第3章 目录与文件属性：编写 ls

1. 用到的系统调用

    1> 关于目录

        #include <dirent.h>

        ① dirent 结构体

            struct dirent {
               ino_t          d_ino;                   /* inode number */
               off_t          d_off;                      /* not an offset; see NOTES */
               unsigned short d_reclen;    /* length of this record */
               unsigned char  d_type;        /* type of file; not supported by all filesystem types */
               char           d_name[256];     /* filename */
           };

        ② readdir

            struct dirent *readdir(DIR *dirp);

        ③ opendir

            DIR *opendir(const char *name);

        ④ telldir

            long telldir(DIR *dirp);

        ⑤ seekdir

            void seekdir(DIR *dirp, long loc);

        ⑥ rewinddir

            void rewinddir(DIR *dirp);

        ⑦ closedir

            int closedir(DIR *dirp);

    2> 文件信息

        #include <sys/types.h>
        #include <sys/stat.h>
        #include <unistd.h>

        ① stat 结构体

            struct stat {
               dev_t     st_dev;     /* ID of device containing file */
               ino_t     st_ino;     /* inode number */
               mode_t    st_mode;    /* protection */
               nlink_t   st_nlink;   /* number of hard links */
               uid_t     st_uid;     /* user ID of owner */
               gid_t     st_gid;     /* group ID of owner */
               dev_t     st_rdev;    /* device ID (if special file) */
               off_t     st_size;    /* total size, in bytes */
               blksize_t st_blksize; /* blocksize for filesystem I/O */
               blkcnt_t  st_blocks;  /* number of 512B blocks allocated */
               time_t    st_atime;   /* time of last access */
               time_t    st_mtime;   /* time of last modification */
               time_t    st_ctime;   /* time of last status change */
           };

        ② stat

            int stat(const char *path, struct stat *buf);

2. ls 的编写

/* ls2.c
 *	purpose  list contents of directory or directories
 *	action   if no args, use .  else list files in args
 *	note     uses stat and pwd.h and grp.h 
 *	BUG: try ls2 /tmp  
 */
#include	<stdio.h>
#include	<sys/types.h>
#include	<dirent.h>
#include	<sys/stat.h>

void do_ls(char[]);
void dostat(char *);
void show_file_info( char *, struct stat *);
void mode_to_letters( int , char [] );
char *uid_to_name( uid_t );
char *gid_to_name( gid_t );

main(int ac, char *av[])
{
	if ( ac == 1 )
		do_ls( "." );
	else
		while ( --ac ){
			printf("%s:\n", *++av );
			do_ls( *av );
		}
}

void do_ls( char dirname[] )
/*
 *	list files in directory called dirname
 */
{
	DIR		*dir_ptr;		/* the directory */
	struct dirent	*direntp;		/* each entry	 */

	if ( ( dir_ptr = opendir( dirname ) ) == NULL )
		fprintf(stderr,"ls1: cannot open %s\n", dirname);
	else
	{
		while ( ( direntp = readdir( dir_ptr ) ) != NULL )
			dostat( direntp->d_name );
		closedir(dir_ptr);
	}
}

void dostat( char *filename )
{
	struct stat info;

	if ( stat(filename, &info) == -1 )		/* cannot stat	 */
		perror( filename );			/* say why	 */
	else					/* else show info	 */
		show_file_info( filename, &info );
}

void show_file_info( char *filename, struct stat *info_p )
/*
 * display the info about 'filename'.  The info is stored in struct at *info_p
 */
{
	char	*uid_to_name(), *ctime(), *gid_to_name(), *filemode();
	void	mode_to_letters();
        char    modestr[11];

	mode_to_letters( info_p->st_mode, modestr );

	printf( "%s"    , modestr );
	printf( "%4d "  , (int) info_p->st_nlink);	
	printf( "%-8s " , uid_to_name(info_p->st_uid) );
	printf( "%-8s " , gid_to_name(info_p->st_gid) );
	printf( "%8ld " , (long)info_p->st_size);
	printf( "%.12s ", 4+ctime(&info_p->st_mtime));
	printf( "%s\n"  , filename );

}

/*
 * utility functions
 */

/*
 * This function takes a mode value and a char array
 * and puts into the char array the file type and the 
 * nine letters that correspond to the bits in mode.
 * NOTE: It does not code setuid, setgid, and sticky
 * codes
 */
void mode_to_letters( int mode, char str[] )
{
    strcpy( str, "----------" );           /* default=no perms */

    if ( S_ISDIR(mode) )  str[0] = 'd';    /* directory?       */
    if ( S_ISCHR(mode) )  str[0] = 'c';    /* char devices     */
    if ( S_ISBLK(mode) )  str[0] = 'b';    /* block device     */

    if ( mode & S_IRUSR ) str[1] = 'r';    /* 3 bits for user  */
    if ( mode & S_IWUSR ) str[2] = 'w';
    if ( mode & S_IXUSR ) str[3] = 'x';

    if ( mode & S_IRGRP ) str[4] = 'r';    /* 3 bits for group */
    if ( mode & S_IWGRP ) str[5] = 'w';
    if ( mode & S_IXGRP ) str[6] = 'x';

    if ( mode & S_IROTH ) str[7] = 'r';    /* 3 bits for other */
    if ( mode & S_IWOTH ) str[8] = 'w';
    if ( mode & S_IXOTH ) str[9] = 'x';
}

#include	<pwd.h>

char *uid_to_name( uid_t uid )
/* 
 *	returns pointer to username associated with uid, uses getpw()
 */	
{
	struct	passwd *getpwuid(), *pw_ptr;
	static  char numstr[10];

	if ( ( pw_ptr = getpwuid( uid ) ) == NULL ){
		sprintf(numstr,"%d", uid);
		return numstr;
	}
	else
		return pw_ptr->pw_name ;
}

#include	<grp.h>

char *gid_to_name( gid_t gid )
/*
 *	returns pointer to group number gid. used getgrgid(3)
 */
{
	struct group *getgrgid(), *grp_ptr;
	static  char numstr[10];

	if ( ( grp_ptr = getgrgid(gid) ) == NULL ){
		sprintf(numstr,"%d", gid);
		return numstr;
	}
	else
		return grp_ptr->gr_name;
}