Python_爬虫_爬取豆瓣Top250电影排行榜

1. 模块准备

（1）Requests：简化了urllib的许多操作，在爬虫程序中最受欢迎。通过get()方法从服务器上下载网页，但是下载的为网页的源代码，需要进行解析。通过pip install requests进行安装。
（2）BeautifulSoup4 (BS4)：是一个网页解析利器。通过pip install bs4进行安装。

2. 程序实现
（1）核心程序

import requests
import bs4

#获取榜单
res = requests.get('https://movie.douban.com/top250')

#解析网页内容
soup = bs4.BeautifulSoup(res.text, 'html.parser')
targets = soup.find_all('div', class_='hd')
for each in targets:
    print(each.a.span.text)

（2）完整程序

import requests
import bs4
import re

def open_url(url):
    # 使用代理
    # proxies = {"http": "127.0.0.1:1080", "https": "127.0.0.1:1080"}
    headers = {'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/57.0.2987.98 Safari/537.36'}

    # res = requests.get(url, headers=headers, proxies=proxies)
    res = requests.get(url, headers=headers)

    return res

def find_movies(res):
    soup = bs4.BeautifulSoup(res.text, 'html.parser')

    # 电影名
    movies = []
    targets = soup.find_all("div", class_="hd")
    for each in targets:
        movies.append(each.a.span.text)

    # 评分
    ranks = []
    targets = soup.find_all("span", class_="rating_num")
    for each in targets:
        ranks.append(' 评分：%s ' % each.text)

    # 资料
    messages = []
    targets = soup.find_all("div", class_="bd")
    for each in targets:
        try:
            messages.append(each.p.text.split('\n')[1].strip() + each.p.text.split('\n')[2].strip())
        except:
            continue

    result = []
    length = len(movies)
    for i in range(length):
        result.append(movies[i] + ranks[i] + messages[i] + '\n')

    return result

# 找出一共有多少个页面
def find_depth(res):
    soup = bs4.BeautifulSoup(res.text, 'html.parser')
    depth = soup.find('span', class_='next').previous_sibling.previous_sibling.text

    return int(depth)

def main():
    host = "https://movie.douban.com/top250"
    res = open_url(host)
    depth = find_depth(res)

    result = []
    for i in range(depth):
        url = host + '/?start=' + str(25 * i)
        res = open_url(url)
        result.extend(find_movies(res))

    with open("豆瓣TOP250电影.txt", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
        for each in result:
            f.write(each)
    
if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

3. 代码解释
（1）读网站代码：打开https://movie.douban.com/top250 可以看到豆瓣Top250的电影排行榜，右键“肖申克的救赎”选中“检查”

（2）targets = soup.find_all(‘div’, class_=‘hd’) 中的div和class_='hd’对应下图中第一行内容，在Python中由于class为关键字，所以模块中用到class都使用“class_”。
（3）print(each.a.span.text) 中“.a.span”的依据是下图中的层级关系。