shuffling

  Shuffling is a procedure used to randomize a deck of playing cards to provide an element of chance in card games.
  Shuffling的目标是要Shuffling后所有可能情况的概率一样。
  
Before:

After:

这里介绍两种简单的shuffling算法:
1)Sort shuffle :
・Generate a random real number for each array entry.
・Sort the array.

2)Knuth shuffle:
・In iteration i, pick integer r between 0 and i uniformly at random.
・Swap a[i] and a[r].

public class Knuth
{
   public static void shuffle(Object[] a)
   {
     int N = a.length;
     for (int i = 0; i < N; i++)
     {
       int r = StdRandom.uniform(i + 1);
       exch(a, i, r);
     }
   }
}

如果,这里不是在[0,i]间产生r,而是在[0,N-1]产生r,将会产生Broken Knuth shuffle,其每种情况将不是等概率的。

A shuffling machine in C++ can be implemented using an array to represent the deck of cards and using the random number generator to shuffle the cards. Here is a sample code for a shuffling machine: ``` #include <iostream> #include <cstdlib> #include <ctime> using namespace std; const int NUM_CARDS = 52; class ShufflingMachine { private: int deck[NUM_CARDS]; int position; public: ShufflingMachine() { for (int i = 0; i < NUM_CARDS; i++) { deck[i] = i; } position = 0; } void shuffle() { srand(time(NULL)); for (int i = 0; i < NUM_CARDS; i++) { int j = rand() % NUM_CARDS; swap(deck[i], deck[j]); } position = 0; } int dealCard() { if (position >= NUM_CARDS) { shuffle(); } return deck[position++]; } }; int main() { ShufflingMachine shuffler; shuffler.shuffle(); for (int i = 0; i < NUM_CARDS; i++) { cout << shuffler.dealCard() << " "; } cout << endl; return 0; } ``` In this code, the `ShufflingMachine` class represents the shuffling machine. The `deck` array stores the deck of cards, and the `position` variable keeps track of the current position in the deck. The `shuffle` method shuffles the deck by randomly swapping cards. It uses the `srand` function to seed the random number generator with the current time, and the `rand` function to generate random indices for swapping cards. The `dealCard` method deals the next card from the deck. If the deck has been exhausted, it calls the `shuffle` method to shuffle the cards again. In the `main` function, we create a `ShufflingMachine` object and shuffle the cards. Then we deal all the cards and print them out.
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