14.3 - Template classes

Templates and container classes

首先我们看下面的类

class IntArray
{
private:
    int m_nLength;
    int *m_pnData;
 
public:
    IntArray()
    {
        m_nLength = 0;
        m_pnData = 0;
    }
 
    IntArray(int nLength)
    {
        m_pnData = new int[nLength];
        m_nLength = nLength;
    }
 
    ~IntArray()
    {
        delete[] m_pnData;
    }
 
    void Erase()
    {
        delete[] m_pnData;
        // We need to make sure we set m_pnData to 0 here, otherwise it will
        // be left pointing at deallocated memory!
        m_pnData = 0;
        m_nLength = 0;
    }
 
    int& operator[](int nIndex)
    {
        assert(nIndex >= 0 && nIndex < m_nLength);
        return m_pnData[nIndex];
    }
 
    int GetLength() { return m_nLength; }
};

使用这个类，我们可以方便的创建整数数组，但是如果我们想要创建double数组，传统的做法需要创建一个全新的类。使用template class则是一个简单高效的新方法。

template <typename T>
class Array
{
private:
    int m_nLength;
    T *m_ptData;
 
public:
    Array()
    {
        m_nLength = 0;
        m_ptData = 0;
    }
 
    Array(int nLength)
    {
        m_ptData= new T[nLength];
        m_nLength = nLength;
    }
 
    ~Array()
    {
        delete[] m_ptData;
    }
 
    void Erase()
    {
        delete[] m_ptData;
        // We need to make sure we set m_pnData to 0 here, otherwise it will
        // be left pointing at deallocated memory!
        m_ptData= 0;
        m_nLength = 0;
    }
 
    T& operator[](int nIndex)
    {
        assert(nIndex >= 0 && nIndex < m_nLength);
        return m_ptData[nIndex];
    }
 
    // The length of the array is always an integer
    // It does not depend on the data type of the array
    int GetLength(); // templated GetLength() function defined below
};
 
template <typename T>
int Array<T>::GetLength() { return m_nLength; }

值得注意的是我们在类的外面定义了GetLength()成员函数。这就需要这个函数有自己的template declaration。 而且template array class是Array<T>而不是Array。

下面是个使用上述template class的例子

int main()
{
    Array<int> anArray(12);
    Array<double> adArray(12);
 
    for (int nCount = 0; nCount < 12; nCount++)
    {
        anArray[nCount] = nCount;
        adArray[nCount] = nCount + 0.5;
    }
 
    for (int nCount = 11; nCount >= 0; nCount----;)
        std::cout << anArray[nCount] << "\t" << adArray[nCount] << std::endl;
 
    return 0;
}

和template函数类似，template类也是在调用的时候由编译器实例化。