2.2、睡眠与唤醒
在操作系统中,睡眠和唤醒原语实际上是操作系统的基本原语,也是实现同步的一种方式,而且它还是实现信号量的基础。当进程请求的资源(如内存、文件等)不能得到满足时,就会主动放弃CPU,进入等待状态(可中断等待或者不可中断等待)。当资源满足时,就会由别的进程唤醒,从而投入运行。
2.2.1、等待队列
等待队列表示一组睡眠的进程,这些进程正在等待特定的事件发生(或者说条件为真),比如,等待足够的内存。等待队列是一个双链表,每个队列都有一个队列头,其定义如下:
- //include/linux/wait.h
- //等待队列头
- struct __wait_queue_head {
- // 自旋锁
- spinlock_t lock;
- struct list_head task_list;
- };
- typedef struct __wait_queue_head wait_queue_head_t;
等待队列链表中的元素类型为:
- typedef struct __wait_queue wait_queue_t;
- //唤醒函数指针
- typedef int (*wait_queue_func_t)(wait_queue_t *wait, unsigned mode, int sync, void *key);
- //默认的唤醒函数
- int default_wake_function(wait_queue_t *wait, unsigned mode, int sync, void *key);
- struct __wait_queue {
- /*取值为WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE(=1)表示互斥进程,由内核有选择的唤醒.为0时表示非互斥进程,由内核在
- **事件发生时唤醒所有等待进程.
- **/
- unsigned int flags;
- #define WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE 0x01
- //等待的任务描述符
- struct task_struct * task;
- //唤醒函数,默认为default_wake_function
- wait_queue_func_t func;
- struct list_head task_list;
- };
其典型的结构如下:
等待队列头的初始化:
DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(name);
其定义如下:
- //incude/linux/wait.h
- #define __WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD_INITIALIZER(name) { \
- .lock = SPIN_LOCK_UNLOCKED, \
- .task_list = { &(name).task_list, &(name).task_list } }
- //初始化等待队列头
- #define DECLARE_WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD(name) \
- wait_queue_head_t name = __WAIT_QUEUE_HEAD_INITIALIZER(name)
或者如下:
wait_queue_head_t my_queue;
init_waitqueue_head(&my_queue);
等待队列元素初始化:
// wait_queue_t初始化
static inline void init_waitqueue_entry(wait_queue_t * q, struct task_struct * p)
{
q -> flags = 0 ;
q -> task = p;
q -> func = default_wake_function;
}
2.2.2、等待事件(Waiting on the Event)
内核提供的等待接口包括wait_event(), wait_event_ interruptible(), 和wait_event_interruptible_timeout()。此外sleep_on(), sleep_on_timeout(), 和interruptible_sleep_on()在2.6中仍然支持,但已经过时。这些接口的基本实现如下:
具体代码如下:
- //linux/wait.h
- #define wait_event(wq, condition) \
- do { \
- if (condition) //条件发生 \
- break; \
- __wait_event(wq, condition); \
- } while (0)
- #define __wait_event(wq, condition) \
- do { \
- DEFINE_WAIT(__wait); \
- \
- for (;;) { \
- prepare_to_wait(&wq, &__wait, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE); \
- if (condition) \
- break; \
- schedule();//调度 \
- } \
- finish_wait(&wq, &__wait); \
- } while (0)
- //kernel/wait.c
- void fastcall
- prepare_to_wait(wait_queue_head_t *q, wait_queue_t *wait, int state)
- {
- unsigned long flags;
- //非互斥进程
- wait->flags &= ~WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE;
- //关中断,并请求自旋锁
- spin_lock_irqsave(&q->lock, flags);
- if (list_empty(&wait->task_list))
- __add_wait_queue(q, wait); //将等待任务加入等待队列
- /*
- * don't alter the task state if this is just going to
- * queue an async wait queue callback
- */
- if (is_sync_wait(wait))
- set_current_state(state); //设置任务当前的状态
- //释放自旋锁,并恢复处理器状态
- spin_unlock_irqrestore(&q->lock, flags);
- }
- //等待完成之后,应该设置任务的状态为运行状态,并从等待队列中删除
- void fastcall finish_wait(wait_queue_head_t *q, wait_queue_t *wait)
- {
- unsigned long flags;
- __set_current_state(TASK_RUNNING); //设置为运行状态
- if (!list_empty_careful(&wait->task_list)) {
- spin_lock_irqsave(&q->lock, flags);
- list_del_init(&wait->task_list); //从等待队列中删除
- spin_unlock_irqrestore(&q->lock, flags);
- }
- }
2.2.3、唤醒(Waking Up)
接口如下:
- //include/inux/wait.h
- #define wake_up(x) __wake_up(x, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE | TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE, 1, NULL)
- #define wake_up_nr(x, nr) __wake_up(x, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE | TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE, nr, NULL)
- #define wake_up_all(x) __wake_up(x, TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE | TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE, 0, NULL)
- #define wake_up_interruptible(x) __wake_up(x, TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE, 1, NULL)
- #define wake_up_interruptible_nr(x, nr) __wake_up(x, TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE, nr, NULL)
- #define wake_up_interruptible_all(x) __wake_up(x, TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE, 0, NULL)
- #define wake_up_locked(x) __wake_up_locked((x), TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE | TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE)
- #define wake_up_interruptible_sync(x) __wake_up_sync((x),TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE, 1)
具体实现:
- //kernel/sched.c
- void fastcall __wake_up(wait_queue_head_t *q, unsigned int mode,
- int nr_exclusive, void *key)
- {
- unsigned long flags;
- //请求自旋锁,并关中断
- spin_lock_irqsave(&q->lock, flags);
- __wake_up_common(q, mode, nr_exclusive, 0, key);
- spin_unlock_irqrestore(&q->lock, flags);
- }
- static void __wake_up_common(wait_queue_head_t *q, unsigned int mode,
- int nr_exclusive, int sync, void *key)
- {
- struct list_head *tmp, *next;
- list_for_each_safe(tmp, next, &q->task_list) {
- wait_queue_t *curr;
- unsigned flags;
- curr = list_entry(tmp, wait_queue_t, task_list);
- flags = curr->flags;
- //调用相应的唤醒函数, 唤醒第1个有WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE标志的进程后停止
- if (curr->func(curr, mode, sync, key) &&
- (flags & WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE) &&
- !--nr_exclusive)
- break;
- }
- }
- //默认的唤醒函数
- int default_wake_function(wait_queue_t *curr, unsigned mode, int sync, void *key)
- {
- task_t *p = curr->task;
- return try_to_wake_up(p, mode, sync);
- }
try_to_wake_up是唤醒原语中核心部分,其具体代码如下:
- /*p被唤醒的进程描述符.
- **state被唤醒的进程的状态掩码
- **sync禁止被唤醒的进程抢占本地CPU正在运行的进程
- */
- static int try_to_wake_up(task_t * p, unsigned int state, int sync)
- {
- int cpu, this_cpu, success = 0;
- unsigned long flags;
- long old_state;
- runqueue_t *rq;
- #ifdef CONFIG_SMP
- unsigned long load, this_load;
- struct sched_domain *sd;
- int new_cpu;
- #endif
- //关闭中断,并获取最后执行该进程的CPU(可能不同于本地CPU)的运行队列的锁
- rq = task_rq_lock(p, &flags);
- schedstat_inc(rq, ttwu_cnt);
- old_state = p->state;
- if (!(old_state & state))
- goto out;
- if (p->array)
- goto out_running;
- //最后执行该任务的CPU
- cpu = task_cpu(p);
- //本地CPU
- this_cpu = smp_processor_id();
- /*对于多CPU系统,检查要被唤醒的进程是否应该从最近执行该进程的CPU的运行队列,
- **转移到另外一个CPU的运行队列.
- */
- #ifdef CONFIG_SMP
- if (unlikely(task_running(rq, p)))
- goto out_activate;
- new_cpu = cpu;
- if (cpu == this_cpu || unlikely(!cpu_isset(this_cpu, p->cpus_allowed)))
- goto out_set_cpu;
- load = source_load(cpu);
- this_load = target_load(this_cpu);
- /*
- * If sync wakeup then subtract the (maximum possible) effect of
- * the currently running task from the load of the current CPU:
- */
- if (sync)
- this_load -= SCHED_LOAD_SCALE;
- /* Don't pull the task off an idle CPU to a busy one */
- if (load < SCHED_LOAD_SCALE/2 && this_load > SCHED_LOAD_SCALE/2)
- goto out_set_cpu;
- new_cpu = this_cpu; /* Wake to this CPU if we can */
- /*
- * Scan domains for affine wakeup and passive balancing
- * possibilities.
- */
- for_each_domain(this_cpu, sd) {
- unsigned int imbalance;
- /*
- * Start passive balancing when half the imbalance_pct
- * limit is reached.
- */
- imbalance = sd->imbalance_pct + (sd->imbalance_pct - 100) / 2;
- if ((sd->flags & SD_WAKE_AFFINE) &&
- !task_hot(p, rq->timestamp_last_tick, sd)) {
- /*
- * This domain has SD_WAKE_AFFINE and p is cache cold
- * in this domain.
- */
- if (cpu_isset(cpu, sd->span)) {
- schedstat_inc(sd, ttwu_wake_affine);
- goto out_set_cpu;
- }
- } else if ((sd->flags & SD_WAKE_BALANCE) &&
- imbalance*this_load <= 100*load) {
- /*
- * This domain has SD_WAKE_BALANCE and there is
- * an imbalance.
- */
- if (cpu_isset(cpu, sd->span)) {
- schedstat_inc(sd, ttwu_wake_balance);
- goto out_set_cpu;
- }
- }
- }
- new_cpu = cpu; /* Could not wake to this_cpu. Wake to cpu instead */
- out_set_cpu:
- schedstat_inc(rq, ttwu_attempts);
- new_cpu = wake_idle(new_cpu, p);
- if (new_cpu != cpu && cpu_isset(new_cpu, p->cpus_allowed)) {
- schedstat_inc(rq, ttwu_moved);
- set_task_cpu(p, new_cpu);
- task_rq_unlock(rq, &flags);
- /* might preempt at this point */
- rq = task_rq_lock(p, &flags);
- old_state = p->state;
- if (!(old_state & state))
- goto out;
- if (p->array)
- goto out_running;
- this_cpu = smp_processor_id();
- cpu = task_cpu(p);
- }
- out_activate:
- #endif /* CONFIG_SMP */
- if (old_state == TASK_UNINTERRUPTIBLE) {
- rq->nr_uninterruptible--;
- /*
- * Tasks on involuntary sleep don't earn
- * sleep_avg beyond just interactive state.
- */
- p->activated = -1;
- }
- /*
- * Sync wakeups (i.e. those types of wakeups where the waker
- * has indicated that it will leave the CPU in short order)
- * don't trigger a preemption, if the woken up task will run on
- * this cpu. (in this case the 'I will reschedule' promise of
- * the waker guarantees that the freshly woken up task is going
- * to be considered on this CPU.)
- */
- //将进程p加入目标CPU的可运行队列
- activate_task(p, rq, cpu == this_cpu);
- /*如果没有设置sync标志(表示允许抢占),且目标CPU不是本地CPU,则检查p是否比rq运行队列中当前进程的动态优先级高.
- **即(p)->prio < (rq)->curr->prio,如果是,则调用resched_task()抢占rq->curr。
- */
- if (!sync || cpu != this_cpu) {
- if (TASK_PREEMPTS_CURR(p, rq))
- /*在单CPU中,仅仅设置TIF_NEED_RESCHED标志.多CPU系统中,则检查相应标志,并使目标CPU重新调度
- */
- resched_task(rq->curr);
- }
- success = 1;
- out_running:
- //设置进程的状态
- p->state = TASK_RUNNING;
- out:
- //释放rq的锁,并打开本地中断
- task_rq_unlock(rq, &flags);
- return success;
- }
- #ifdef CONFIG_SMP
- //多CPU系统
- static void resched_task(task_t *p)
- {
- int need_resched, nrpolling;
- BUG_ON(!spin_is_locked(&task_rq(p)->lock));
- /* minimise the chance of sending an interrupt to poll_idle() */
- nrpolling = test_tsk_thread_flag(p,TIF_POLLING_NRFLAG);
- need_resched = test_and_set_tsk_thread_flag(p,TIF_NEED_RESCHED);
- nrpolling |= test_tsk_thread_flag(p,TIF_POLLING_NRFLAG);
- if (!need_resched && !nrpolling && (task_cpu(p) != smp_processor_id()))
- //产生IPI,强制目标CPU重新调度
- smp_send_reschedule(task_cpu(p));
- }
- #else
- //单CPU系统
- static inline void resched_task(task_t *p)
- {
- set_tsk_need_resched(p);
- }
- #endif
2.2.4、互斥等待
当调用wake_up唤醒等待队列时,等待队列上的所有进程都转置为可运行。在一些情况下,这种做法是正确的,比如等待某个特定的事件。但是在另外一些情况,可以提前知道只有一个被唤醒的进程能够成功的获取资源,比如等待临界区资源,其它的进程将再次睡眠。如果等待队列中的进程数量太大,将会严重影响系统性能,这就是所谓的thundering herd行为。为此,内核引入互斥等待,它与非互斥等待的区别如下:
(1) 当一个等待队列入口有 WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSEVE 标志置位, 它被添加到等待队列的尾部. 没有这个标志的入口项, 相反, 添加到开始。
(2) 当 wake_up 被在一个等待队列上调用, 它在唤醒第一个有 WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE 标志的进程后停止。
这样,进行互斥等待的进程一次只唤醒一个。使一个进程进入互斥等待是调用prepare_to_wait_exclusive完成的。
- //kernel/wait.c
- void fastcall
- prepare_to_wait_exclusive(wait_queue_head_t *q, wait_queue_t *wait, int state)
- {
- unsigned long flags;
- //互斥标志
- wait->flags |= WQ_FLAG_EXCLUSIVE;
- spin_lock_irqsave(&q->lock, flags);
- if (list_empty(&wait->task_list))
- __add_wait_queue_tail(q, wait);
- /*
- * don't alter the task state if this is just going to
- * queue an async wait queue callback
- */
- if (is_sync_wait(wait))
- set_current_state(state);
- spin_unlock_irqrestore(&q->lock, flags);
- }