慕课网《python开发简单爬虫》代码记录
一、url下载器部分
#encoding=utf-8
import cookielib
import urllib2
import urllib
import os
import BeautifulSoup
url = "http://www.baidu.com"
print '测试第一种方法'
response1 = urllib2.urlopen(url) #获取的内容返回给对象
print response1.getcode() #状态码是否为200,判断是否成功
print len(response1.read()) #网页内容长度 read方法读取内容
print '测试第二种方法' #伪装成浏览器
request = urllib2.Request(url) #生成request对象
request.add_header("user-agent","Mozilla/5.0") #将爬虫伪装成一个浏览器
response2 = urllib2.urlopen(request) #提交网页下载请求
print response2.getcode()
print len(response2.read())
print '测试第三种方法' #引入cookie增加处理情景的能力
cj = cookielib.CookieJar() #建立个cookie的容器
opener = urllib2.build_opener(urllib2.HTTPCookieProcessor(cj))#以容器作为参数创建一个handler,作为opener的参数
urllib2.install_opener(opener) #增强处理能力,给urllib2安装opener
response3 = urllib2.urlopen(url)
print response3.getcode()
print cj
print response3.read()
二、网页解析器部分—beautiful soup
#encoding=utf-8
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import re
html_doc = """
<html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
<body>
<p class="title"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
<p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
<a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1">Elsie</a>,
<a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and
<a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p>
<p class="story">...</p>
"""
#根据HTML网页字符中创建BeautifulSoup对象
soup = BeautifulSoup( html_doc, 'html.parser', from_encoding = 'utf8' )
#HTML文档字串, HTML解析器,HTML文档的编码
print '获取所有链接'
links = soup.find_all('a')
for link in links:
print link.name, link['href'], link.get_text()
print '获取lacie的链接'
link_node = soup.find('a', href = 'http://example.com/lacie')
print link_node.name, link_node['href'], link_node.get_text()
print '正则匹配'
link_node = soup.find('a', href = re.compile(r"ill"))
print link_node.name, link_node['href'], link_node.get_text()
print '获取p段落文字'
p_node = soup.find('p', class_ = "title")
print p_node.name, p_node.get_text()
三、python编写爬虫实例
制订抓取策略
目标:百度百科python词条相关词条网页——标题和简介
入口页:https://baike.baidu.com/item/Python
URL格式:
-词条页面URL:/view/125370.htm(非完整URL)
数据格式:
页面编码:UTF-8
代码部分
url管理器
# coding:utf8
class UrlManager(object):
# 维护两个Url列表
def __init__(self):
self.new_urls = set()
self.old_urls = set()
def add_new_url(self, url): # 向管理器中添加一个新的Url
if url is None:
return
if url not in self.new_urls and url not in self.old_urls:
self.new_urls.add(url)
def add_new_urls(self, urls): # 向管理器中添加批量Url
if urls is None or len(urls) == 0:
return
for url in urls:
self.add_new_url(url)
def has_new_url(self): # 判断管理器中是否有新的待爬取的Url
return len(self.new_urls) != 0
def get_new_url(self): # 从管理器中获取一个新的待爬取的Url
new_url = self.new_urls.pop()
self.old_urls.add(new_url)
return new_url
html下载器
# coding:utf8
import urllib2
class HtmlDownloader(object):
def download(self, url):
if url is None:
return None
response = urllib2.urlopen(url) # 由于要爬取内容简单,此处使用urllib2最简单的方法
if response.getcode() != 200:
return None
return response.read()
url解析器
# coding:utf8
import re
import urlparse
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
class HtmlParser(object):
def _get_new_urls(self, page_url, soup): # 获取页面中所有其他词条的Url
new_urls = set()
# 获取所有的连接 /view/123.htm
links = soup.find_all('a', href=re.compile(r"/item"))
for link in links:
new_url = link['href']
new_full_url = urlparse.urljoin(page_url, new_url) # 按照page_url的格式,拼接成完全的url
new_urls.add(new_full_url)
return new_urls
def _get_new_data(self, page_url, soup): # 解析数据 title summery
res_data = {} # 建立字典存储数据
# url放入数据中,便于后续使用
res_data['url'] = page_url
# <dd class="lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle-title"><h1>Python</h1>
title_node = soup.find('dd', class_='lemmaWgt-lemmaTitle-title').find("h1")
res_data['title'] = title_node.get_text()
# <div class="lemma-summary">
summary_node = soup.find('div', class_="lemma-summary")
res_data['summary'] = summary_node.get_text()
return res_data
def parse(self, page_url, html_cont): # 从cont中解析出两个数据,新的url列表和数据
if page_url is None or html_cont is None:
return
soup = BeautifulSoup(html_cont, 'html.parser', from_encoding='utf-8') # 将cont加载近soup
# 两个链接
new_urls = self._get_new_urls(page_url, soup)
new_data = self._get_new_data(page_url, soup)
return new_urls, new_data
html输出器
# coding:utf8
class HtmlOutputer(object):
def __init__(self):
self.datas = []
def collect_data(self, data):
if data is None:
return
self.datas.append(data)
def output_html(self):
fout = open('output.html', 'w') # 建立文件输出对象
# 标签
fout.write("<html>")
fout.write("<head><meta charset=\"utf-8\"></head>")
fout.write("<body>")
fout.write("<table>") # 以表格的形式输出
#ascii
for data in self.datas:
fout.write("<tr>")#行的开始标签
fout.write("<td>%s</td>" % data['url'])
fout.write("<td>%s</td>" % data['title'].encode('utf-8').decode("utf-8"))
fout.write("<td>%s</td>" % data['summary'].encode('utf-8').decode("utf-8"))
fout.write("</tr>")
#闭合标签
fout.write("</table>")
fout.write("</body>")
fout.write("</html>")
fout.close()
main
# coding:utf8
import url_manager, html_downloader, html_parser, html_outputer
class SpiderMain(object):
def __init__(self):
self.urls = url_manager.UrlManager()
self.downloader = html_downloader.HtmlDownloader()
self.parser = html_parser.HtmlParser()
self.outputer = html_outputer.HtmlOutputer()
def craw(self, root_url): # 爬虫的调度程序
count = 1 # 记录当前爬取的Url
self.urls.add_new_url(root_url)
while self.urls.has_new_url(): # url管理器中有待爬取的Url时
try: # 有的网页无要爬取内容
new_url = self.urls.get_new_url() # 获取一个
print 'craw %d : %s ' % (count, new_url)
html_cont = self.downloader.download(new_url) # 下载页面,结果存储
new_urls, new_data = self.parser.parse(new_url, html_cont) # 解析器,得到新的Url列表以及新的数据
self.urls.add_new_urls(new_urls) # 添加进Url管理器(批量)
self.outputer.collect_data(new_data) # 收集数据
if count == 20:
break
count = count + 1
except:
print 'craw failed'
self.outputer.output_html()
if __name__ == "__main__":
root_url = "https://baike.baidu.com/view/21087.htm"
obj_spider = SpiderMain()
obj_spider.craw(root_url)
注:
匹配形式需随网站的url形式的改变调整。
附:
python 正则表达式
http://www.runoob.com/python/python-reg-expressions.html
http://www.cnblogs.com/huxi/archive/2010/07/04/1771073.htm
pycharm快捷键
http://www.cnblogs.com/littleseven/p/5599019.html
解决爬取网站内容乱码问题
http://blog.csdn.net/github_35160620/article/details/52529435