本篇以JDK1.7版本来说明:
首先说明:Arrays.sort()方法是根据传出参数的长度的大小来判断用哪种排序方法。
上一波源码:
public static void sort(int[] a) {
DualPivotQuicksort.sort(a, 0, a.length - 1, null, 0, 0);
}
final class DualPivotQuicksort {
/**
* Prevents instantiation.
*/
private DualPivotQuicksort() {}
/*
* Tuning parameters.
*/
/**
* The maximum number of runs in merge sort.
*/
private static final int MAX_RUN_COUNT = 67;
/**
* The maximum length of run in merge sort.
*/
private static final int MAX_RUN_LENGTH = 33;
/**
* If the length of an array to be sorted is less than this
* constant, Quicksort is used in preference to merge sort.
*/
private static final int QUICKSORT_THRESHOLD = 286;
/**
* If the length of an array to be sorted is less than this
* constant, insertion sort is used in preference to Quicksort.
*/
private static final int INSERTION_SORT_THRESHOLD = 47;
/**
* If the length of a byte array to be sorted is greater than this
* constant, counting sort is used in preference to insertion sort.
*/
private static final int COUNTING_SORT_THRESHOLD_FOR_BYTE = 29;
/**
* If the length of a short or char array to be sorted is greater
* than this constant, counting sort is used in preference to Quicksort.
*/
private static final int COUNTING_SORT_THRESHOLD_FOR_SHORT_OR_CHAR = 3200;
/*
* Sorting methods for seven primitive types.
*/
/**
* Sorts the specified range of the array using the given
* workspace array slice if possible for merging
*
* @param a the array to be sorted
* @param left the index of the first element, inclusive, to be sorted
* @param right the index of the last element, inclusive, to be sorted
* @param work a workspace array (slice)
* @param workBase origin of usable space in work array
* @param workLen usable size of work array
*/
static void sort(int[] a, int left, int right,
int[] work, int workBase, int workLen) {
// Use Quicksort on small arrays
if (right - left < QUICKSORT_THRESHOLD) {
sort(a, left, right, true);
return;
}
/*
* Index run[i] is the start of i-th run
* (ascending or descending sequence).
*/
int[] run = new int[MAX_RUN_COUNT + 1];
int count = 0; run[0] = left;
// Check if the array is nearly sorted
for (int k = left; k < right; run[count] = k) {
if (a[k] < a[k + 1]) { // ascending
while (++k <= right && a[k - 1] <= a[k]);
} else if (a[k] > a[k + 1]) { // descending
while (++k <= right && a[k - 1] >= a[k]);
for (int lo = run[count] - 1, hi = k; ++lo < --hi; ) {
int t = a[lo]; a[lo] = a[hi]; a[hi] = t;
}
} else { // equal
for (int m = MAX_RUN_LENGTH; ++k <= right && a[k - 1] == a[k]; ) {
if (--m == 0) {
sort(a, left, right, true);
return;
}
}
}
/*
* The array is not highly structured,
* use Quicksort instead of merge sort.
*/
if (++count == MAX_RUN_COUNT) {
sort(a, left, right, true);
return;
}
}
// Check special cases
// Implementation note: variable "right" is increased by 1.
if (run[count] == right++) { // The last run contains one element
run[++count] = right;
} else if (count == 1) { // The array is already sorted
return;
}
// Determine alternation base for merge
byte odd = 0;
for (int n = 1; (n <<= 1) < count; odd ^= 1);
// Use or create temporary array b for merging
int[] b; // temp array; alternates with a
int ao, bo; // array offsets from 'left'
int blen = right - left; // space needed for b
if (work == null || workLen < blen || workBase + blen > work.length) {
work = new int[blen];
workBase = 0;
}
if (odd == 0) {
System.arraycopy(a, left, work, workBase, blen);
b = a;
bo = 0;
a = work;
ao = workBase - left;
} else {
b = work;
ao = 0;
bo = workBase - left;
}
// Merging
for (int last; count > 1; count = last) {
for (int k = (last = 0) + 2; k <= count; k += 2) {
int hi = run[k], mi = run[k - 1];
for (int i = run[k - 2], p = i, q = mi; i < hi; ++i) {
if (q >= hi || p < mi && a[p + ao] <= a[q + ao]) {
b[i + bo] = a[p++ + ao];
} else {
b[i + bo] = a[q++ + ao];
}
}
run[++last] = hi;
}
if ((count & 1) != 0) {
for (int i = right, lo = run[count - 1]; --i >= lo;
b[i + bo] = a[i + ao]
);
run[++last] = right;
}
int[] t = a; a = b; b = t;
int o = ao; ao = bo; bo = o;
}
}
}
其实我们没必要一步步看源码,只要理解以下几个阈值的含义:
/**
* The maximum number of runs in merge sort.
*/
private static final int MAX_RUN_COUNT = 67;
/**
* The maximum length of run in merge sort.
* 归并排序中的最大值,归并排序是稳定的,时间复 杂度为O(nlogn)
*/
private static final int MAX_RUN_LENGTH = 33;
/**
* If the length of an array to be sorted is less than this
* constant, Quicksort is used in preference to merge sort.
* 快速排序中的最大值,快速排序是不稳定的,时间复杂度为O(nlogn),最坏情况下是O(n^2)
*/
private static final int QUICKSORT_THRESHOLD = 286;
/**
* If the length of an array to be sorted is less than this
* constant, insertion sort is used in preference to Quicksort.
*/
private static final int INSERTION_SORT_THRESHOLD = 47;
/**
* If the length of a byte array to be sorted is greater than this
* constant, counting sort is used in preference to insertion sort.
*/
private static final int COUNTING_SORT_THRESHOLD_FOR_BYTE = 29;
/**
* If the length of a short or char array to be sorted is greater
* than this constant, counting sort is used in preference to Quicksort.
*/
private static final int COUNTING_SORT_THRESHOLD_FOR_SHORT_OR_CHAR = 3200;
对于传入的数组长度在不同的阈值内,分别对应这个不同的排序方法,主要是有归并排序、快速排序、插入排序、计数排序。特别注意的是计数排序,主要分为两种情况:
(1)byte array 字节数组长度大于29,则计数排序优先于插排;
(2)short or char array 短整型或者字符数组长度大于3200,则计数排序优先于快速排序。