ls -l 命令的输出
每行都包含7个字段:
1.模式(mode) 每一行的第一个字符表示文件类型。“-”代表普通文件,“d”代表目录。接下来的9个字符表示文件访问权限,
分为读、写和执行,又分别针对三种对象:用户、同组用户和其他用户,所以一共需要9位来表示。从前面
的ls -l 的输出可以看到,所有的文件和目录对所有用户都是可读的,只有文件的所有者才可以对文件进行
修改,所有用户都有taill的权限。
2.链接数(links) 该文件被引用的次数。
3.文件所有者(owner) 指出文件所有者的用户名。
4.组(group) 指文件所有者所在的组。有些版本的ls显示组名。
5.大小(size) 文件大小
6.最后修改时间(last-modified)
7.文件名(name)
ls01.c代码
/**
* ls01.c
* purpose list contents of directory or directories
* action if no args, use. else list files in args
* note uses stat and pwd.h and grp.h
* BUG : try ./ls01 /tmp
*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<sys/types.h>
#include<dirent.h>
#include<sys/stat.h>
#include<grp.h>
#include<pwd.h>
void do_ls(char *dirname);
void dostat(char *filename);
void show_file_info(char *filename, struct stat *info_p);
void mode_to_letters(int mode, char *str);
char *uid_to_name(uid_t uid);
char *gid_to_name(gid_t uid);
int main(int ac, char **av)
{
if(ac == 1)
{
do_ls(".");
}
else
{
while(--ac)
{
printf("%s:\n", *++av);
do_ls( *av );
}
}
}
/**
* list files in directory called dirname
*/
void do_ls(char *dirname)
{
DIR *dir_ptr; // the directory
struct dirent *direntp; // each entry
if( (dir_ptr = opendir(dirname)) == NULL )
{
fprintf(stderr, "ls01: cannot %s\n", dirname);
}
else
{
while( (direntp = readdir(dir_ptr)) != NULL )
{
dostat(direntp->d_name);
}
closedir(dir_ptr);
}
}
void dostat(char *filename)
{
struct stat info;
if(stat(filename, &info) == -1) // cannot stat
{
perror(filename); // say why;
}
else // else show information
{
show_file_info(filename, &info);
}
}
/**
* display the information. The information is stored in stuct at *info_p
*/
void show_file_info(char *filename, struct stat *info_p)
{
char *uid_to_name();
char *ctime();
char *gid_to_name();
char *filemode();
char modestr[11];
mode_to_letters(info_p->st_mode, modestr);
printf("%s", modestr);
printf("%4d ", (int)info_p->st_nlink);
printf("%-8s", uid_to_name(info_p->st_uid) );
printf("%-8s", gid_to_name(info_p->st_gid) );
printf("%8ld ", (long)info_p->st_size);
printf("%.12s ", 4 + ctime(&info_p->st_mtime));
printf("%s\n", filename);
}
/**
* utility function
*/
/**
* This function takes a mode value and a char array
* and puts into the char array the file type and the
* nine letters that correspond to the bits in mode.
* Note: It dose not code setuid, setgid, and sticky
* codes
*/
void mode_to_letters(int mode, char *str)
{
strcpy(str, "----------"); // defult = no perms
if( S_ISDIR(mode) ) str[0] = 'd'; // directory
if( S_ISCHR(mode) ) str[0] = 'c'; // char devices
if( S_ISBLK(mode) ) str[0] = 'b'; // block device
if( mode & S_IRUSR) str[1] = 'r'; // 3 bits for user
if( mode & S_IWUSR) str[2] = 'w';
if( mode & S_IXUSR) str[3] = 'x';
if( mode & S_IRGRP) str[4] = 'r'; // 3 bits for group
if( mode & S_IWGRP) str[5] = 'w';
if( mode & S_IXGRP) str[6] = 'x';
if( mode & S_IROTH) str[7] = 'r'; // 3 bits for other
if( mode & S_IWOTH) str[8] = 'w';
if( mode & S_IXOTH) str[9] = 'x';
}
/**
* return pointer to username asscociated with uid, uses getpw()
*/
char *uid_to_name(uid_t uid)
{
struct passwd *getpwuid();
struct passwd *pw_ptr;
static char numstr[10];
if( (pw_ptr = getpwuid(uid)) == NULL )
{
sprintf(numstr, "%d", uid);
return numstr;
}
else
{
return pw_ptr->pw_name;
}
}
/**
* return pointer to group number gid. used getgrgid(3)
*/
char *gid_to_name(gid_t gid)
{
struct group *getgrgid();
struct group *grp_ptr;
static char numstr[10];
if( (grp_ptr = getgrgid(gid)) == NULL )
{
sprintf(numstr, "%d", gid);
return numstr;
}
else
{
return grp_ptr->gr_name;
}
}
编译。执行。
$ ./ls01
OK
不过,它不能指定参数 -a -l 等,不能指定目录。
参考《Unix/linux编程实践指南》