DBHelper继承了SQLiteOpenHelper,作为维护和管理数据库的基类,DBManager是建立在DBHelper之上,封装了常用的业务方法,Person是我们的person表对应的JavaBean,MainActivity就是我们显示的界面。
下面我们先来看一下DBHelper:
- package com.scott.db;
- import android.content.Context;
- import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase;
- import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteOpenHelper;
- public class DBHelper extends SQLiteOpenHelper {
- private static final String DATABASE_NAME = "test.db";
- private static final int DATABASE_VERSION = 1;
- public DBHelper(Context context) {
- //CursorFactory设置为null,使用默认值
- super(context, DATABASE_NAME, null, DATABASE_VERSION);
- }
- //数据库第一次被创建时onCreate会被调用
- @Override
- public void onCreate(SQLiteDatabase db) {
- db.execSQL("CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS person" +
- "(_id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, name VARCHAR, age INTEGER, info TEXT)");
- }
- //如果DATABASE_VERSION值被改为2,系统发现现有数据库版本不同,即会调用onUpgrade
- @Override
- public void onUpgrade(SQLiteDatabase db, int oldVersion, int newVersion) {
- db.execSQL("ALTER TABLE person ADD COLUMN other STRING");
- }
- }
为了方便我们面向对象的使用数据,我们建一个Person类,对应person表中的字段,如下:
- package com.scott.db;
- public class Person {
- public int _id;
- public String name;
- public int age;
- public String info;
- public Person() {
- }
- public Person(String name, int age, String info) {
- this.name = name;
- this.age = age;
- this.info = info;
- }
- }
- package com.scott.db;
- import java.util.ArrayList;
- import java.util.List;
- import android.content.ContentValues;
- import android.content.Context;
- import android.database.Cursor;
- import android.database.sqlite.SQLiteDatabase;
- public class DBManager {
- private DBHelper helper;
- private SQLiteDatabase db;
- public DBManager(Context context) {
- helper = new DBHelper(context);
- //因为getWritableDatabase内部调用了mContext.openOrCreateDatabase(mName, 0, mFactory);
- //所以要确保context已初始化,我们可以把实例化DBManager的步骤放在Activity的onCreate里
- db = helper.getWritableDatabase();
- }
- /**
- * add persons
- * @param persons
- */
- public void add(List<Person> persons) {
- db.beginTransaction(); //开始事务
- try {
- for (Person person : persons) {
- db.execSQL("INSERT INTO person VALUES(null, ?, ?, ?)", new Object[]{person.name, person.age, person.info});
- }
- db.setTransactionSuccessful(); //设置事务成功完成
- } finally {
- db.endTransaction(); //结束事务
- }
- }
- /**
- * update person's age
- * @param person
- */
- public void updateAge(Person person) {
- ContentValues cv = new ContentValues();
- cv.put("age", person.age);
- db.update("person", cv, "name = ?", new String[]{person.name});
- }
- /**
- * delete old person
- * @param person
- */
- public void deleteOldPerson(Person person) {
- db.delete("person", "age >= ?", new String[]{String.valueOf(person.age)});
- }
- /**
- * query all persons, return list
- * @return List<Person>
- */
- public List<Person> query() {
- ArrayList<Person> persons = new ArrayList<Person>();
- Cursor c = queryTheCursor();
- while (c.moveToNext()) {
- Person person = new Person();
- person._id = c.getInt(c.getColumnIndex("_id"));
- person.name = c.getString(c.getColumnIndex("name"));
- person.age = c.getInt(c.getColumnIndex("age"));
- person.info = c.getString(c.getColumnIndex("info"));
- persons.add(person);
- }
- c.close();
- return persons;
- }
- /**
- * query all persons, return cursor
- * @return Cursor
- */
- public Cursor queryTheCursor() {
- Cursor c = db.rawQuery("SELECT * FROM person", null);
- return c;
- }
- /**
- * close database
- */
- public void closeDB() {
- db.close();
- }
- }
我们获取数据库实例时使用了getWritableDatabase()方法,也许朋友们会有疑问,在getWritableDatabase()和getReadableDatabase()中,你为什么选择前者作为整个应用的数据库实例呢?在这里我想和大家着重分析一下这一点。
我们来看一下SQLiteOpenHelper中的getReadableDatabase()方法:
- public synchronized SQLiteDatabase getReadableDatabase() {
- if (mDatabase != null && mDatabase.isOpen()) {
- // 如果发现mDatabase不为空并且已经打开则直接返回
- return mDatabase;
- }
- if (mIsInitializing) {
- // 如果正在初始化则抛出异常
- throw new IllegalStateException("getReadableDatabase called recursively");
- }
- // 开始实例化数据库mDatabase
- try {
- // 注意这里是调用了getWritableDatabase()方法
- return getWritableDatabase();
- } catch (SQLiteException e) {
- if (mName == null)
- throw e; // Can't open a temp database read-only!
- Log.e(TAG, "Couldn't open " + mName + " for writing (will try read-only):", e);
- }
- // 如果无法以可读写模式打开数据库 则以只读方式打开
- SQLiteDatabase db = null;
- try {
- mIsInitializing = true;
- String path = mContext.getDatabasePath(mName).getPath();// 获取数据库路径
- // 以只读方式打开数据库
- db = SQLiteDatabase.openDatabase(path, mFactory, SQLiteDatabase.OPEN_READONLY);
- if (db.getVersion() != mNewVersion) {
- throw new SQLiteException("Can't upgrade read-only database from version " + db.getVersion() + " to "
- + mNewVersion + ": " + path);
- }
- onOpen(db);
- Log.w(TAG, "Opened " + mName + " in read-only mode");
- mDatabase = db;// 为mDatabase指定新打开的数据库
- return mDatabase;// 返回打开的数据库
- } finally {
- mIsInitializing = false;
- if (db != null && db != mDatabase)
- db.close();
- }
- }
- public synchronized SQLiteDatabase getWritableDatabase() {
- if (mDatabase != null && mDatabase.isOpen() && !mDatabase.isReadOnly()) {
- // 如果mDatabase不为空已打开并且不是只读模式 则返回该实例
- return mDatabase;
- }
- if (mIsInitializing) {
- throw new IllegalStateException("getWritableDatabase called recursively");
- }
- // If we have a read-only database open, someone could be using it
- // (though they shouldn't), which would cause a lock to be held on
- // the file, and our attempts to open the database read-write would
- // fail waiting for the file lock. To prevent that, we acquire the
- // lock on the read-only database, which shuts out other users.
- boolean success = false;
- SQLiteDatabase db = null;
- // 如果mDatabase不为空则加锁 阻止其他的操作
- if (mDatabase != null)
- mDatabase.lock();
- try {
- mIsInitializing = true;
- if (mName == null) {
- db = SQLiteDatabase.create(null);
- } else {
- // 打开或创建数据库
- db = mContext.openOrCreateDatabase(mName, 0, mFactory);
- }
- // 获取数据库版本(如果刚创建的数据库,版本为0)
- int version = db.getVersion();
- // 比较版本(我们代码中的版本mNewVersion为1)
- if (version != mNewVersion) {
- db.beginTransaction();// 开始事务
- try {
- if (version == 0) {
- // 执行我们的onCreate方法
- onCreate(db);
- } else {
- // 如果我们应用升级了mNewVersion为2,而原版本为1则执行onUpgrade方法
- onUpgrade(db, version, mNewVersion);
- }
- db.setVersion(mNewVersion);// 设置最新版本
- db.setTransactionSuccessful();// 设置事务成功
- } finally {
- db.endTransaction();// 结束事务
- }
- }
- onOpen(db);
- success = true;
- return db;// 返回可读写模式的数据库实例
- } finally {
- mIsInitializing = false;
- if (success) {
- // 打开成功
- if (mDatabase != null) {
- // 如果mDatabase有值则先关闭
- try {
- mDatabase.close();
- } catch (Exception e) {
- }
- mDatabase.unlock();// 解锁
- }
- mDatabase = db;// 赋值给mDatabase
- } else {
- // 打开失败的情况:解锁、关闭
- if (mDatabase != null)
- mDatabase.unlock();
- if (db != null)
- db.close();
- }
- }
- }
看完上面的过程之后,大家或许就清楚了许多,如果不是在遇到磁盘空间已满等情况,getReadableDatabase()一般都会返回和getWritableDatabase()一样的数据库实例,所以我们在DBManager构造方法中使用getWritableDatabase()获取整个应用所使用的数据库实例是可行的。当然如果你真的担心这种情况会发生,那么你可以先用getWritableDatabase()获取数据实例,如果遇到异常,再试图用getReadableDatabase()获取实例,当然这个时候你获取的实例只能读不能写了。
最后,让我们看一下如何使用这些数据操作方法来显示数据,下面是MainActivity.java的布局文件和代码:
- <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
- <LinearLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
- android:orientation="vertical"
- android:layout_width="fill_parent"
- android:layout_height="fill_parent">
- <Button
- android:layout_width="fill_parent"
- android:layout_height="wrap_content"
- android:text="add"
- android:onClick="add"/>
- <Button
- android:layout_width="fill_parent"
- android:layout_height="wrap_content"
- android:text="update"
- android:onClick="update"/>
- <Button
- android:layout_width="fill_parent"
- android:layout_height="wrap_content"
- android:text="delete"
- android:onClick="delete"/>
- <Button
- android:layout_width="fill_parent"
- android:layout_height="wrap_content"
- android:text="query"
- android:onClick="query"/>
- <Button
- android:layout_width="fill_parent"
- android:layout_height="wrap_content"
- android:text="queryTheCursor"
- android:onClick="queryTheCursor"/>
- <ListView
- android:id="@+id/listView"
- android:layout_width="fill_parent"
- android:layout_height="wrap_content"/>
- </LinearLayout>
- package com.scott.db;
- import java.util.ArrayList;
- import java.util.HashMap;
- import java.util.List;
- import java.util.Map;
- import android.app.Activity;
- import android.database.Cursor;
- import android.database.CursorWrapper;
- import android.os.Bundle;
- import android.view.View;
- import android.widget.ListView;
- import android.widget.SimpleAdapter;
- import android.widget.SimpleCursorAdapter;
- public class MainActivity extends Activity {
- private DBManager mgr;
- private ListView listView;
- @Override
- public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
- super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
- setContentView(R.layout.main);
- listView = (ListView) findViewById(R.id.listView);
- //初始化DBManager
- mgr = new DBManager(this);
- }
- @Override
- protected void onDestroy() {
- super.onDestroy();
- //应用的最后一个Activity关闭时应释放DB
- mgr.closeDB();
- }
- public void add(View view) {
- ArrayList<Person> persons = new ArrayList<Person>();
- Person person1 = new Person("Ella", 22, "lively girl");
- Person person2 = new Person("Jenny", 22, "beautiful girl");
- Person person3 = new Person("Jessica", 23, "sexy girl");
- Person person4 = new Person("Kelly", 23, "hot baby");
- Person person5 = new Person("Jane", 25, "a pretty woman");
- persons.add(person1);
- persons.add(person2);
- persons.add(person3);
- persons.add(person4);
- persons.add(person5);
- mgr.add(persons);
- }
- public void update(View view) {
- Person person = new Person();
- person.name = "Jane";
- person.age = 30;
- mgr.updateAge(person);
- }
- public void delete(View view) {
- Person person = new Person();
- person.age = 30;
- mgr.deleteOldPerson(person);
- }
- public void query(View view) {
- List<Person> persons = mgr.query();
- ArrayList<Map<String, String>> list = new ArrayList<Map<String, String>>();
- for (Person person : persons) {
- HashMap<String, String> map = new HashMap<String, String>();
- map.put("name", person.name);
- map.put("info", person.age + " years old, " + person.info);
- list.add(map);
- }
- SimpleAdapter adapter = new SimpleAdapter(this, list, android.R.layout.simple_list_item_2,
- new String[]{"name", "info"}, new int[]{android.R.id.text1, android.R.id.text2});
- listView.setAdapter(adapter);
- }
- public void queryTheCursor(View view) {
- Cursor c = mgr.queryTheCursor();
- startManagingCursor(c); //托付给activity根据自己的生命周期去管理Cursor的生命周期
- CursorWrapper cursorWrapper = new CursorWrapper(c) {
- @Override
- public String getString(int columnIndex) {
- //将简介前加上年龄
- if (getColumnName(columnIndex).equals("info")) {
- int age = getInt(getColumnIndex("age"));
- return age + " years old, " + super.getString(columnIndex);
- }
- return super.getString(columnIndex);
- }
- };
- //确保查询结果中有"_id"列
- SimpleCursorAdapter adapter = new SimpleCursorAdapter(this, android.R.layout.simple_list_item_2,
- cursorWrapper, new String[]{"name", "info"}, new int[]{android.R.id.text1, android.R.id.text2});
- ListView listView = (ListView) findViewById(R.id.listView);
- listView.setAdapter(adapter);
- }
- }
如果手动去管理Cursor的话会非常的麻烦,还有一定的风险,处理不当的话运行期间就会出现异常,幸好Activity为我们提供了startManagingCursor(Cursor cursor)方法,它会根据Activity的生命周期去管理当前的Cursor对象,下面是该方法的说明:
- /**
- * This method allows the activity to take care of managing the given
- * {@link Cursor}'s lifecycle for you based on the activity's lifecycle.
- * That is, when the activity is stopped it will automatically call
- * {@link Cursor#deactivate} on the given Cursor, and when it is later restarted
- * it will call {@link Cursor#requery} for you. When the activity is
- * destroyed, all managed Cursors will be closed automatically.
- *
- * @param c The Cursor to be managed.
- *
- * @see #managedQuery(android.net.Uri , String[], String, String[], String)
- * @see #stopManagingCursor
- */
如何包装Cursor:我们会使用到CursorWrapper对象去包装我们的Cursor对象,实现我们需要的数据转换工作,这个CursorWrapper实际上是实现了Cursor接口。我们查询获取到的Cursor其实是Cursor的引用,而系统实际返回给我们的必然是Cursor接口的一个实现类的对象实例,我们用CursorWrapper包装这个实例,然后再使用SimpleCursorAdapter将结果显示到列表上。
Cursor结果集需要注意些什么:一个最需要注意的是,在我们的结果集中必须要包含一个“_id”的列,否则SimpleCursorAdapter就会翻脸不认人,为什么一定要这样呢?因为这源于SQLite的规范,主键以“_id”为标准。解决办法有三:第一,建表时根据规范去做;第二,查询时用别名,例如:SELECT id AS _id FROM person;第三,在CursorWrapper里做文章:
- CursorWrapper cursorWrapper = new CursorWrapper(c) {
- @Override
- public int getColumnIndexOrThrow(String columnName) throws IllegalArgumentException {
- if (columnName.equals("_id")) {
- return super.getColumnIndex("id");
- }
- return super.getColumnIndexOrThrow(columnName);
- }
- };
最后我们来看一下结果如何: