在PostgreSQL里,提供了一种方法写一个大的查询中使用的辅助报表与查询。它有助于打破复杂和大型查询简单易读的形式。这些声明,这是通常被称为通用表表达式或CTE值,可以被看作是定义临时表的存在只是一个查询。 yiibai.com
WITH查询由CTE查询时特别有用的子查询执行多次。它是代替临时表中同样有帮助。它计算聚合一次,让我们来引用它由它的名字(可能是多次)查询。
WITH子句必须定义,在能在查询中使用。 www.yiibai.com
语法:
在with查询的基本语法如下:
<span style="color:#000000">WITH
name_for_summary_data AS <span style="color:#666600">(</span>
SELECT <span style="color:#7f0055">Statement</span><span style="color:#666600">)</span>
SELECT columns
FROM name_for_summary_data
WHERE conditions <span style="color:#666600"><=></span> <span style="color:#666600">(</span>
SELECT column
FROM name_for_summary_data<span style="color:#666600">)</span>
<span style="color:#666600">[</span>ORDER BY columns<span style="color:#666600">]</span> </span>
其中name_for_summary_data是指定的名称WITH子句。name_for_summary_data现有的表名可以是相同的将被优先考虑。
可以使用数据修改语句(INSERT,UPDATE或DELETE)与WITH一起。这可以在同一查询中执行不同的操作。
递归WITH
递归或谱系查询,是一种热膨胀系数(CTE)的CTE可以引用本身,即一个具有查询,可以参考自己的输出。因此名称递归。
实例
考虑表COMPANY 有如下记录:
<span style="color:#000000">testdb# select * from COMPANY;
id | name | age | address | salary
----+-------+-----+-----------+--------
1 | Paul | 32 | California| 20000
2 | Allen | 25 | Texas | 15000
3 | Teddy | 23 | Norway | 20000
4 | Mark | 25 | Rich-Mond | 65000
5 | David | 27 | Texas | 85000
6 | Kim | 22 | South-Hall| 45000
7 | James | 24 | Houston | 10000
(7 rows)
</span>
现在,让我们写一个查询使用WITH子句来选择从上面的表中,记录如下:
<span style="color:#000000"><span style="color:#7f0055">With</span> CTE AS
<span style="color:#666600">(</span><span style="color:#7f0055">Select</span>
ID
<span style="color:#666600">,</span> NAME
<span style="color:#666600">,</span> AGE
<span style="color:#666600">,</span> ADDRESS
<span style="color:#666600">,</span> SALARY
FROM COMPANY <span style="color:#666600">)</span>
<span style="color:#7f0055">Select</span> <span style="color:#666600">*</span> <span style="color:#7f0055">From</span> CTE<span style="color:#666600">;</span> <span style="color:#FFFFFF">www.yiibai.com</span> </span>
以上PostgreSQL的表会产生以下结果: www.yiibai.com
<span style="color:#000000">id | name | age | address | salary
----+-------+-----+-----------+--------
1 | Paul | 32 | California| 20000
2 | Allen | 25 | Texas | 15000
3 | Teddy | 23 | Norway | 20000
4 | Mark | 25 | Rich-Mond | 65000
5 | David | 27 | Texas | 85000
6 | Kim | 22 | South-Hall| 45000
7 | James | 24 | Houston | 10000
(7 rows)
</span>
现在,让我们写一个查询使用递归关键字WITH子句,找到小于20000的薪金总和,如下:
<span style="color:#000000">WITH RECURSIVE t<span style="color:#666600">(</span>n<span style="color:#666600">)</span> AS <span style="color:#666600">(</span>
VALUES <span style="color:#666600">(</span><span style="color:#006666">0</span><span style="color:#666600">)</span>
UNION ALL
SELECT SALARY FROM COMPANY WHERE SALARY <span style="color:#666600"><</span> <span style="color:#006666">20000</span>
<span style="color:#666600">)</span>
SELECT sum<span style="color:#666600">(</span>n<span style="color:#666600">)</span> FROM t<span style="color:#666600">;</span> <span style="color:#FFFFFF">yiibai.com</span> </span>
以上PostgreSQL表会产生以下结果:
<span style="color:#000000"> sum
-------
25000
(1 row)
</span>
让我们使用数据修改语句,以及WITH子句编写一个查询,如下所示。首先创建一个类似于表公司表COMPANY1。查询在这个例子中,有效地移动行,从COMPANY到COMPANY1。删除删除指定的公司行RETURNING子句返回它们的内容;然后主查询读取输出,并将其插入到COMPANY1 表:
<span style="color:#000000">CREATE TABLE COMPANY1<span style="color:#666600">(</span>
ID INT PRIMARY KEY NOT NULL<span style="color:#666600">,</span>
NAME TEXT NOT NULL<span style="color:#666600">,</span>
AGE INT NOT NULL<span style="color:#666600">,</span>
ADDRESS CHAR<span style="color:#666600">(</span><span style="color:#006666">50</span><span style="color:#666600">),</span>
SALARY REAL
<span style="color:#666600">);</span>
WITH moved_rows AS <span style="color:#666600">(</span>
DELETE FROM COMPANY
WHERE
SALARY <span style="color:#666600">>=</span> <span style="color:#006666">30000</span>
RETURNING <span style="color:#666600">*</span>
<span style="color:#666600">)</span>
INSERT INTO COMPANY1 <span style="color:#666600">(</span>SELECT <span style="color:#666600">*</span> FROM moved_rows<span style="color:#666600">);</span> <span style="color:#FFFFFF">www.yiibai.com</span> </span>
以上PostgreSQL的表会产生以下结果:
<span style="color:#000000">INSERT 0 3
</span>
现在的记录表COMPANY与COMPANY1 如下:
<span style="color:#000000">testdb=# SELECT * FROM COMPANY;
id | name | age | address | salary
----+-------+-----+------------+--------
1 | Paul | 32 | California | 20000
2 | Allen | 25 | Texas | 15000
3 | Teddy | 23 | Norway | 20000
7 | James | 24 | Houston | 10000
(4 rows)
testdb=# SELECT * FROM COMPANY1;
id | name | age | address | salary
----+-------+-----+-------------+--------
4 | Mark | 25 | Rich-Mond | 65000
5 | David | 27 | Texas | 85000
6 | Kim | 22 | South-Hall | 45000
(3 rows) </span>