Django入门

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已于 2022-12-28 16:15:07 修改

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文章标签： django python 后端

于 2022-12-28 10:05:02 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/liaojsgtcg/article/details/128464492

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Django

中文官网：初识 Django | Django 文档 | Django (djangoproject.com)

Django 是一个由 Python 编写的一个开放源代码的 Web 应用框架。

使用 Django，只要很少的代码，Python 的程序开发人员就可以轻松地完成一个正式网站所需要的大部分内容，并进一步开发出全功能的 Web 服务 Django 本身基于 MVC 模型，即 Model（模型）+ View（视图）+ Controller（控制器）设计模式，MVC 模式使后续对程序的修改和扩展简化，并且使程序某一部分的重复利用成为可能。

MVC 优势：

低耦合
开发快捷
部署方便
可重用性高
维护成本低
…

Python 加 Django 是快速开发、设计、部署网站的最佳组合。

特点

强大的数据库功能
自带强大的后台功能
优雅的网址

安装教程

参考：(19条消息) django安装教程_哇咔君i的博客-CSDN博客_django安装

命令

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常用命令：

在这里插入图片描述

新建项目
django-admin startproject HelloWorld
新建应用
python manage.py startapp blog
启动
python manage.py runserver

第一个应用helloWorld

在这里插入图片描述

blog/vews.py

from django.shortcuts import render
from django.http import HttpResponse
# Create your views here.

def hello_word(request):
    return HttpResponse("Hello World")

blog/urls.py

from django.urls import path , include

import blog.views

urlpatterns =[
    path('hello_world',blog.views.hello_word)
]

HelloWorld/urls.py

from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import path,include

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('^', admin.site.urls),
    path('blog/', include('blog.urls'))
]

HelloWorld/settings.py

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',

    #myapp 配置
    'blog.apps.BlogConfig
]

运行访问 ip:端口/blog/hello_world

定义文章模型

blog/models.py

from django.db import models

# Create your models here.

class Article(models.Model):
    # 文章唯一ID
    article_id = models.AutoField(primary_key=True)
    # 文章标题的
    title = models.TextField()
    # 文章的摘要
    brief_content = models.TextField()
    # 文章的主要内容
    content = models.TextField()
    # 文章的发布日期
    publish_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)

创建模型变更的迁移文件
python manage.py makemigrations
执行迁移文件
python manage.py migrate

打开django shell 添加文章

命令行

python manage.py shell

引入依赖
from blog.modles import Article

实例化
a = Article()

赋值
a.title = "xxx"

保存到数据库
a.save()

从数据库取出所有数据
articles = Article.objects.all()

打印输出
 print(ax.title)

打开后台管理来添加文章

创建超级管理员

python manage.py createsuperuser

把模型交给后台管理

blog/admin.py

from django.contrib import admin

# Register your models here.

from .models import Article

admin.site.register(Article)

浏览器打开 ip:端口/admin

在这里插入图片描述

获取文章数据并展示

blog/views.py

from django.shortcuts import render
from django.http import HttpResponse
from blog.models import Article

# Create your views here.

def hello_word(request):
    return HttpResponse("Hello World")

def content(request):
    articles = Article.objects.all()
    a = articles[0]
    title = a.title
    brief_content = a.brief_content
    content = a.content
    publish_date = a.publish_date
    return HttpResponse('title:%s,brief_content:%s,' \
           'content:%s,publish_date:%s'%(title,brief_content,content,publish_date))

blog/urls.py

from django.urls import path , include

import blog.views

urlpatterns =[
    path('hello_world',blog.views.hello_word),
    path('content',blog.views.content)
]

访问 ip:端口/blog/content

在这里插入图片描述

使用Django模板引擎

blog中创建templates目录

新建blog目录

新建index.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Django</title>
<!-- 最新版本的 Bootstrap 核心 CSS 文件 -->
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.4.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-HSMxcRTRxnN+Bdg0JdbxYKrThecOKuH5zCYotlSAcp1+c8xmyTe9GYg1l9a69psu" crossorigin="anonymous">

<!-- 最新的 Bootstrap 核心 JavaScript 文件 -->
<script src="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.4.1/js/bootstrap.min.js" integrity="sha384-aJ21OjlMXNL5UyIl/XNwTMqvzeRMZH2w8c5cRVpzpU8Y5bApTppSuUkhZXN0VxHd" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
</head>
<body>
    <div class="container page-header">
        <h1>Django 文章
        <small>————DingDingDing</small>
        </h1>
    </div>
    <div class="container page-body">
        <div class="col-md-9" role="main">
            {% for article in article_list %}
            <div>
                <h2>{{article.title}}</h2>
                <p>{{article.content}}</p>
            </div>
            {% endfor %}
        </div>

        <div class="col-md-3" role="complementary">
            <div>
                <h2>最新文章</h2>
                {% for article in article_list %}
                <h4><a>{{article.title}}</a></h4>
                {% endfor %}
            </div>
        </div>

    </div>
</body>
</html>

blog/views.py启用引擎

def get_articles(request):
    articles = Article.objects.all()
    return render(request, 'blog/index.html',
                  {
                      'article_list': articles
                  })

blog/urls.py 配置路由

from django.urls import path , include

import blog.views

urlpatterns =[
    path('hello_world',blog.views.hello_word),
    path('content',blog.views.content),
    path('index',blog.views.get_articles)
]

访问端口：IP：端口 /blog/index

在这里插入图片描述

新建detail.html做详情页

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>文章详情</title>
      <!-- 最新版本的 Bootstrap 核心 CSS 文件 -->
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.4.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-HSMxcRTRxnN+Bdg0JdbxYKrThecOKuH5zCYotlSAcp1+c8xmyTe9GYg1l9a69psu" crossorigin="anonymous">

    <!-- 最新的 Bootstrap 核心 JavaScript 文件 -->
    <script src="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.4.1/js/bootstrap.min.js" integrity="sha384-aJ21OjlMXNL5UyIl/XNwTMqvzeRMZH2w8c5cRVpzpU8Y5bApTppSuUkhZXN0VxHd" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>

</head>
<body>
<div class="container page-header">
        <h1>{{article.title}}</h1>
    </div>
    <div class="container page-body">
        <div class="col-md-9" role="main">
            {% for page in pages %}
            <div>
                <p>{{page}}</p>
            </div>
            {% endfor %}
        </div>
    </div>
</body>
</html>

blog/urls.py 设置路由

from django.urls import path , include

import blog.views

urlpatterns =[
    path('hello_world',blog.views.hello_word),
    path('content',blog.views.content),
    path('index',blog.views.get_articles),
    path('detail',blog.views.get_detail)
]

blog/views.py 配置引擎

def get_detail(request):
    article = Article.objects.all()[0]
    pages = article.content.split('\n')
    return render(request, 'blog/detail.html',
                  {
                      'article': article,
                      'pages':pages
                  })

首页跳转详情页

在这里插入图片描述

blog/views.py修改引擎

def get_detail(request,article_id):
    article = Article.objects.all()
    curr_article = None
    for a in article:
        if a.article_id==article_id:
            curr_article = a
            break
    pages = curr_article.content.split('\n')
    return render(request, 'blog/detail.html',
                  {
                      'article': curr_article,
                      'pages':pages
                  })

blog/urls.py修改

urlpatterns =[
    path('hello_world',blog.views.hello_word),
    path('content',blog.views.content),
    path('index',blog.views.get_articles),
    # path('detail',blog.views.get_detail),
    path('detail/<int:article_id>',blog.views.get_detail)
]

详情页上下篇切

blog/views.py改造

def get_detail(request,article_id):
    articles = Article.objects.all()
    curr_article = None
    pre_article = None
    next_article = None
    for index,a in enumerate(articles):
        if index ==0:
            pre_index=index
            next_index=index+1
        elif index==len(articles)-1:
            pre_index = index-1
            next_index = index
        else:
            pre_index = index-1
            next_index = index+1

        if a.article_id==article_id:
            curr_article = a
            pre_article = articles[pre_index]
            next_article = articles[next_index]
            break
    pages = curr_article.content.split('\n')
    return render(request, 'blog/detail.html',
                  {
                      'article': curr_article,
                      'pages':pages,
                      'pre_article':pre_article,
                      'next_article':next_article,
                  })

detail.html改造

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>文章详情</title>
    <!-- 最新版本的 Bootstrap 核心 CSS 文件 -->
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.4.1/css/bootstrap.min.css"
          integrity="sha384-HSMxcRTRxnN+Bdg0JdbxYKrThecOKuH5zCYotlSAcp1+c8xmyTe9GYg1l9a69psu" crossorigin="anonymous">

    <!-- 最新的 Bootstrap 核心 JavaScript 文件 -->
    <script src="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.4.1/js/bootstrap.min.js"
            integrity="sha384-aJ21OjlMXNL5UyIl/XNwTMqvzeRMZH2w8c5cRVpzpU8Y5bApTppSuUkhZXN0VxHd"
            crossorigin="anonymous"></script>

</head>
<body>
<div class="container page-header">
    <h1>{{article.title}}</h1>
</div>
<div class="container page-body">
    <div class="col-md-9" role="main">
        {% for page in pages %}
        <div>
            <p>{{page}}</p>
        </div>
        {% endfor %}
    </div>
</div>
<div>
    <nav aria-label="...">
        <ul class="pager">
            <li><a href="/blog/detail/{{pre_article.article_id}}">上一篇:{{pre_article.title}}</a></li>
            <li><a href="/blog/detail/{{next_article.article_id}}">下一篇:{{next_article.title}}</a></li>
        </ul>
    </nav>
</div>
</body>
</html>

首页分页

blog/views.py改造


from django.core.paginator import Paginator

def get_articles(request):
    page = request.GET.get('page')
    if page:
        page = int(page)
    else:
        page = 1
    print("page:", page)
    articles = Article.objects.all()
    paginator = Paginator(articles, 1)
    page_num = paginator.num_pages
    page_article_list = paginator.page(page)
    next_page = None
    pre_page =None
    if page_article_list.has_next():
        next_page = page+1
    else:
        next_page = page
    if page_article_list.has_previous:
        pre_page = page-1
    else:
        pre_page = page
    return render(request, 'blog/index.html',
                  {
                      'article_list': page_article_list,
                      'page_num': range(1, page_num + 1),
                      'curr_page': page,
                      'next_page': next_page,
                      'pre_page': pre_page
                  })

index.html

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Django</title>
    <!-- 最新版本的 Bootstrap 核心 CSS 文件 -->
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.4.1/css/bootstrap.min.css"
          integrity="sha384-HSMxcRTRxnN+Bdg0JdbxYKrThecOKuH5zCYotlSAcp1+c8xmyTe9GYg1l9a69psu" crossorigin="anonymous">

    <!-- 最新的 Bootstrap 核心 JavaScript 文件 -->
    <script src="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.4.1/js/bootstrap.min.js"
            integrity="sha384-aJ21OjlMXNL5UyIl/XNwTMqvzeRMZH2w8c5cRVpzpU8Y5bApTppSuUkhZXN0VxHd"
            crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
</head>
<body>
<div class="container page-header">
    <h1>Django 文章
        <small>————DingDingDing</small>
    </h1>
</div>
<div class="container page-body">
    <div class="col-md-9" role="main">
        {% for article in article_list %}
        <div>
            <h2><a href="/blog/detail/{{article.article_id}}">{{article.title}}</a></h2>
            <p>{{article.brief_content}}</p>
        </div>
        {% endfor %}
        <div class="body-footer">
            <div class="col-md-4 col-md-offset-3">
                <nav aria-label="Page navigation">
                    <ul class="pagination">
                        <li>
                            <a href="/blog/index?page={{next_page}}" aria-label="Previous">
                                <span aria-hidden="true">&laquo;</span>
                            </a>
                        </li>
                        {% for page in page_num %}
                        <li><a href="/blog/index?page={{page}}">{{page}}</a></li>
                        {% endfor %}
                        <li>
                            <a href="/blog/index?page={{pre_page}}" aria-label="Next">
                                <span aria-hidden="true">&raquo;</span>
                            </a>
                        </li>
                    </ul>
                </nav>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>

    <div class="col-md-3" role="complementary">
        <div>
            <h2>最新文章</h2>
            {% for article in article_list %}
            <h4><a href="/blog/detail/{{article.article_id}}">{{article.title}}</a></h4>
            {% endfor %}
        </div>
    </div>

</div>
</body>
</html>

排序

def get_articles(request):
    page = request.GET.get('page')
    if page:
        page = int(page)
    else:
        page = 1
    print("page:", page)
    articles = Article.objects.all()
    paginator = Paginator(articles, 1)
    page_num = paginator.num_pages
    page_article_list = paginator.page(page)
    #-------------------------start
    top5_article = Article.objects.order_by('-publish_date')[:5]
    # top5_article = Article.objects.order_by('publish_date')[:5] 正序
    next_page = None
    pre_page =None
    if page_article_list.has_next():
        next_page = page+1
    else:
        next_page = page
    if page_article_list.has_previous:
        pre_page = page-1
    else:
        pre_page = page
    return render(request, 'blog/index.html',
                  {
                      'article_list': page_article_list,
                      'page_num': range(1, page_num + 1),
                      'curr_page': page,
                      'next_page': next_page,
                      'pre_page': pre_page,
                      'top5_article':top5_article
                  })