }
            } else {
                synchronized (left) {
                    try {
                        Thread.sleep(3000L);
                    } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                        e.printStackTrace();
                    }
                    System.out.println(index + "等待获取筷子RIGHT进行吃饭");
                    synchronized (right) {
                        System.out.println(index + "获取筷子RIGHT进行吃饭");
                    }
                }
            }
    
        }
    
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            Chopsticks chopsticks1 = new Chopsticks();
            Chopsticks chopsticks2 = new Chopsticks();
            Chopsticks chopsticks3 = new Chopsticks();
            Chopsticks chopsticks4 = new Chopsticks();
            Chopsticks chopsticks5 = new Chopsticks();
    
            PhilosopherThread philosopherThread1 = new PhilosopherThread(chopsticks1, chopsticks2, 1);
            PhilosopherThread philosopherThread2 = new PhilosopherThread(chopsticks2, chopsticks3, 2);
            PhilosopherThread philosopherThread3 = new PhilosopherThread(chopsticks3, chopsticks4, 3);
            PhilosopherThread philosopherThread4 = new PhilosopherThread(chopsticks4, chopsticks5, 4);
            PhilosopherThread philosopherThread5 = new PhilosopherThread(chopsticks5, chopsticks1, 5);
            philosopherThread1.start();
            philosopherThread2.start();
            philosopherThread3.start();
            philosopherThread4.start();
            philosopherThread5.start();
    
        }