2015年3月2日

java中的线程池。

1. 线程池概述

由于线程的创建和销毁都需要消耗时间和资源，所以java引入了线程池的机制，所谓的线程池就是维护一定数量的活着的线程，来执行那些新产生的需要执行的线程。

2. java中关于线程池的接口

Executor是线程池最顶端的接口。里面只有一个execute方法。用来执行提交的线程。

 /**
     * Executes the given command at some time in the future.  The command
     * may execute in a new thread, in a pooled thread, or in the calling
     * thread, at the discretion of the <tt>Executor</tt> implementation.
     *
     * @param command the runnable task
     * @throws RejectedExecutionException if this task cannot be
     * accepted for execution.
     * @throws NullPointerException if command is null
     */
    void execute(Runnable command);

ExecutorService是Executor的子接口。在Executor的基础上添加了关闭线程池，批量执行并且获得返回值的方法，submit封装了execute方法。

ThreadPoolExecutor，实现了Executor和ExecutorService接口。我们使用的线程池都是使用的ThreadPoolExecutor对象。关于ThreadPoolExecutor这个类，是继承了抽象类AbstractExecutorService。在抽象类里面实现了submit方法。该submit方法调用了execute。

    public <T> Future<T> submit(Runnable task, T result) {
        if (task == null) throw new NullPointerException();
        RunnableFuture<T> ftask = newTaskFor(task, result);
        execute(ftask);
        return ftask;
    }

    public <T> Future<T> submit(Callable<T> task) {
        if (task == null) throw new NullPointerException();
        RunnableFuture<T> ftask = newTaskFor(task);
        execute(ftask);
        return ftask;
    }

在ThreadPoolExecutor中有execute的具体实现。

 public void execute(Runnable command) {
        if (command == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        /*
         * Proceed in 3 steps:
         *
         * 1. If fewer than corePoolSize threads are running, try to
         * start a new thread with the given command as its first
         * task.  The call to addWorker atomically checks runState and
         * workerCount, and so prevents false alarms that would add
         * threads when it shouldn't, by returning false.
         *
         * 2. If a task can be successfully queued, then we still need
         * to double-check whether we should have added a thread
         * (because existing ones died since last checking) or that
         * the pool shut down since entry into this method. So we
         * recheck state and if necessary roll back the enqueuing if
         * stopped, or start a new thread if there are none.
         *
         * 3. If we cannot queue task, then we try to add a new
         * thread.  If it fails, we know we are shut down or saturated
         * and so reject the task.
         */
        int c = ctl.get();
        if (workerCountOf(c) < corePoolSize) {
            if (addWorker(command, true))
                return;
            c = ctl.get();
        }
        if (isRunning(c) && workQueue.offer(command)) {
            int recheck = ctl.get();
            if (! isRunning(recheck) && remove(command))
                reject(command);
            else if (workerCountOf(recheck) == 0)
                addWorker(null, false);
        }
        else if (!addWorker(command, false))
            reject(command);
    }

在ThreadPoolExecutor中，使用一个BlockingQueue来存放提交过来的线程：

    private final BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue;

可以看出，当execute一个runnable的类时，不是直接运行该runnable的类，而是将其放在了workQueue里面。

在Executor的run方法里面，会去这个queue里面取task，然后执行。

        public void run() {
            runWorker(this);
        }

final void runWorker(Worker w) {
        Thread wt = Thread.currentThread();
        Runnable task = w.firstTask;
        w.firstTask = null;
        w.unlock(); // allow interrupts
        boolean completedAbruptly = true;
        try {
            while (task != null || (task = getTask()) != null) {
                w.lock();
                // If pool is stopping, ensure thread is interrupted;
                // if not, ensure thread is not interrupted.  This
                // requires a recheck in second case to deal with
                // shutdownNow race while clearing interrupt
                if ((runStateAtLeast(ctl.get(), STOP) ||
                     (Thread.interrupted() &&
                      runStateAtLeast(ctl.get(), STOP))) &&
                    !wt.isInterrupted())
                    wt.interrupt();
                try {
                    beforeExecute(wt, task);
                    Throwable thrown = null;
                    try {
                        task.run();
                    } catch (RuntimeException x) {
                        thrown = x; throw x;
                    } catch (Error x) {
                        thrown = x; throw x;
                    } catch (Throwable x) {
                        thrown = x; throw new Error(x);
                    } finally {
                        afterExecute(task, thrown);
                    }
                } finally {
                    task = null;
                    w.completedTasks++;
                    w.unlock();
                }
            }
            completedAbruptly = false;
        } finally {
            processWorkerExit(w, completedAbruptly);
        }
    }

当我使用ThreadPoolExecutor时候，一般不是自己创建，而是通过工具类Executors。Executors提供了创建不同线程池的方法。常用的有 newSingleThreadExecutor， newFixedThreadPool， newCachedThreadPool和 newScheduledThreadPool。