ffmpeg基础知识三——常用方法解析

1、av_register_all():该函数在所有基于ffmpeg的应用程序中几乎都是第一个被调用的。只有调用了该函数，才能使用复用器，编码器等

2、av_malloc():是FFmpeg最常见的分配内存函数，av_malloc()就是简单的封装了系统函数malloc()，并做了一些错误检查工作

void *av_malloc(size_t size)
{
    void *ptr = NULL;
    /* let's disallow possibly ambiguous cases */
    if (size > (max_alloc_size - 32))
        return NULL;
    ptr = malloc(size);
    if(!ptr && !size) {
        size = 1;
        ptr= av_malloc(1);
    }
    return ptr;
}

3、av_realloc():用于对申请的内存大小进行调整，av_realloc()就是简单封装了系统的realloc()函数

void *av_realloc(void *ptr, size_t size)
{
    /* let's disallow possibly ambiguous cases */
    if (size > (max_alloc_size - 32))
        return NULL;
    return realloc(ptr, size + !size);
}

4、avio_open2():该函数用于打开FFmpeg的输入输出文件

int avio_open2(AVIOContext **s, const char *url, int flags,
               const AVIOInterruptCB *int_cb, AVDictionary **options);
s：函数调用成功之后创建的AVIOContext结构体。
url：输入输出协议的地址（文件也是一种“广义”的协议，对于文件来说就是文件的路径）。
flags：打开地址的方式。可以选择只读，只写，或者读写。取值如下。
AVIO_FLAG_READ：只读。
AVIO_FLAG_WRITE：只写。
AVIO_FLAG_READ_WRITE：读写。
int_cb：目前还没有用过。
options：目前还没有用过

5、avcodec_find_encoder():用于查找FFmpeg的编码器

/**
 * Find a registered encoder with a matching codec ID.
 *
 * @param id AVCodecID of the requested encoder
 * @return An encoder if one was found, NULL otherwise.
 */
AVCodec *avcodec_find_encoder(enum AVCodecID id);
函数的参数是一个编码器的ID，返回查找到的编码器（没有找到就返回NULL）

6、avcodec_find_decoder()：用于查找FFmpeg的解码器

/**
 * Find a registered decoder with a matching codec ID.
 *
 * @param id AVCodecID of the requested decoder
 * @return A decoder if one was found, NULL otherwise.
 */
AVCodec *avcodec_find_decoder(enum AVCodecID id);

7、avcodec_open2()：该函数用于初始化一个视音频编解码器的AVCodecContext

/**
 * Initialize the AVCodecContext to use the given AVCodec. Prior to using this
 * function the context has to be allocated with avcodec_alloc_context3().
 *
 * The functions avcodec_find_decoder_by_name(), avcodec_find_encoder_by_name(),
 * avcodec_find_decoder() and avcodec_find_encoder() provide an easy way for
 * retrieving a codec.
 *
 * @warning This function is not thread safe!
 *
 * @note Always call this function before using decoding routines (such as
 * @ref avcodec_receive_frame()).
 *
 * @code
 * avcodec_register_all();
 * av_dict_set(&opts, "b", "2.5M", 0);
 * codec = avcodec_find_decoder(AV_CODEC_ID_H264);
 * if (!codec)
 *     exit(1);
 *
 * context = avcodec_alloc_context3(codec);
 *
 * if (avcodec_open2(context, codec, opts) < 0)
 *     exit(1);
 * @endcode
 *
 * @param avctx The context to initialize.
 * @param codec The codec to open this context for. If a non-NULL codec has been
 *              previously passed to avcodec_alloc_context3() or
 *              for this context, then this parameter MUST be either NULL or
 *              equal to the previously passed codec.
 * @param options A dictionary filled with AVCodecContext and codec-private options.
 *                On return this object will be filled with options that were not found.
 *
 * @return zero on success, a negative value on error
 * @see avcodec_alloc_context3(), avcodec_find_decoder(), avcodec_find_encoder(),
 *      av_dict_set(), av_opt_find().
 */
int avcodec_open2(AVCodecContext *avctx, const AVCodec *codec, AVDictionary **options);
avctx：需要初始化的AVCodecContext。
codec：输入的AVCodec
options：一些选项。例如使用libx264编码的时候，“preset”，“tune”等都可以通过该参数设置

8、avcodec_close()：该函数用于关闭编码器

/**
 * Close a given AVCodecContext and free all the data associated with it
 * (but not the AVCodecContext itself).
 *
 * Calling this function on an AVCodecContext that hasn't been opened will free
 * the codec-specific data allocated in avcodec_alloc_context3() /
 * avcodec_get_context_defaults3() with a non-NULL codec. Subsequent calls will
 * do nothing.
 */
int avcodec_close(AVCodecContext *avctx);

9、avformat_open_input():该函数用于打开多媒体数据并且获得一些相关的信息

/**
 * Open an input stream and read the header. The codecs are not opened.
 * The stream must be closed with avformat_close_input().
 *
 * @param ps Pointer to user-supplied AVFormatContext (allocated by avformat_alloc_context).
 *           May be a pointer to NULL, in which case an AVFormatContext is allocated by this
 *           function and written into ps.
 *           Note that a user-supplied AVFormatContext will be freed on failure.
 * @param url URL of the stream to open.
 * @param fmt If non-NULL, this parameter forces a specific input format.
 *            Otherwise the format is autodetected.
 * @param options  A dictionary filled with AVFormatContext and demuxer-private options.
 *                 On return this parameter will be destroyed and replaced with a dict containing
 *                 options that were not found. May be NULL.
 *
 * @return 0 on success, a negative AVERROR on failure.
 *
 * @note If you want to use custom IO, preallocate the format context and set its pb field.
 */
int avformat_open_input(AVFormatContext **ps, const char *url, AVInputFormat *fmt, AVDictionary **options);
ps：函数调用成功之后处理过的AVFormatContext结构体。
file：打开的视音频流的URL。
fmt：强制指定AVFormatContext中AVInputFormat的。这个参数一般情况下可以设置为NULL，这样FFmpeg可以自动检测AVInputFormat。
dictionay：附加的一些选项，一般情况下可以设置为NULL。
函数执行成功的话，其返回值大于等于0

10、avformat_find_stream_info()：该函数可以读取一部分视音频数据并且获得一些相关的信息

/**
 * Read packets of a media file to get stream information. This
 * is useful for file formats with no headers such as MPEG. This
 * function also computes the real framerate in case of MPEG-2 repeat
 * frame mode.
 * The logical file position is not changed by this function;
 * examined packets may be buffered for later processing.
 *
 * @param ic media file handle
 * @param options  If non-NULL, an ic.nb_streams long array of pointers to
 *                 dictionaries, where i-th member contains options for
 *                 codec corresponding to i-th stream.
 *                 On return each dictionary will be filled with options that were not found.
 * @return >=0 if OK, AVERROR_xxx on error
 *
 * @note this function isn't guaranteed to open all the codecs, so
 *       options being non-empty at return is a perfectly normal behavior.
 *
 * @todo Let the user decide somehow what information is needed so that
 *       we do not waste time getting stuff the user does not need.
 */
int avformat_find_stream_info(AVFormatContext *ic, AVDictionary **options);
ic：输入的AVFormatContext。
options：额外的选项，目前没有深入研究过。
函数正常执行后返回值大于等于0

11、av_read_frame()：作用是读取码流中的音频若干帧或者视频一帧

/**
 * Return the next frame of a stream.
 * This function returns what is stored in the file, and does not validate
 * that what is there are valid frames for the decoder. It will split what is
 * stored in the file into frames and return one for each call. It will not
 * omit invalid data between valid frames so as to give the decoder the maximum
 * information possible for decoding.
 *
 * If pkt->buf is NULL, then the packet is valid until the next
 * av_read_frame() or until avformat_close_input(). Otherwise the packet
 * is valid indefinitely. In both cases the packet must be freed with
 * av_free_packet when it is no longer needed. For video, the packet contains
 * exactly one frame. For audio, it contains an integer number of frames if each
 * frame has a known fixed size (e.g. PCM or ADPCM data). If the audio frames
 * have a variable size (e.g. MPEG audio), then it contains one frame.
 *
 * pkt->pts, pkt->dts and pkt->duration are always set to correct
 * values in AVStream.time_base units (and guessed if the format cannot
 * provide them). pkt->pts can be AV_NOPTS_VALUE if the video format
 * has B-frames, so it is better to rely on pkt->dts if you do not
 * decompress the payload.
 *
 * @return 0 if OK, < 0 on error or end of file
 */
int av_read_frame(AVFormatContext *s, AVPacket *pkt);

s：输入的AVFormatContext

pkt：输出的AVPacket

12、avcodec_decode_video2()：作用是解码一帧视频数据。输入一个压缩编码的结构体AVPacket，输出一个解码后的结构体AVFrame

/**
 * Decode the video frame of size avpkt->size from avpkt->data into picture.
 * Some decoders may support multiple frames in a single AVPacket, such
 * decoders would then just decode the first frame.
 *
 * @warning The input buffer must be FF_INPUT_BUFFER_PADDING_SIZE larger than
 * the actual read bytes because some optimized bitstream readers read 32 or 64
 * bits at once and could read over the end.
 *
 * @warning The end of the input buffer buf should be set to 0 to ensure that
 * no overreading happens for damaged MPEG streams.
 *
 * @note Codecs which have the CODEC_CAP_DELAY capability set have a delay
 * between input and output, these need to be fed with avpkt->data=NULL,
 * avpkt->size=0 at the end to return the remaining frames.
 *
 * @param avctx the codec context
 * @param[out] picture The AVFrame in which the decoded video frame will be stored.
 *             Use av_frame_alloc() to get an AVFrame. The codec will
 *             allocate memory for the actual bitmap by calling the
 *             AVCodecContext.get_buffer2() callback.
 *             When AVCodecContext.refcounted_frames is set to 1, the frame is
 *             reference counted and the returned reference belongs to the
 *             caller. The caller must release the frame using av_frame_unref()
 *             when the frame is no longer needed. The caller may safely write
 *             to the frame if av_frame_is_writable() returns 1.
 *             When AVCodecContext.refcounted_frames is set to 0, the returned
 *             reference belongs to the decoder and is valid only until the
 *             next call to this function or until closing or flushing the
 *             decoder. The caller may not write to it.
 *
 * @param[in] avpkt The input AVPacket containing the input buffer.
 *            You can create such packet with av_init_packet() and by then setting
 *            data and size, some decoders might in addition need other fields like
 *            flags&AV_PKT_FLAG_KEY. All decoders are designed to use the least
 *            fields possible.
 * @param[in,out] got_picture_ptr Zero if no frame could be decompressed, otherwise, it is nonzero.
 * @return On error a negative value is returned, otherwise the number of bytes
 * used or zero if no frame could be decompressed.
 */
int avcodec_decode_video2(AVCodecContext *avctx, AVFrame *picture,
                         int *got_picture_ptr,
                         const AVPacket *avpkt);

13、avformat_close_input()：该函数用于关闭一个AVFormatContext，一般情况下是和avformat_open_input()成对使用的

/**
 * Close an opened input AVFormatContext. Free it and all its contents
 * and set *s to NULL.
 */
void avformat_close_input(AVFormatContext **s);

14、avformat_alloc_output_context2()。在基于FFmpeg的视音频编码器程序中，该函数通常是第一个调用的函数（除了组件注册函数av_register_all()）。avformat_alloc_output_context2()函数可以初始化一个用于输出的AVFormatContext结构体

15、avformat_write_header()用于写视频文件头

/**
 * Allocate the stream private data and write the stream header to
 * an output media file.
 *
 * @param s Media file handle, must be allocated with avformat_alloc_context().
 *          Its oformat field must be set to the desired output format;
 *          Its pb field must be set to an already opened AVIOContext.
 * @param options  An AVDictionary filled with AVFormatContext and muxer-private options.
 *                 On return this parameter will be destroyed and replaced with a dict containing
 *                 options that were not found. May be NULL.
 *
 * @return 0 on success, negative AVERROR on failure.
 *
 * @see av_opt_find, av_dict_set, avio_open, av_oformat_next.
 */
int avformat_write_header(AVFormatContext *s, AVDictionary **options);
s：用于输出的AVFormatContext。
options：额外的选项，目前没有深入研究过，一般为NULL。
函数正常执行后返回值等于0。

16、avcodec_encode_video2()：该函数用于编码一帧视频数据

/**
 * Encode a frame of video.
 *
 * Takes input raw video data from frame and writes the next output packet, if
 * available, to avpkt. The output packet does not necessarily contain data for
 * the most recent frame, as encoders can delay and reorder input frames
 * internally as needed.
 *
 * @param avctx     codec context
 * @param avpkt     output AVPacket.
 *                  The user can supply an output buffer by setting
 *                  avpkt->data and avpkt->size prior to calling the
 *                  function, but if the size of the user-provided data is not
 *                  large enough, encoding will fail. All other AVPacket fields
 *                  will be reset by the encoder using av_init_packet(). If
 *                  avpkt->data is NULL, the encoder will allocate it.
 *                  The encoder will set avpkt->size to the size of the
 *                  output packet. The returned data (if any) belongs to the
 *                  caller, he is responsible for freeing it.
 *
 *                  If this function fails or produces no output, avpkt will be
 *                  freed using av_free_packet() (i.e. avpkt->destruct will be
 *                  called to free the user supplied buffer).
 * @param[in] frame AVFrame containing the raw video data to be encoded.
 *                  May be NULL when flushing an encoder that has the
 *                  CODEC_CAP_DELAY capability set.
 * @param[out] got_packet_ptr This field is set to 1 by libavcodec if the
 *                            output packet is non-empty, and to 0 if it is
 *                            empty. If the function returns an error, the
 *                            packet can be assumed to be invalid, and the
 *                            value of got_packet_ptr is undefined and should
 *                            not be used.
 * @return          0 on success, negative error code on failure
 */
int avcodec_encode_video2(AVCodecContext *avctx, AVPacket *avpkt,
                          const AVFrame *frame, int *got_packet_ptr);
avctx：编码器的AVCodecContext。
avpkt：编码输出的AVPacket。
frame：编码输入的AVFrame。
got_packet_ptr：成功编码一个AVPacket的时候设置为1。
函数返回0代表编码成功

17、av_write_frame()用于输出一帧视音频数据

int av_write_frame(AVFormatContext *s, AVPacket *pkt);
s：用于输出的AVFormatContext。
pkt：等待输出的AVPacket。
函数正常执行后返回值等于0

18、av_write_trailer()用于输出文件尾

/**
 * Write the stream trailer to an output media file and free the
 * file private data.
 *
 * May only be called after a successful call to avformat_write_header.
 *
 * @param s media file handle
 * @return 0 if OK, AVERROR_xxx on error
 */
int av_write_trailer(AVFormatContext *s);

它只需要指定一个参数，即用于输出的AVFormatContext。
函数正常执行后返回值等于0

19、sws_getContext()是初始化SwsContext的函数

/**
 * Allocate and return an SwsContext. You need it to perform
 * scaling/conversion operations using sws_scale().
 *
 * @param srcW the width of the source image
 * @param srcH the height of the source image
 * @param srcFormat the source image format
 * @param dstW the width of the destination image
 * @param dstH the height of the destination image
 * @param dstFormat the destination image format
 * @param flags specify which algorithm and options to use for rescaling
 * @return a pointer to an allocated context, or NULL in case of error
 * @note this function is to be removed after a saner alternative is
 *       written
 */
struct SwsContext *sws_getContext(int srcW, int srcH, enum AVPixelFormat srcFormat,
                                  int dstW, int dstH, enum AVPixelFormat dstFormat,
                                  int flags, SwsFilter *srcFilter,
                                  SwsFilter *dstFilter, const double *param);

srcW：源图像的宽
srcH：源图像的高
srcFormat：源图像的像素格式
dstW：目标图像的宽
dstH：目标图像的高
dstFormat：目标图像的像素格式
flags：设定图像拉伸使用的算法
成功执行的话返回生成的SwsContext，否则返回NULL

20、sws_scale()是用于转换像素的函数

/**
 * Scale the image slice in srcSlice and put the resulting scaled
 * slice in the image in dst. A slice is a sequence of consecutive
 * rows in an image.
 *
 * Slices have to be provided in sequential order, either in
 * top-bottom or bottom-top order. If slices are provided in
 * non-sequential order the behavior of the function is undefined.
 *
 * @param c         the scaling context previously created with
 *                  sws_getContext()
 * @param srcSlice  the array containing the pointers to the planes of
 *                  the source slice
 * @param srcStride the array containing the strides for each plane of
 *                  the source image
 * @param srcSliceY the position in the source image of the slice to
 *                  process, that is the number (counted starting from
 *                  zero) in the image of the first row of the slice
 * @param srcSliceH the height of the source slice, that is the number
 *                  of rows in the slice
 * @param dst       the array containing the pointers to the planes of
 *                  the destination image
 * @param dstStride the array containing the strides for each plane of
 *                  the destination image
 * @return          the height of the output slice
 */
int sws_scale(struct SwsContext *c, const uint8_t *const srcSlice[],
              const int srcStride[], int srcSliceY, int srcSliceH,
              uint8_t *const dst[], const int dstStride[]);