本节引言:
在上一节结束后意味着Android的四大组件我们都已经学习完毕了~,而本节我们要学习的是四大组件间的 枢纽——Intent(意图),Android通信的桥梁,比如我们可以通过:
- startActivity(Intent)/startActivityForResult(Intent):来启动一个Activity
- startService(Intent)/bindService(Intent):来启动一个Service
- sendBroadcast:发送广播到指定BroadcastReceiver
- 另外别忘了我们在注册四大组件时,写得很多的Intent-Filter哦~
好吧,话不多说,开始本节内容!另外前面我们已经用过Intent了,就不在讲述概念性的东西了~ 老规矩,官方API:Intent
1.显式Intent与隐式Intent的区别
- 显式Intent:通过组件名指定启动的目标组件,比如startActivity(new Intent(A.this,B.class)); 每次启动的组件只有一个~
- 隐式Intent:不指定组件名,而指定Intent的Action,Data,或Category,当我们启动组件时, 会去匹配AndroidManifest.xml相关组件的Intent-filter,逐一匹配出满足属性的组件,当不止一个满足时, 会弹出一个让我们选择启动哪个的对话框~
2.Intent的七个属性:
1)ComponentName(组件名称)
2)Action(动作)
3)Category(类别)
4)Data(数据),Type(MIME类型)
5)Extras(额外)
6)Flags(标记)
3.显式Intent使用示例:
这个用得很多,直接就上例子了:
例子1:点击按钮返回Home界面: 运行效果图:
核心代码:
Intent it = new Intent(); it.setAction(Intent.ACTION_MAIN); it.addCategory(Intent.CATEGORY_HOME); startActivity(it);
例子2:点击按钮打开百度页面: 运行效果图:
核心代码:
Intent it = new Intent(); it.setAction(Intent.ACTION_VIEW); it.setData(Uri.parse("http://www.baidu.com")); startActivity(it);
4.隐式Intent详解
1)预定义动作的隐式Intent示例:
代码示例:点击按钮后,所有Action为VIEW的Activity被筛选出来,由用户进一步选择:
核心代码:
建立第二个Activity的布局,与对应的Activity,在第一个Activity的按钮点击事件中添加一下代码:
Intent it = new Intent(); it.setAction(Intent.ACTION_VIEW); startActivity(it);
最后在第二个Activity的Intent中添加以下代码:
<activity android:name=".SecondActivity" android:label="第二个Activity"> <intent-filter> <action android:name="android.intent.action.VIEW"/> <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT"/> </intent-filter> </activity>
运行效果图:
2)自定义动作的隐式Intent示例:
代码示例:使用自定义的Action与category来激活另一个Activity
核心代码: 建立第二个Activity的布局,与对应的Activity,在第一个Activity的按钮点击事件中添加一下代码:
Intent it = new Intent(); it.setAction("my_action"); it.addCategory("my_category"); startActivity(it);
最后在第二个Activity的Intent中添加以下代码:
<activity android:name=".SecondActivity" android:label="第二个Activity"> <intent-filter> <action android:name="my_action"/> <category android:name="my_category"/> <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT"/> </intent-filter> </activity>
注意虽然我们自定义了一个category,但是还是要把这个默认的加上,不然会报错的:
<category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT"/>
5.常用系统Intent合集
大家贴下常用的系统Intent的合集吧,上面没有的欢迎提出~
//=============================================================== //1.拨打电话 // 给移动客服10086拨打电话 Uri uri = Uri.parse("tel:10086"); Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_DIAL, uri); startActivity(intent); //=============================================================== //2.发送短信 // 给10086发送内容为“Hello”的短信 Uri uri = Uri.parse("smsto:10086"); Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_SENDTO, uri); intent.putExtra("sms_body", "Hello"); startActivity(intent); //3.发送彩信(相当于发送带附件的短信) Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_SEND); intent.putExtra("sms_body", "Hello"); Uri uri = Uri.parse("content://media/external/images/media/23"); intent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_STREAM, uri); intent.setType("image/png"); startActivity(intent); //=============================================================== //4.打开浏览器: // 打开百度主页 Uri uri = Uri.parse("http://www.baidu.com"); Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW, uri); startActivity(intent); //=============================================================== //5.发送电子邮件:(阉割了Google服务的没戏!!!!) // 给someone@domain.com发邮件 Uri uri = Uri.parse("mailto:someone@domain.com"); Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_SENDTO, uri); startActivity(intent); // 给someone@domain.com发邮件发送内容为“Hello”的邮件 Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_SEND); intent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_EMAIL, "someone@domain.com"); intent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_SUBJECT, "Subject"); intent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_TEXT, "Hello"); intent.setType("text/plain"); startActivity(intent); // 给多人发邮件 Intent intent=new Intent(Intent.ACTION_SEND); String[] tos = {"1@abc.com", "2@abc.com"}; // 收件人 String[] ccs = {"3@abc.com", "4@abc.com"}; // 抄送 String[] bccs = {"5@abc.com", "6@abc.com"}; // 密送 intent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_EMAIL, tos); intent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_CC, ccs); intent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_BCC, bccs); intent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_SUBJECT, "Subject"); intent.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_TEXT, "Hello"); intent.setType("message/rfc822"); startActivity(intent); //=============================================================== //6.显示地图: // 打开Google地图中国北京位置(北纬39.9,东经116.3) Uri uri = Uri.parse("geo:39.9,116.3"); Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW, uri); startActivity(intent); //=============================================================== //7.路径规划 // 路径规划:从北京某地(北纬39.9,东经116.3)到上海某地(北纬31.2,东经121.4) Uri uri = Uri.parse("http://maps.google.com/maps?f=d&saddr=39.9 116.3&daddr=31.2 121.4"); Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW, uri); startActivity(intent); //=============================================================== //8.多媒体播放: Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW); Uri uri = Uri.parse("file:///sdcard/foo.mp3"); intent.setDataAndType(uri, "audio/mp3"); startActivity(intent); //获取SD卡下所有音频文件,然后播放第一首=-= Uri uri = Uri.withAppendedPath(MediaStore.Audio.Media.INTERNAL_CONTENT_URI, "1"); Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW, uri); startActivity(intent); //=============================================================== //9.打开摄像头拍照: // 打开拍照程序 Intent intent = new Intent(MediaStore.ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE); startActivityForResult(intent, 0); // 取出照片数据 Bundle extras = intent.getExtras(); Bitmap bitmap = (Bitmap) extras.get("data"); //另一种: //调用系统相机应用程序,并存储拍下来的照片 Intent intent = new Intent(MediaStore.ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE); time = Calendar.getInstance().getTimeInMillis(); intent.putExtra(MediaStore.EXTRA_OUTPUT, Uri.fromFile(new File(Environment .getExternalStorageDirectory().getAbsolutePath()+"/tucue", time + ".jpg"))); startActivityForResult(intent, ACTIVITY_GET_CAMERA_IMAGE); //=============================================================== //10.获取并剪切图片 // 获取并剪切图片 Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_GET_CONTENT); intent.setType("image/*"); intent.putExtra("crop", "true"); // 开启剪切 intent.putExtra("aspectX", 1); // 剪切的宽高比为1:2 intent.putExtra("aspectY", 2); intent.putExtra("outputX", 20); // 保存图片的宽和高 intent.putExtra("outputY", 40); intent.putExtra("output", Uri.fromFile(new File("/mnt/sdcard/temp"))); // 保存路径 intent.putExtra("outputFormat", "JPEG");// 返回格式 startActivityForResult(intent, 0); // 剪切特定图片 Intent intent = new Intent("com.android.camera.action.CROP"); intent.setClassName("com.android.camera", "com.android.camera.CropImage"); intent.setData(Uri.fromFile(new File("/mnt/sdcard/temp"))); intent.putExtra("outputX", 1); // 剪切的宽高比为1:2 intent.putExtra("outputY", 2); intent.putExtra("aspectX", 20); // 保存图片的宽和高 intent.putExtra("aspectY", 40); intent.putExtra("scale", true); intent.putExtra("noFaceDetection", true); intent.putExtra("output", Uri.parse("file:///mnt/sdcard/temp")); startActivityForResult(intent, 0); //=============================================================== //11.打开Google Market // 打开Google Market直接进入该程序的详细页面 Uri uri = Uri.parse("market://details?id=" + "com.demo.app"); Intent intent = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_VIEW, uri); startActivity(intent); //=============================================================== //12.进入手机设置界面: // 进入无线网络设置界面(其它可以举一反三) Intent intent = new Intent(android.provider.Settings.ACTION_WIRELESS_SETTINGS); startActivityForResult(intent, 0); //=============================================================== //13.安装apk: Uri installUri = Uri.fromParts("package", "xxx", null); returnIt = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_PACKAGE_ADDED, installUri); //=============================================================== //14.卸载apk: Uri uri = Uri.fromParts("package", strPackageName, null); Intent it = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_DELETE, uri); startActivity(it); //=============================================================== //15.发送附件: Intent it = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_SEND); it.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_SUBJECT, "The email subject text"); it.putExtra(Intent.EXTRA_STREAM, "file:///sdcard/eoe.mp3"); sendIntent.setType("audio/mp3"); startActivity(Intent.createChooser(it, "Choose Email Client")); //=============================================================== //16.进入联系人页面: Intent intent = new Intent(); intent.setAction(Intent.ACTION_VIEW); intent.setData(People.CONTENT_URI); startActivity(intent); //=============================================================== //17.查看指定联系人: Uri personUri = ContentUris.withAppendedId(People.CONTENT_URI, info.id);//info.id联系人ID Intent intent = new Intent(); intent.setAction(Intent.ACTION_VIEW); intent.setData(personUri); startActivity(intent); //=============================================================== //18.调用系统编辑添加联系人(高版本SDK有效): Intent it = newIntent(Intent.ACTION_INSERT_OR_EDIT); it.setType("vnd.android.cursor.item/contact"); //it.setType(Contacts.CONTENT_ITEM_TYPE); it.putExtra("name","myName"); it.putExtra(android.provider.Contacts.Intents.Insert.COMPANY, "organization"); it.putExtra(android.provider.Contacts.Intents.Insert.EMAIL,"email"); it.putExtra(android.provider.Contacts.Intents.Insert.PHONE,"homePhone"); it.putExtra(android.provider.Contacts.Intents.Insert.SECONDARY_PHONE,"mobilePhone"); it.putExtra( android.provider.Contacts.Intents.Insert.TERTIARY_PHONE,"workPhone"); it.putExtra(android.provider.Contacts.Intents.Insert.JOB_TITLE,"title"); startActivity(it); //=============================================================== //19.调用系统编辑添加联系人(全有效): Intent intent = newIntent(Intent.ACTION_INSERT_OR_EDIT); intent.setType(People.CONTENT_ITEM_TYPE); intent.putExtra(Contacts.Intents.Insert.NAME, "My Name"); intent.putExtra(Contacts.Intents.Insert.PHONE, "+1234567890"); intent.putExtra(Contacts.Intents.Insert.PHONE_TYPE,Contacts.PhonesColumns.TYPE_MOBILE); intent.putExtra(Contacts.Intents.Insert.EMAIL, "com@com.com"); intent.putExtra(Contacts.Intents.Insert.EMAIL_TYPE, Contacts.ContactMethodsColumns.TYPE_WORK); startActivity(intent); //=============================================================== //20.打开另一程序 Intent i = new Intent(); ComponentName cn = new ComponentName("com.example.jay.test", "com.example.jay.test.MainActivity"); i.setComponent(cn); i.setAction("android.intent.action.MAIN"); startActivityForResult(i, RESULT_OK); //=============================================================== //21.打开录音机 Intent mi = new Intent(Media.RECORD_SOUND_ACTION); startActivity(mi); //=============================================================== //22.从google搜索内容 Intent intent = new Intent(); intent.setAction(Intent.ACTION_WEB_SEARCH); intent.putExtra(SearchManager.QUERY,"searchString") startActivity(intent); //===============================================================
6.Action在哪里查?
本来想直接贴以前收集到的Intent Action的,后来想想还是算了,授之以鱼,还不如授之以渔, 如果你下载了Android的文档的话,可以在下述路径:
sdk-->docs-->reference-->android--->content--->Intent.html
找到这个玩意,然后从这个Constants开始就是了:
遇到陌生的自己来这里查即可~