Ajax笔记

1、Http协议

# HTTP
HTTP(hypertext transport protocol)协议『超文本传输协议』,协议详细规定了浏览器和万维网服务器之间互相通信的规则。
约定, 规则

## 请求报文
重点是格式与参数
​```
行      POST  /s?ie=utf-8  HTTP/1.1 
头      Host: baidu.com
        Cookie: name=guigu
        Content-type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
        User-Agent: chrome 83
空行
体      username=admin&password=admin
​```

## 响应报文
​```
行      HTTP/1.1  200  OK
头      Content-Type: text/html;charset=utf-8
        Content-length: 2048
        Content-encoding: gzip
空行    
体      <html>
            <head>
            </head>
            <body>
                <h1>hello world</h1>
            </body>
        </html>
​```
* 404
* 403
* 401
* 500
* 200

2、express框架

//1. 引入express
const express = require('express');

//2. 创建应用对象
const app = express();

//3. 创建路由规则
// request 是对请求报文的封装
// response 是对响应报文的封装
app.get('/', (request, response)=>{
    //设置响应
    response.send('HELLO EXPRESS');
});

//4. 监听端口启动服务
app.listen(8000, ()=>{
    console.log("服务已经启动, 8000 端口监听中....");
});

3、原生Ajax

3.1、GET

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>AJAX GET 请求</title>
    <style>
        #result{
            width:200px;
            height:100px;
            border:solid 1px #90b;
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <button>点击发送请求</button>
    <div id="result"></div>

    <script>
        //获取button元素
        const btn = document.getElementsByTagName('button')[0];
        const result = document.getElementById("result");
        //绑定事件
        btn.onclick = function(){
            //1. 创建对象
            const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
            //2. 初始化 设置请求方法和 url
            xhr.open('GET', 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/server?a=100&b=200&c=300');
            //3. 发送
            xhr.send();
            //4. 事件绑定 处理服务端返回的结果
            // on  when 当....时候
            // readystate 是 xhr 对象中的属性, 表示状态 0 1 2 3 4
            // change  改变
            xhr.onreadystatechange = function(){
                //判断 (服务端返回了所有的结果)
                if(xhr.readyState === 4){
                    //判断响应状态码 200  404  403 401 500
                    // 2xx 成功
                    if(xhr.status >= 200 && xhr.status < 300){
                        //处理结果  行 头 空行 体
                        //响应 
                        // console.log(xhr.status);//状态码
                        // console.log(xhr.statusText);//状态字符串
                        // console.log(xhr.getAllResponseHeaders());//所有响应头
                        // console.log(xhr.response);//响应体
                        //设置 result 的文本
                        result.innerHTML = xhr.response;
                    }else{

                    }
                }
            }
        }
    </script>
</body>
</html>

3.2、POST

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>AJAX POST 请求</title>
    <style>
        #result{
            width:200px;
            height:100px;
            border:solid 1px #903;
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <div id="result"></div>
    <script>
        //获取元素对象
        const result = document.getElementById("result");
        //绑定事件
        result.addEventListener("mouseover", function(){
            //1. 创建对象
            const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
            //2. 初始化 设置类型与 URL
            xhr.open('POST', 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/server');
            //设置请求头
            xhr.setRequestHeader('Content-Type','application/x-www-form-urlencoded');
            xhr.setRequestHeader('name','atguigu');
            //3. 发送
            xhr.send('a=100&b=200&c=300');
            // xhr.send('a:100&b:200&c:300');
            // xhr.send('1233211234567');
            
            //4. 事件绑定
            xhr.onreadystatechange = function(){
                //判断
                if(xhr.readyState === 4){
                    if(xhr.status >= 200 && xhr.status < 300){
                        //处理服务端返回的结果
                        result.innerHTML = xhr.response;
                    }
                }
            }
        });
    </script>
</body>
</html>

3.3、JSON

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>JSON响应</title>
    <style>
        #result{
            width:200px;
            height:100px;
            border:solid 1px #89b;
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <div id="result"></div>
    <script>
        const result = document.getElementById('result');
        //绑定键盘按下事件
        window.onkeydown = function(){
            //发送请求
            const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
            //设置响应体数据的类型
            xhr.responseType = 'json';
            //初始化
            xhr.open('GET','http://127.0.0.1:8000/json-server');
            //发送
            xhr.send();
            //事件绑定
            xhr.onreadystatechange = function(){
                if(xhr.readyState === 4){
                    if(xhr.status >= 200 && xhr.status < 300){
                        // console.log(xhr.response);
                        // result.innerHTML = xhr.response;
                        // 1. 手动对数据转化
                        // let data = JSON.parse(xhr.response);
                        // console.log(data);
                        // result.innerHTML = data.name;
                        // 2. 自动转换
                        console.log(xhr.response);
                        result.innerHTML = xhr.response.name;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    </script>
</body>
</html>

3.4、IE缓存问题

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>IE缓存问题</title>
    <style>
        #result{
            width:200px;
            height:100px;
            border:solid 1px #258;
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <button>点击发送请求</button>
    <div id="result"></div>
    <script>
        const btn = document.getElementsByTagName('button')[0];
        const result = document.querySelector('#result');

        btn.addEventListener('click', function(){
            const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
            xhr.open("GET",'http://127.0.0.1:8000/ie?t='+Date.now());
            xhr.send();
            xhr.onreadystatechange = function(){
                if(xhr.readyState === 4){
                    if(xhr.status >= 200 && xhr.status< 300){
                        result.innerHTML = xhr.response;
                    }
                }
            }
        })
    </script>
</body>
</html>

3.5、超时与网络异常

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>请求超时与网络异常</title>
    <style>
        #result{
            width:200px;
            height:100px;
            border:solid 1px #90b;
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <button>点击发送请求</button>
    <div id="result"></div>
    <script>
        const btn = document.getElementsByTagName('button')[0];
        const result = document.querySelector('#result');

        btn.addEventListener('click', function(){
            const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
            //超时设置 2s 设置
            xhr.timeout = 2000;
            //超时回调
            xhr.ontimeout = function(){
                alert("网络异常, 请稍后重试!!");
            }
            //网络异常回调
            xhr.onerror = function(){
                alert("你的网络似乎出了一些问题!");
            }

            xhr.open("GET",'http://127.0.0.1:8000/delay');
            xhr.send();
            xhr.onreadystatechange = function(){
                if(xhr.readyState === 4){
                    if(xhr.status >= 200 && xhr.status< 300){
                        result.innerHTML = xhr.response;
                    }
                }
            }
        })
    </script>
</body>
</html>

3.6、取消请求

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>取消请求</title>
</head>
<body>
    <button>点击发送</button>
    <button>点击取消</button>
    <script>
        //获取元素对象
        const btns = document.querySelectorAll('button');
        let x = null;

        btns[0].onclick = function(){
            x = new XMLHttpRequest();
            x.open("GET",'http://127.0.0.1:8000/delay');
            x.send();
        }

        // abort
        btns[1].onclick = function(){
            x.abort();
        }
    </script>
</body>
</html>

3.7、重复请求

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>重复请求问题</title>
</head>
<body>
    <button>点击发送</button>
    <script>
        //获取元素对象
        const btns = document.querySelectorAll('button');
        let x = null;
        //标识变量
        let isSending = false; // 是否正在发送AJAX请求

        btns[0].onclick = function(){
            //判断标识变量
            if(isSending) x.abort();// 如果正在发送, 则取消该请求, 创建一个新的请求
            x = new XMLHttpRequest();
            //修改 标识变量的值
            isSending = true;
            x.open("GET",'http://127.0.0.1:8000/delay');
            x.send();
            x.onreadystatechange = function(){
                if(x.readyState === 4){
                    //修改标识变量
                    isSending = false;
                }
            }
        }

        // abort
        btns[1].onclick = function(){
            x.abort();
        }
    </script>
</body>
</html>

4、jQuery-Ajax

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>jQuery 发送 AJAX 请求</title>
    <link crossorigin="anonymous" href="https://cdn.bootcss.com/twitter-bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
    <script crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://cdn.bootcdn.net/ajax/libs/jquery/3.5.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
    <div class="container">
        <h2 class="page-header">jQuery发送AJAX请求 </h2>
        <button class="btn btn-primary">GET</button>
        <button class="btn btn-danger">POST</button>
        <button class="btn btn-info">通用型方法ajax</button>
    </div>
    <script>
        $('button').eq(0).click(function(){
            $.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/jquery-server', {a:100, b:200}, function(data){
                console.log(data);
            },'json');
        });

        $('button').eq(1).click(function(){
            $.post('http://127.0.0.1:8000/jquery-server', {a:100, b:200}, function(data){
                console.log(data);
            });
        });

        $('button').eq(2).click(function(){
            $.ajax({
                //url
                url: 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/jquery-server',
                //参数
                data: {a:100, b:200},
                //请求类型
                type: 'GET',
                //响应体结果
                dataType: 'json',
                //成功的回调
                success: function(data){
                    console.log(data);
                },
                //超时时间
                timeout: 2000,
                //失败的回调
                error: function(){
                    console.log('出错啦!!');
                },
                //头信息
                headers: {
                    c:300,
                    d:400
                }
            });
        });

    </script>
</body>
</html>

5、axios-Ajax

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">

<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>axios 发送 AJAX请求</title>
    <script crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://cdn.bootcdn.net/ajax/libs/axios/0.19.2/axios.js"></script>
</head>

<body>
    <button>GET</button>
    <button>POST</button>
    <button>AJAX</button>

    <script>
        // https://github.com/axios/axios
        const btns = document.querySelectorAll('button');

        //配置 baseURL
        axios.defaults.baseURL = 'http://127.0.0.1:8000';

        btns[0].onclick = function () {
            //GET 请求
            axios.get('/axios-server', {
                //url 参数
                params: {
                    id: 100,
                    vip: 7
                },
                //请求头信息
                headers: {
                    name: 'atguigu',
                    age: 20
                }
            }).then(value => {
                console.log(value);
            });
        }

        btns[1].onclick = function () {
            axios.post('/axios-server', {
                username: 'admin',
                password: 'admin'
            }, {
                //url 
                params: {
                    id: 200,
                    vip: 9
                },
                //请求头参数
                headers: {
                    height: 180,
                    weight: 180,
                }
            });
        }
    
        btns[2].onclick = function(){
            axios({
                //请求方法
                method : 'POST',
                //url
                url: '/axios-server',
                //url参数
                params: {
                    vip:10,
                    level:30
                },
                //头信息
                headers: {
                    a:100,
                    b:200
                },
                //请求体参数
                data: {
                    username: 'admin',
                    password: 'admin'
                }
            }).then(response=>{
                //响应状态码
                console.log(response.status);
                //响应状态字符串
                console.log(response.statusText);
                //响应头信息
                console.log(response.headers);
                //响应体
                console.log(response.data);
            })
        }
    </script>
</body>
</html>

6、fetch-Ajax

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>fetch 发送 AJAX请求</title>
</head>
<body>
    <button>AJAX请求</button>
    <script>
        //文档地址
        //https://developer.mozilla.org/zh-CN/docs/Web/API/WindowOrWorkerGlobalScope/fetch
        
        const btn = document.querySelector('button');

        btn.onclick = function(){
            fetch('http://127.0.0.1:8000/fetch-server?vip=10', {
                //请求方法
                method: 'POST',
                //请求头
                headers: {
                    name:'atguigu'
                },
                //请求体
                body: 'username=admin&password=admin'
            }).then(response => {
                // return response.text();
                return response.json();
            }).then(response=>{
                console.log(response);
            });
        }
    </script>
</body>
</html>

7、跨域

7.1、同源策略

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>首页</title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>同源策略</h1>
    <button>点击获取用户数据</button>
    <script>
        const btn = document.querySelector('button');

        btn.onclick = function(){
            const x = new XMLHttpRequest();
            //这里因为是满足同源策略的, 所以 url 可以简写
            x.open("GET",'/data');
            //发送
            x.send();
            //
            x.onreadystatechange = function(){
                if(x.readyState === 4){
                    if(x.status >= 200 && x.status < 300){
                        console.log(x.response);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    </script>
</body>
</html>

server.js

const express = require('express');

const app = express();

app.get('/home', (request, response)=>{
    //响应一个页面
    response.sendFile(__dirname + '/index.html');
});

app.get('/data', (request, response)=>{
    response.send('用户数据');
});

app.listen(9000, ()=>{
    console.log("服务已经启动...");
});

7.2、JSONP

7.2.1、原理

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">

<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>原理演示</title>
    <style>
        #result {
            width: 300px;
            height: 100px;
            border: solid 1px #78a;
        }
    </style>
</head>

<body>
    <div id="result"></div>
    <script>
        //处理数据
        function handle(data) {
            //获取 result 元素
            const result = document.getElementById('result');
            result.innerHTML = data.name;
        }
    </script>
    <!-- <script src="http://127.0.0.1:5500/%E8%AF%BE%E5%A0%82/%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81/7-%E8%B7%A8%E5%9F%9F/2-JSONP/js/app.js"></script> -->
    <script src="http://127.0.0.1:8000/jsonp-server"></script>
</body>

</html>

7.2.2、实践

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>案例</title>
</head>
<body>
    用户名: <input type="text" id="username">
    <p></p>
    <script>
        //获取 input 元素
        const input = document.querySelector('input');
        const p = document.querySelector('p');
        
        //声明 handle 函数
        function handle(data){
            input.style.border = "solid 1px #f00";
            //修改 p 标签的提示文本
            p.innerHTML = data.msg;
        }

        //绑定事件
        input.onblur = function(){
            //获取用户的输入值
            let username = this.value;
            //向服务器端发送请求 检测用户名是否存在
            //1. 创建 script 标签
            const script = document.createElement('script');
            //2. 设置标签的 src 属性
            script.src = 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/check-username';
            //3. 将 script 插入到文档中
            document.body.appendChild(script);
        }
    </script>
</body>
</html>

7.2.3、jQuery-JSONP

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>jQuery-jsonp</title>
    <style>
        #result{
            width:300px;
            height:100px;
            border:solid 1px #089;
        }
    </style>
    <script crossorigin="anonymous" src='https://cdn.bootcss.com/jquery/3.5.0/jquery.min.js'></script>
</head>
<body>
    <button>点击发送 jsonp 请求</button>
    <div id="result">

    </div>
    <script>
        $('button').eq(0).click(function(){
            $.getJSON('http://127.0.0.1:8000/jquery-jsonp-server?callback=?', function(data){
                $('#result').html(`
                    名称: ${data.name}<br>
                    校区: ${data.city}
                `)
            });
        });
    </script>
</body>
</html>

7.3、CORS

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>CORS</title>
    <style>
        #result{
            width:200px;
            height:100px;
            border:solid 1px #90b;
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <button>发送请求</button>
    <div id="result"></div>
    <script>
        const btn = document.querySelector('button');

        btn.onclick = function(){
            //1. 创建对象
            const x = new XMLHttpRequest();
            //2. 初始化设置
            x.open("GET", "http://127.0.0.1:8000/cors-server");
            //3. 发送
            x.send();
            //4. 绑定事件
            x.onreadystatechange = function(){
                if(x.readyState === 4){
                    if(x.status >= 200 && x.status < 300){
                        //输出响应体
                        console.log(x.response);
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    </script>
</body>
</html>

8、服务器

//1. 引入express
const express = require('express');

//2. 创建应用对象
const app = express();

//3. 创建路由规则
// request 是对请求报文的封装
// response 是对响应报文的封装
app.get('/server', (request, response) => {
    //设置响应头  设置允许跨域
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin', '*');
    //设置响应体
    response.send('HELLO AJAX - 2');
});

//可以接收任意类型的请求 
app.all('/server', (request, response) => {
    //设置响应头  设置允许跨域
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin', '*');
    //响应头
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Headers', '*');
    //设置响应体
    response.send('HELLO AJAX POST');
});

//JSON 响应
app.all('/json-server', (request, response) => {
    //设置响应头  设置允许跨域
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin', '*');
    //响应头
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Headers', '*');
    //响应一个数据
    const data = {
        name: 'atguigu'
    };
    //对对象进行字符串转换
    let str = JSON.stringify(data);
    //设置响应体
    response.send(str);
});

//针对 IE 缓存
app.get('/ie', (request, response) => {
    //设置响应头  设置允许跨域
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin', '*');
    //设置响应体
    response.send('HELLO IE - 5');
});

//延时响应
app.all('/delay', (request, response) => {
    //设置响应头  设置允许跨域
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin', '*');
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Headers', '*');
    setTimeout(() => {
        //设置响应体
        response.send('延时响应');
    }, 1000)
});

//jQuery 服务
app.all('/jquery-server', (request, response) => {
    //设置响应头  设置允许跨域
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin', '*');
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Headers', '*');
    // response.send('Hello jQuery AJAX');
    const data = {name:'尚硅谷'};
    response.send(JSON.stringify(data));
});

//axios 服务
app.all('/axios-server', (request, response) => {
    //设置响应头  设置允许跨域
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin', '*');
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Headers', '*');
    // response.send('Hello jQuery AJAX');
    const data = {name:'尚硅谷'};
    response.send(JSON.stringify(data));
});

//fetch 服务
app.all('/fetch-server', (request, response) => {
    //设置响应头  设置允许跨域
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Origin', '*');
    response.setHeader('Access-Control-Allow-Headers', '*');
    // response.send('Hello jQuery AJAX');
    const data = {name:'尚硅谷'};
    response.send(JSON.stringify(data));
});

//jsonp服务
app.all('/jsonp-server',(request, response) => {
    // response.send('console.log("hello jsonp")');
    const data = {
        name: '尚硅谷atguigu'
    };
    //将数据转化为字符串
    let str = JSON.stringify(data);
    //返回结果
    response.end(`handle(${str})`);
});

//用户名检测是否存在
app.all('/check-username',(request, response) => {
    // response.send('console.log("hello jsonp")');
    const data = {
        exist: 1,
        msg: '用户名已经存在'
    };
    //将数据转化为字符串
    let str = JSON.stringify(data);
    //返回结果
    response.end(`handle(${str})`);
});

//
app.all('/jquery-jsonp-server',(request, response) => {
    // response.send('console.log("hello jsonp")');
    const data = {
        name:'guigui',
        city: ['北京','上海','深圳']
    };
    //将数据转化为字符串
    let str = JSON.stringify(data);
    //接收 callback 参数
    let cb = request.query.callback;

    //返回结果
    response.end(`${cb}(${str})`);
});

app.all('/cors-server', (request, response)=>{
    //设置响应头
    response.setHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*");
    response.setHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Headers", '*');
    response.setHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Method", '*');
    // response.setHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "http://127.0.0.1:5500");
    response.send('hello CORS');
});

//4. 监听端口启动服务
app.listen(8000, () => {
    console.log("服务已经启动, 8000 端口监听中....");
});
评论
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

红包个数最小为10个

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43前往充值 >
需支付:10.00
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包
实付
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明:

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币,按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载,可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值