命令行模式

使用示例： 命令模式在 C++ 代码中很常见。 大部分情况下， 它被用于代替包含行为的参数化 UI 元素的回调函数， 此外还被用于对任务进行排序和记录操作历史记录等。

识别方法： 命令模式可以通过抽象或接口类型 （发送者） 中的行为方法来识别， 该类型调用另一个不同的抽象或接口类型 （接收者） 实现中的方法， 该实现则是在创建时由命令模式的实现封装。 命令类通常仅限于一些特殊行为。

概念示例

本例说明了命令设计模式的结构并重点回答了下面的问题：

• 它由哪些类组成？
• 这些类扮演了哪些角色？
• 模式中的各个元素会以何种方式相互关联？

/**
 * The Command interface declares a method for executing a command.
 */
class Command {
 public:
  virtual ~Command() {
  }
  virtual void Execute() const = 0;
};
/**
 * Some commands can implement simple operations on their own.
 */
class SimpleCommand : public Command {
 private:
  std::string pay_load_;

 public:
  explicit SimpleCommand(std::string pay_load) : pay_load_(pay_load) {
  }
  void Execute() const override {
    std::cout << "SimpleCommand: See, I can do simple things like printing (" << this->pay_load_ << ")\n";
  }
};

/**
 * The Receiver classes contain some important business logic. They know how to
 * perform all kinds of operations, associated with carrying out a request. In
 * fact, any class may serve as a Receiver.
 */
class Receiver {
 public:
  void DoSomething(const std::string &a) {
    std::cout << "Receiver: Working on (" << a << ".)\n";
  }
  void DoSomethingElse(const std::string &b) {
    std::cout << "Receiver: Also working on (" << b << ".)\n";
  }
};

/**
 * However, some commands can delegate more complex operations to other objects,
 * called "receivers."
 */
class ComplexCommand : public Command {
  /**
   * @var Receiver
   */
 private:
  Receiver *receiver_;
  /**
   * Context data, required for launching the receiver's methods.
   */
  std::string a_;
  std::string b_;
  /**
   * Complex commands can accept one or several receiver objects along with any
   * context data via the constructor.
   */
 public:
  ComplexCommand(Receiver *receiver, std::string a, std::string b) : receiver_(receiver), a_(a), b_(b) {
  }
  /**
   * Commands can delegate to any methods of a receiver.
   */
  void Execute() const override {
    std::cout << "ComplexCommand: Complex stuff should be done by a receiver object.\n";
    this->receiver_->DoSomething(this->a_);
    this->receiver_->DoSomethingElse(this->b_);
  }
};

/**
 * The Invoker is associated with one or several commands. It sends a request to
 * the command.
 */
class Invoker {
  /**
   * @var Command
   */
 private:
  Command *on_start_;
  /**
   * @var Command
   */
  Command *on_finish_;
  /**
   * Initialize commands.
   */
 public:
  ~Invoker() {
    delete on_start_;
    delete on_finish_;
  }

  void SetOnStart(Command *command) {
    this->on_start_ = command;
  }
  void SetOnFinish(Command *command) {
    this->on_finish_ = command;
  }
  /**
   * The Invoker does not depend on concrete command or receiver classes. The
   * Invoker passes a request to a receiver indirectly, by executing a command.
   */
  void DoSomethingImportant() {
    std::cout << "Invoker: Does anybody want something done before I begin?\n";
    if (this->on_start_) {
      this->on_start_->Execute();
    }
    std::cout << "Invoker: ...doing something really important...\n";
    std::cout << "Invoker: Does anybody want something done after I finish?\n";
    if (this->on_finish_) {
      this->on_finish_->Execute();
    }
  }
};
/**
 * The client code can parameterize an invoker with any commands.
 */

int main() {
  Invoker *invoker = new Invoker;
  invoker->SetOnStart(new SimpleCommand("Say Hi!"));
  Receiver *receiver = new Receiver;
  invoker->SetOnFinish(new ComplexCommand(receiver, "Send email", "Save report"));
  invoker->DoSomethingImportant();

  delete invoker;
  delete receiver;

  return 0;
}