prufer sequence

Prüfer sequence

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In combinatorial mathematics, the Prüfer sequence (also Prüfer code or Prüfer numbers) of a labeled tree is a unique sequence associated with the tree. The sequence for a tree on n vertices has length n − 2, and can be generated by a simple iterative algorithm. Prüfer sequences were first used by Heinz Prüfer to prove Cayley's formulain 1918.^[1]

Algorithm to convert a tree into a Prüfer sequence[edit]

One can generate a labeled tree's Prüfer sequence by iteratively removing vertices from the tree until only two vertices remain. Specifically, consider a labeled tree Twith vertices {1, 2, ..., n}. At step i, remove the leaf with the smallest label and set the ith element of the Prüfer sequence to be the label of this leaf's neighbour.

The Prüfer sequence of a labeled tree is unique and has length n − 2.

Example[edit]

A labeled tree with Prüfer sequence {4,4,4,5}.

Consider the above algorithm run on the tree shown to the right. Initially, vertex 1 is the leaf with the smallest label, so it is removed first and 4 is put in the Prüfer sequence. Vertices 2 and 3 are removed next, so 4 is added twice more. Vertex 4 is now a leaf and has the smallest label, so it is removed and we append 5 to the sequence. We are left with only two vertices, so we stop. The tree's sequence is {4,4,4,5}.

Algorithm to convert a Prüfer sequence into a tree[edit]

Let {a[1], a[2], ..., a[n]} be a Prüfer sequence:

The tree will have n+2 nodes, numbered from 1 to n+2. For each node set its degree to the number of times it appears in the sequence plus 1. For instance, in pseudo-code:

 Convert-Prüfer-to-Tree(a)
 1 n ← length[a]
 2 T ← a graph with n + 2 isolated nodes, numbered 1 to n + 2
 3 degree ← an array of integers
 4 for each node i in T
 5     do degree[i] ← 1
 6 for each value i in a
 7     do degree[i] ← degree[i] + 1

Next, for each number in the sequence a[i], find the first (lowest-numbered) node, j, with degree equal to 1, add the edge (j, a[i]) to the tree, and decrement the degrees of j and a[i]. In pseudo-code:

 8 for each value i in a
 9     for each node j in T
10          if degree[j] = 1
11             then Insert edge[i, j] into T
12                  degree[i] ← degree[i] - 1
13                  degree[j] ← degree[j] - 1
14                  break

At the end of this loop two nodes with degree 1 will remain (call them u, v). Lastly, add the edge (u,v) to the tree.^[2]

14 u ← v ← 0
15 for each node i in T
16     if degree[i] = 1
17         then if u = 0
18             then u ← i
19             else v ← i
20                  break
21 Insert edge[u, v] into T
22 degree[u] ← degree[u] - 1
23 degree[v] ← degree[v] - 1
24 return T

Cayley's formula[edit]

The Prüfer sequence of a labeled tree on n vertices is a unique sequence of length n − 2 on the labels 1 to n — this much is clear. Somewhat less obvious is the fact that for a given sequence S of length n–2 on the labels 1 to n, there is a unique labeled tree whose Prüfer sequence is S.

The immediate consequence is that Prüfer sequences provide a bijection between the set of labeled trees on n vertices and the set of sequences of length n–2 on the labels 1 to n. The latter set has size nⁿ⁻², so the existence of this bijection proves Cayley's formula, i.e. that there are nⁿ⁻² labeled trees on n vertices.

Other applications^[3][edit]

• Cayley's formula can be strengthened to prove the following claim:

The number of spanning trees in a complete graph   with a degree   specified for each vertex   is equal to the  multinomial coefficient

The proof follows by observing that in the Prüfer sequence number   appears exactly   times.

• Cayley's formula can be generalized: a labeled tree is in fact a spanning tree of the labeled complete graph. By placing restrictions on the enumerated Prüfer sequences, similar methods can give the number of spanning trees of a complete bipartite graph. If G is the complete bipartite graph with vertices 1 to n₁ in one partition and vertices n₁ + 1 to n in the other partition, the number of labeled spanning trees of G is , where n₂ = n − n₁.

• Generating uniformly distributed random Prüfer sequences and converting them into the corresponding trees is a straightforward method of generating uniformly distributed random labelled trees.

以上内容摘自维基百科，大意是（n-2）长度的prufer sequence能表示n个节点的树，转化方法如下，对一棵树，先把树的叶子节点中标号最小的点摘除，把他的父亲放在数列中，重复此操作，直至树只剩两个节点，attention 根不是叶子节点，反过来，对于一个数列，将其未出现在数列中的最小标号的节点作为数列首的儿子，删除数列首，重复操作，直至数列为空。可以证明， （n-2）长度的prufer sequence与n个节点的树是一一对应的关系。

那么，n个节点的树最多为n^(n-2)，

应用

1我们可以通过生成一个序列来生成一棵树，不用写并查集之类的了，同时由前文可得，一个点出现了多少次就有多少个儿子（除了根），那么我们就可以生成一个有度数要求的树，同时如果题目给定度数要求树的数目，我们就可以 直接算了

2如果在一个完全二分图上求生成树，左边n1个点，右边n2个点，最后生成树的总数为