MySQL学习笔记(九)——子查询
含义:
出现在其他语句中的select语句,称为子查询或内查询
外部的查询语句,称为主查询或外查询
分类:
按子查询出现的位置:
select后面:
仅仅支持标量子查询
from后面:
支持表子查询
where或having后面:(重点)
标量子查询
列子查询
行子查询(但用的较少)
exists后面(相关子查询):
表子查询
按结果集的行列数(功能)不同:
标量子查询(结果集只有一行一列)
列子查询(结果集只有一列多行)
行子查询(结果集有一行多列)
表子查询(结果集一般为多行多列)
一、where或having后面
1.标量子查询(单行子查询)
2.列子查询(多行子查询)
3.行子查询(多列多行)
特点:
1.子查询放在小括号内
2.子查询一般放在条件的右侧
3.标量子查询,一般搭配着单行操作符使用
> < >= <= = <>
4.子查询的执行优先于主查询执行,主查询的条件用到了子查询的结果
列子查询,一般搭配着多行操作符使用
in、any/some、all
1.标量子查询
案例1:谁的工资比Abel高?
1.查询Abel的工资
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name='Abel';
2.查询员工的信息,满足salary>1的结果
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name='Abel'
);
案例2:返回job_id与141号员工相同,salary比143号员工多的员工姓名、job_id和工资
1.查询141号员工的job_id
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id=141;
2.查询143号员工的salary
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id=143;
3.查询员工的姓名、job_id和工资,要求job_id=1并且salary>2
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id=(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id=141
)AND salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id=143
);
案例3:返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary
1.查询公司的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees;
2.查询last_name,job_id和salary,要求salary=1
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
);
案例4:查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资
1.查询50号部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id=50;
2.查询每个部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;
3.在2基础上筛选,满足min(salary)>1
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id=50
);
非法使用标量子查询
子查询的结果不是一行一列,这样都是不对的。
2.列子查询(多行子查询)
返回多行
使用多行操作符
案例1:返回location_id是1400或1700的部门中所有员工姓名
1.查询location_id是1400或1700的部门编号
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700);
2.查询员工姓名,要求部门号是1列表中的某一个
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id IN(
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)
);
或
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id=ANY(
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)
);
案例2:返回其他工种中比job_id为’IT_PROG’部门任一工资低的员工的:工号、姓名、job_id以及salary
1.查询job_id为’IT_PROG’部门任一工资
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id='IT_PROG';
2.查询员工号、姓名、job_id以及salary,salary<1的任意一个
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<ANY(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id='IT_PROG';
)AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
或
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id='IT_PROG'
)AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
案例3:返回其他部门中比job_id为为’IT_PROG’部门所有工资都低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id以及salary
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<ALL(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id='IT_PROG'
)AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
或
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id='IT_PROG'
)AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
3.行子查询(结果集一行多列或多行多列)
案例:查询员工编号最小并且工资最高的员工信息
行子查询:
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE (employee_id,salary)=(
SELECT MIN(employee_id),MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
1.查询最小的员工编号
SELECT MIN(employee_id)
FROM employees;
2.查询最高工资
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees;
3.查询员工信息
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id=(
SELECT MIN(employee_id)
FROM employees
)AND salary=(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
);
二、select后面
仅仅支持标量子查询。
案例1:查询每个部门的员工个数
SELECT d.*,(
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM employees e
WHERE e.department_id=d.department_id
)个数
FROM departments d;
案例2:查询员工号=102的部门名
SELECT (
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
INNER JOIN employees e
ON d.department_id=e.department_id
WHERE e.employee_id=102
) 部门名;
三、from后面
将子查询结果充当一张表,要求必须起别名
案例:查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级
1.查询每个部门的平均工资
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;
2.连接1的结果集和job_grades表,筛选条件平均工资between lowest_sal and highest_sal
SELECT ag_dep.*,g.grade_level
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
)ag_dep
INNER JOIN job_grades g
ON ag_dep.ag BETWEEN lowest_sal AND highest_sal;
四、exists后面(相关子查询)
语法
exists(完整的查询语句)
结果
1或0
案例1:查询有员工的部门名
用exists实现
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE EXISTS(
SELECT *
FROM employees e
WHERE d.department_id=e.department_id
);
用IN实现
SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE d.department_id IN(
SELECT department_id
FROM employees
);
案例2:查询没有女朋友的男神信息
用IN实现
SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE bo.id NOT IN(
SELECT boyfriend_id
FROM beauty
);
用exists实现
SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE NOT EXISTS(
SELECT boyfriend_id
FROM beauty b
WHERE bo.id=b.boyfriend_id
);