在 Ubuntu Linux 系统中安装软件时如何指定版本号

Ubuntu 系统官方的软件仓库一般会为某个软件提供几种版本供用户选择安装，如果不指定版本号，系统会默认选择最新的稳定版进行安装。但工作中经常会因为兼容性的问题，需要我们安装某个软件的具体版本，这个时候该如何操作呢？
首先，我们可以查看系统中某个软件都提供了哪些版本可供安装，这可以利用 apt-cache madison 命令来实现，废话不多说，直接看 bash 命令行代码

$ apt-cache madison r-base
    r-base | 4.0.2-1.1804.0 | https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran40/ Packages
    r-base | 4.0.1-1.1804.0 | https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran40/ Packages
    r-base | 4.0.0-1.1804.0 | https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran40/ Packages
    r-base | 3.6.3-1bionic | https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran35/ Packages
    r-base | 3.6.2-1bionic | https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran35/ Packages
    r-base | 3.6.1-3bionic | https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran35/ Packages
    r-base | 3.6.1-1bionic | https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran35/ Packages
    r-base | 3.6.0-2bionic | https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran35/ Packages
    r-base | 3.6.0-1bionic | https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran35/ Packages
    r-base | 3.5.3-1bionic | https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran35/ Packages
    r-base | 3.5.2-1bionic | https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran35/ Packages
    r-base | 3.5.1-2bionic | https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran35/ Packages
    r-base | 3.5.1-1bionic | https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran35/ Packages
    r-base | 3.5.0-1bionic | https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran35/ Packages
    r-base | 3.4.4-1ubuntu1 | http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/universe amd64 Packages
    r-base | 3.4.4-1ubuntu1 | http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/universe i386 Packages

也可以使用 apt-cache policy 命令，如

$ apt-cache policy r-base
r-base:
  Installed: (none)
  Candidate: 4.0.2-1.1804.0
  Version table:
     4.0.2-1.1804.0 500
        500 https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran40/ Packages
     4.0.1-1.1804.0 500
        500 https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran40/ Packages
     4.0.0-1.1804.0 500
        500 https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran40/ Packages
     3.6.3-1bionic 500
        500 https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran35/ Packages
     3.6.2-1bionic 500
        500 https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran35/ Packages
     3.6.1-3bionic 500
        500 https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran35/ Packages
     3.6.1-1bionic 500
        500 https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran35/ Packages
     3.6.0-2bionic 500
        500 https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran35/ Packages
     3.6.0-1bionic 500
        500 https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran35/ Packages
     3.5.3-1bionic 500
        500 https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran35/ Packages
     3.5.2-1bionic 500
        500 https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran35/ Packages
     3.5.1-2bionic 500
        500 https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran35/ Packages
     3.5.1-1bionic 500
        500 https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran35/ Packages
     3.5.0-1bionic 500
        500 https://cloud.r-project.org/bin/linux/ubuntu bionic-cran35/ Packages
     3.4.4-1ubuntu1 500
        500 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/universe amd64 Packages
        500 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/universe i386 Packages

如果查到我们想安装的具体版本号在列表中，那就可以使用 apt-get install package=version 进行安装，如

apt-get install r-base=3.6.3-1bionic