本文翻译自：这里，并会添加笔（译）者的一些适当的注解。
1.导入numpy，并重命名为np(★☆☆)
import numpy as np2.输出numpy的版本和配置(★☆☆)
print(np.__version__)
np.show_config()3.创建大小为10的空向量(★☆☆)
Z = np.zeros(10)
print(Z)4.如何查找数组的内存大小(★☆☆)
Z = np.zeros((10,10))
print("%d bytes" % (Z.size * Z.itemsize))5.如何从命令行获取numpy中add函数的文档？(★☆☆)
%run `python -c "import numpy; numpy.info(numpy.add)"`#这个问题貌似有点偏，这里给出笔者的实例输出：
C:\WINDOWS\system32>python -c "import numpy; numpy.info(numpy.add)"
add(x1, x2[, out])
Add arguments element-wise.
Parameters
----------
x1, x2 : array_like
The arrays to be added. If ``x1.shape != x2.shape``, they must be
broadcastable to a common shape (which may be the shape of one or
the other).
Returns
-------
add : ndarray or scalar
The sum of `x1` and `x2`, element-wise. Returns a scalar if
both `x1` and `x2` are scalars.
Notes
-----
Equivalent to `x1` + `x2` in terms of array broadcasting.
Examples
--------
>>> np.add(1.0, 4.0)
5.0
>>> x1 = np.arange(9.0).reshape((3, 3))
>>> x2 = np.arange(3.0)
>>> np.add(x1, x2)
array([[ 0., 2., 4.],
[ 3., 5., 7.],
[ 6., 8., 10.]])当然也可以在python环境下得到，输入：
np.info(np.add)6.创建一个大小为10的空向量，但是第五个值为1
Z = np.zeros(10)
Z[4] = 1
print(Z)7.创建一个值为10到49的向量(★☆☆)
Z = np.arange(10,50)
print(Z)8.反转向量（第一个元素变为最后一个元素）(★☆☆)
Z = np.arange(50)
Z = Z[::-1]
print(Z)9.创建一个值为0到8的3x3矩阵(★☆☆)
Z = np.arange(9).reshape(3,3)
print(Z)10.从[1,2,0,0,4,0]中查找非零元素的下标(★☆☆)
nz = np.nonzero([1,2,0,0,4,0])
print(nz)11.创建3x3单位矩阵(★☆☆)
Z = np.eye(3)
print(Z)12.创建一个由随机数组成的3x3x3数组(★☆☆)
Z = np.random.random((3,3,3))
print(Z)13.创建一个由随机数组成的10x10数组，并找到最小值和最大值(★☆☆)
Z = np.random.random((10,10))
Zmin, Zmax = Z.min(), Z.max()
print(Zmin, Zmax)14.创建一个大小为30的随机向量，并找到平均值(★☆☆)
Z = np.random.random(30)
m = Z.mean()
print(m)15.创建一个二维数组，其边框上均为1，内部均为0(★☆☆)
Z = np.ones((10,10))
Z[1:-1,1:-1] = 0
print(Z)16.如何在现有数组周围添加边框（用0填充）？(★☆☆)
Z = np.ones((5,5))
Z = np.pad(Z, pad_width=1, mode='constant', constant_values=0)
print(Z)17.下列表达式的输出值是什么？(★☆☆)
print(0 * np.nan)
print(np.nan == np.nan)
print(np.inf > np.nan)
print(np.nan - np.nan)
print(0.3 == 3 * 0.1)18.创建一个5x5矩阵，值为1,2,3,4的元素刚好在对角线下方(★☆☆)
Z = np.diag(1+np.arange(4),k=-1)
print(Z)19.创建一个8x8矩阵，并将其填充为一个棋盘图案(★☆☆)
Z = np.zeros((8,8),dtype=int)
Z[1::2,::2] = 1
Z[::2,1::2] = 1
print(Z)20.考虑一个（6,7,8）的数组，第100个元素的索引（x，y，z）是什么？(★☆☆)
print(np.unravel_index(100,(6,7,8)))21.使用tile函数创建8*8棋盘矩阵(★☆☆)
Z = np.tile( np.array([[0,1],[1,0]]), (4,4))
print(Z)22.将5*5随机矩阵归一化(★☆☆)
Z = np.random.random((5,5))
Zmax, Zmin = Z.max(), Z.min()
Z = (Z - Zmin)/(Zmax - Zmin)
print(Z)23.创建将颜色描述为四个无符号字节（RGBA）的自定义dtype(★☆☆)
color = np.dtype([("r", np.ubyte, 1),
("g", np.ubyte, 1),
("b", np.ubyte, 1),
("a", np.ubyte, 1)])24.将5x3矩阵乘以3x2矩阵（实矩阵乘积）(★☆☆)
Z = np.dot(np.ones((5,3)), np.ones((3,2)))
print(Z)
# Alternative solution, in Python 3.5 and above
Z = np.ones((5,3)) @ np.ones((3,2))
print(Z)25.给定一个1维数组，取反在3和8之间的所有元素(★☆☆)
Z = np.arange(11)
Z[(3 < Z) & (Z <= 8)] *= -1
print(Z)26.What is the output of the following script? (★☆☆)
# Author: Jake VanderPlas
print(sum(range(5),-1))
from numpy import *
print(sum(range(5),-1))#笔者注:这段代码的输出很有意思，下面给出笔者的测试例子：
>>> from numpy import *
>>> for i in range(5):
... print(i)
... print(sum(range(i),-1))
... print(sum(range(i)))
...
0
0.0
0.0
1
0
0
2
1
1
3
3
3
4
6
6
>>>27.考虑一个整数向量Z，下面那些表达式是合法的? (★☆☆)
Z**Z
2 << Z >> 2
Z <- Z
1j*Z
Z/1/1
Z<Z>Z28.下列表达式的结果是什么?(★☆☆)
print(np.array(0) / np.array(0))
print(np.array(0) // np.array(0))
print(np.array([np.nan]).astype(int).astype(float))笔者注：/ 代表浮点数除法的，得到的结果是浮点数；// 是整数除法，得到的结果是整数。
29.如何从零舍入浮点数组？(★☆☆)
# Author: Charles R Harris
Z = np.random.uniform(-10,+10,10)
print (np.copysign(np.ceil(np.abs(Z)), Z))笔者注：copysign 和 ceil函数的使用方法：
#copysign：
copysign(x1, x2[, out])
Change the sign of x1 to that of x2, element-wise.
If both arguments are arrays or sequences, they have to be of the same
length. If `x2` is a scalar, its sign will be copied to all elements of
`x1`.
Parameters
----------
x1 : array_like
Values to change the sign of.
x2 : array_like
The sign of `x2` is copied to `x1`.
out : ndarray, optional
Array into which the output is placed. Its type is preserved and it
must be of the right shape to hold the output. See doc.ufuncs.
Returns
-------
out : array_like
The values of `x1` with the sign of `x2`.
Examples
--------
>>> np.copysign(1.3, -1)
-1.3
>>> 1/np.copysign(0, 1)
inf
>>> 1/np.copysign(0, -1)
-inf
>>> np.copysign([-1, 0, 1], -1.1)
array([-1., -0., -1.])
>>> np.copysign([-1, 0, 1], np.arange(3)-1)
array([-1., 0., 1.])
#------------------------------------------------------
#ceil:
ceil(x[, out])
Return the ceiling of the input, element-wise.
The ceil of the scalar `x` is the smallest integer `i`, such that
`i >= x`. It is often denoted as :math:`\lceil x \rceil`.
Parameters
----------
x : array_like
Input data.
Returns
-------
y : ndarray or scalar
The ceiling of each element in `x`, with `float` dtype.
See Also
--------
floor, trunc, rint
Examples
--------
>>> a = np.array([-1.7, -1.5, -0.2, 0.2, 1.5, 1.7, 2.0])
>>> np.ceil(a)
array([-1., -1., -0., 1., 2., 2., 2.])30.如何找出两个数组的公共元素？ (★☆☆)
Z1 = np.random.randint(0,10,10)
Z2 = np.random.randint(0,10,10)
print(np.intersect1d(Z1,Z2))笔者注：关于intersect1d函数的使用：
intersect1d(ar1, ar2, assume_unique=False)
Find the intersection of two arrays.
Return the sorted, unique values that are in both of the input arrays.
Parameters
----------
ar1, ar2 : array_like
Input arrays.
assume_unique : bool
If True, the input arrays are both assumed to be unique, which
can speed up the calculation. Default is False.
Returns
-------
intersect1d : ndarray
Sorted 1D array of common and unique elements.
See Also
--------
numpy.lib.arraysetops : Module with a number of other functions for
performing set operations on arrays.
Examples
--------
>>> np.intersect1d([1, 3, 4, 3], [3, 1, 2, 1])
array([1, 3])
To intersect more than two arrays, use functools.reduce:
>>> from functools import reduce
>>> reduce(np.intersect1d, ([1, 3, 4, 3], [3, 1, 2, 1], [6, 3, 4, 2]))
array([3])31.如何忽略所有numpy的警告（warning）信息（不推荐）? (★☆☆)
# Suicide mode on
defaults = np.seterr(all="ignore")
Z = np.ones(1) / 0
# Back to sanity
_ = np.seterr(**defaults)一个等价的方式，用一个上下文管理器（context manager）：
with np.errstate(divide='ignore'):
Z = np.ones(1) / 032.下列表达式是正确的（true）吗? (★☆☆)
np.sqrt(-1) == np.emath.sqrt(-1)33.如何获得昨天，今天和明天的日期？(★☆☆)
yesterday = np.datetime64('today', 'D') - np.timedelta64(1, 'D')
today = np.datetime64('today', 'D')
tomorrow = np.datetime64('today', 'D') + np.timedelta64(1, 'D')34.如何获得所有与2016年7月相对应的日期？
Z = np.arange('2016-07', '2016-08', dtype='datetime64[D]')
print(Z)35.如何计算 ((A+B)*(-A/2))到位（没有副本）？ （★★☆）
A = np.ones(3)*1
B = np.ones(3)*2
C = np.ones(3)*3
np.add(A,B,out=B)
np.divide(A,2,out=A)
np.negative(A,out=A)
np.multiply(A,B,out=A)36.使用5种不同的方法提取随机数组的整数部分（★★☆）
Z = np.random.uniform(0,10,10)
print (Z - Z%1)
print (np.floor(Z))
print (np.ceil(Z)-1)
print (Z.astype(int))
print (np.trunc(Z))笔者注：trunc函数的使用方法：
trunc(x[, out])
Return the truncated value of the input, element-wise.
The truncated value of the scalar `x` is the nearest integer `i` which
is closer to zero than `x` is. In short, the fractional part of the
signed number `x` is discarded.
Parameters
----------
x : array_like
Input data.
Returns
-------
y : ndarray or scalar
The truncated value of each element in `x`.
See Also
--------
ceil, floor, rint
Notes
-----
.. versionadded:: 1.3.0
Examples
--------
>>> a = np.array([-1.7, -1.5, -0.2, 0.2, 1.5, 1.7, 2.0])
>>> np.trunc(a)
array([-1., -1., -0., 0., 1., 1., 2.])37.创建一个5x5矩阵，每一行的值范围为从0到4（★★☆）
Z = np.zeros((5,5))
Z += np.arange(5)
print(Z)38.考虑一个可生成10个整数的生成函数，并使用它来构建一个数组（★☆☆）
def generate():
for x in range(10):
yield x
Z = np.fromiter(generate(),dtype=float,count=-1)
print(Z)笔者注：fromiter函数的使用方法：
fromiter(iterable, dtype, count=-1)
Create a new 1-dimensional array from an iterable object.
Parameters
----------
iterable : iterable object
An iterable object providing data for the array.
dtype : data-type
The data-type of the returned array.
count : int, optional
The number of items to read from *iterable*. The default is -1,
which means all data is read.
Returns
-------
out : ndarray
The output array.
Notes
-----
Specify `count` to improve performance. It allows ``fromiter`` to
pre-allocate the output array, instead of resizing it on demand.
Examples
--------
>>> iterable = (x*x for x in range(5))
>>> np.fromiter(iterable, np.float)
array([ 0., 1., 4., 9., 16.])39.创建一个大小为10的向量，其值范围从0到1，但都不包括0和1（★★☆）
Z = np.linspace(0,1,12,endpoint=True)[1:-1]
print(Z)笔者注：linspace函数的使用方法：
linspace(start, stop, num=50, endpoint=True, retstep=False, dtype=None)
Return evenly spaced numbers over a specified interval.
Returns `num` evenly spaced samples, calculated over the
interval [`start`, `stop`].
The endpoint of the interval can optionally be excluded.
Parameters
----------
start : scalar
The starting value of the sequence.
stop : scalar
The end value of the sequence, unless `endpoint` is set to False.
In that case, the sequence consists of all but the last of ``num + 1``
evenly spaced samples, so that `stop` is excluded. Note that the step
size changes when `endpoint` is False.
num : int, optional
Number of samples to generate. Default is 50. Must be non-negative.
endpoint : bool, optional
If True, `stop` is the last sample. Otherwise, it is not included.
Default is True.
retstep : bool, optional
If True, return (`samples`, `step`), where `step` is the spacing
between samples.
dtype : dtype, optional
The type of the output array. If `dtype` is not given, infer the data
type from the other input arguments.
.. versionadded:: 1.9.0
Returns
-------
samples : ndarray
There are `num` equally spaced samples in the closed interval
``[start, stop]`` or the half-open interval ``[start, stop)``
(depending on whether `endpoint` is True or False).
step : float
Only returned if `retstep` is True
Size of spacing between samples.
See Also
--------
arange : Similar to `linspace`, but uses a step size (instead of the
number of samples).
logspace : Samples uniformly distributed in log space.
Examples
--------
>>> np.linspace(2.0, 3.0, num=5)
array([ 2. , 2.25, 2.5 , 2.75, 3. ])
>>> np.linspace(2.0, 3.0, num=5, endpoint=False)
array([ 2. , 2.2, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8])
>>> np.linspace(2.0, 3.0, num=5, retstep=True)
(array([ 2. , 2.25, 2.5 , 2.75, 3. ]), 0.25)
Graphical illustration:
>>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
>>> N = 8
>>> y = np.zeros(N)
>>> x1 = np.linspace(0, 10, N, endpoint=True)
>>> x2 = np.linspace(0, 10, N, endpoint=False)
>>> plt.plot(x1, y, 'o')
[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D object at 0x...>]
>>> plt.plot(x2, y + 0.5, 'o')
[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D object at 0x...>]
>>> plt.ylim([-0.5, 1])
(-0.5, 1)
>>> plt.show()40.创建一个大小为10的随机向量并对其排序（★★☆）
Z = np.random.random(10)
Z.sort()
print(Z)41.如何对一个小数组求和使得比使用np.sum更快？
# Author: Evgeni Burovski
Z = np.arange(10)
np.add.reduce(Z)笔者注：reduce函数在numpy.add模块中实现，其可被称为一个ufunc函数（ufunc是universal function的缩写，它是一种能对数组的每个元素进行操作的函数。NumPy内置的许多ufunc函数都是在C语言级别实现的，因此它们的计算速度非常快），因此比np.sum计算得更快（后者貌似是用python实现的?）
而若想计算Z中所有元素的乘积，可用：
np.multiply.reduce(Z)42.考虑两个随机数组A和B，检查它们是否相等（★★☆）
A = np.random.randint(0,2,5)
B = np.random.randint(0,2,5)
# 假设array的形状(shape)相同和一个误差容限（tolerance）
equal = np.allclose(A,B)
print(equal)
# 检查形状和元素值，没有误差容限（值必须完全相等）
equal = np.array_equal(A,B)
print(equal)笔者注：allclose函数的使用方法：
allclose(a, b, rtol=1e-05, atol=1e-08, equal_nan=False)
Returns True if two arrays are element-wise equal within a tolerance.
The tolerance values are positive, typically very small numbers. The
relative difference (`rtol` * abs(`b`)) and the absolute difference
`atol` are added together to compare against the absolute difference
between `a` and `b`.
If either array contains one or more NaNs, False is returned.
Infs are treated as equal if they are in the same place and of the same
sign in both arrays.
Parameters
----------
a, b : array_like
Input arrays to compare.
rtol : float
The relative tolerance parameter (see Notes).
atol : float
The absolute tolerance parameter (see Notes).
equal_nan : bool
Whether to compare NaN's as equal. If True, NaN's in `a` will be
considered equal to NaN's in `b` in the output array.
.. versionadded:: 1.10.0
Returns
-------
allclose : bool
Returns True if the two arrays are equal within the given
tolerance; False otherwise.
See Also
--------
isclose, all, any
Notes
-----
If the following equation is element-wise True, then allclose returns
True.
absolute(`a` - `b`) <= (`atol` + `rtol` * absolute(`b`))
The above equation is not symmetric in `a` and `b`, so that
`allclose(a, b)` might be different from `allclose(b, a)` in
some rare cases.
Examples
--------
>>> np.allclose([1e10,1e-7], [1.00001e10,1e-8])
False
>>> np.allclose([1e10,1e-8], [1.00001e10,1e-9])
True
>>> np.allclose([1e10,1e-8], [1.0001e10,1e-9])
False
>>> np.allclose([1.0, np.nan], [1.0, np.nan])
False
>>> np.allclose([1.0, np.nan], [1.0, np.nan], equal_nan=True)
True43.使数组不可变（只读）（★★☆）
Z = np.zeros(10)
Z.flags.writeable = False
Z[0] = 144.考虑一个笛卡尔坐标下的随机10x2矩阵，将它们转换为极坐标（★★☆）
Z = np.random.random((10,2))
X,Y = Z[:,0], Z[:,1]
R = np.sqrt(X**2+Y**2)
T = np.arctan2(Y,X)
print(R)
print(T)45.创建大小为10的随机向量，并将最大值替换为0（★★☆）
Z = np.random.random(10)
Z[Z.argmax()] = 0
print(Z)46.创建一个结构化数组，其中x和y坐标覆盖 [0,1]x[0,1] 区域（★★☆）
Z = np.zeros((5,5), [('x',float),('y',float)])
Z['x'], Z['y'] = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(0,1,5),
np.linspace(0,1,5))
print(Z)笔者注：meshgrid函数的用法
meshgrid(*xi, **kwargs)
Return coordinate matrices from coordinate vectors.
Make N-D coordinate arrays for vectorized evaluations of
N-D scalar/vector fields over N-D grids, given
one-dimensional coordinate arrays x1, x2,..., xn.
.. versionchanged:: 1.9
1-D and 0-D cases are allowed.
Parameters
----------
x1, x2,..., xn : array_like
1-D arrays representing the coordinates of a grid.
indexing : {'xy', 'ij'}, optional
Cartesian ('xy', default) or matrix ('ij') indexing of output.
See Notes for more details.
.. versionadded:: 1.7.0
sparse : bool, optional
If True a sparse grid is returned in order to conserve memory.
Default is False.
.. versionadded:: 1.7.0
copy : bool, optional
If False, a view into the original arrays are returned in order to
conserve memory. Default is True. Please note that
``sparse=False, copy=False`` will likely return non-contiguous
arrays. Furthermore, more than one element of a broadcast array
may refer to a single memory location. If you need to write to the
arrays, make copies first.
.. versionadded:: 1.7.0
Returns
-------
X1, X2,..., XN : ndarray
For vectors `x1`, `x2`,..., 'xn' with lengths ``Ni=len(xi)`` ,
return ``(N1, N2, N3,...Nn)`` shaped arrays if indexing='ij'
or ``(N2, N1, N3,...Nn)`` shaped arrays if indexing='xy'
with the elements of `xi` repeated to fill the matrix along
the first dimension for `x1`, the second for `x2` and so on.
Notes
-----
This function supports both indexing conventions through the indexing
keyword argument. Giving the string 'ij' returns a meshgrid with
matrix indexing, while 'xy' returns a meshgrid with Cartesian indexing.
In the 2-D case with inputs of length M and N, the outputs are of shape
(N, M) for 'xy' indexing and (M, N) for 'ij' indexing. In the 3-D case
with inputs of length M, N and P, outputs are of shape (N, M, P) for
'xy' indexing and (M, N, P) for 'ij' indexing. The difference is
illustrated by the following code snippet::
xv, yv = meshgrid(x, y, sparse=False, indexing='ij')
for i in range(nx):
for j in range(ny):
# treat xv[i,j], yv[i,j]
xv, yv = meshgrid(x, y, sparse=False, indexing='xy')
for i in range(nx):
for j in range(ny):
# treat xv[j,i], yv[j,i]
In the 1-D and 0-D case, the indexing and sparse keywords have no effect.
See Also
--------
index_tricks.mgrid : Construct a multi-dimensional "meshgrid"
using indexing notation.
index_tricks.ogrid : Construct an open multi-dimensional "meshgrid"
using indexing notation.
Examples
--------
>>> nx, ny = (3, 2)
>>> x = np.linspace(0, 1, nx)
>>> y = np.linspace(0, 1, ny)
>>> xv, yv = meshgrid(x, y)
>>> xv
array([[ 0. , 0.5, 1. ],
[ 0. , 0.5, 1. ]])
>>> yv
array([[ 0., 0., 0.],
[ 1., 1., 1.]])
>>> xv, yv = meshgrid(x, y, sparse=True) # make sparse output arrays
>>> xv
array([[ 0. , 0.5, 1. ]])
>>> yv
array([[ 0.],
[ 1.]])
`meshgrid` is very useful to evaluate functions on a grid.
>>> x = np.arange(-5, 5, 0.1)
>>> y = np.arange(-5, 5, 0.1)
>>> xx, yy = meshgrid(x, y, sparse=True)
>>> z = np.sin(xx**2 + yy**2) / (xx**2 + yy**2)
>>> h = plt.contourf(x,y,z)47.给定两个array X和Y，构造柯西（Cauchy）矩阵C (Cij =1/(xi - yj))
# Author: Evgeni Burovski
X = np.arange(8)
Y = X + 0.5
C = 1.0 / np.subtract.outer(X, Y)
print(np.linalg.det(C))笔者注：outer函数的用法
outer(A, B)
Apply the ufunc `op` to all pairs (a, b) with a in `A` and b in `B`.
Let ``M = A.ndim``, ``N = B.ndim``. Then the result, `C`, of
``op.outer(A, B)`` is an array of dimension M + N such that:
.. math:: C[i_0, ..., i_{M-1}, j_0, ..., j_{N-1}] =
op(A[i_0, ..., i_{M-1}], B[j_0, ..., j_{N-1}])
For `A` and `B` one-dimensional, this is equivalent to::
r = empty(len(A),len(B))
for i in range(len(A)):
for j in range(len(B)):
r[i,j] = op(A[i], B[j]) # op = ufunc in question
Parameters
----------
A : array_like
First array
B : array_like
Second array
Returns
-------
r : ndarray
Output array
See Also
--------
numpy.outer
Examples
--------
>>> np.multiply.outer([1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6])
array([[ 4, 5, 6],
[ 8, 10, 12],
[12, 15, 18]])
A multi-dimensional example:
>>> A = np.array([[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6]])
>>> A.shape
(2, 3)
>>> B = np.array([[1, 2, 3, 4]])
>>> B.shape
(1, 4)
>>> C = np.multiply.outer(A, B)
>>> C.shape; C
(2, 3, 1, 4)
array([[[[ 1, 2, 3, 4]],
[[ 2, 4, 6, 8]],
[[ 3, 6, 9, 12]]],
[[[ 4, 8, 12, 16]],
[[ 5, 10, 15, 20]],
[[ 6, 12, 18, 24]]]])48.打印每个numpy标量类型的最小和最大可表示值（★★☆）
for dtype in [np.int8, np.int32, np.int64]:
print(np.iinfo(dtype).min)
print(np.iinfo(dtype).max)
for dtype in [np.float32, np.float64]:
print(np.finfo(dtype).min)
print(np.finfo(dtype).max)
print(np.finfo(dtype).eps)49.如何打印数组的所有值？ （★★☆）
np.set_printoptions(threshold=np.nan)
Z = np.zeros((16,16))
print(Z)笔者注：如果一个数组用来打印太大了，NumPy会自动省略中间部分而只打印角落。比如：
>>> print arange(10000)
[ 0 1 2 ..., 9997 9998 9999]禁用NumPy的这种行为并强制打印整个数组，我们可以通过设置printoptions参数来更改打印选项。
50.如何在数组中找到最接近的值（给定标量）？ （★★☆）
Z = np.arange(100)
v = np.random.uniform(0,100)
index = (np.abs(Z-v)).argmin()
print(Z[index])笔者注：argmin函数的用法：
argmin(a, axis=None, out=None)
Returns the indices of the minimum values along an axis.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Input array.
axis : int, optional
By default, the index is into the flattened array, otherwise
along the specified axis.
out : array, optional
If provided, the result will be inserted into this array. It should
be of the appropriate shape and dtype.
Returns
-------
index_array : ndarray of ints
Array of indices into the array. It has the same shape as `a.shape`
with the dimension along `axis` removed.
See Also
--------
ndarray.argmin, argmax
amin : The minimum value along a given axis.
unravel_index : Convert a flat index into an index tuple.
Notes
-----
In case of multiple occurrences of the minimum values, the indices
corresponding to the first occurrence are returned.
Examples
--------
>>> a = np.arange(6).reshape(2,3)
>>> a
array([[0, 1, 2],
[3, 4, 5]])
>>> np.argmin(a)
0
>>> np.argmin(a, axis=0)
array([0, 0, 0])
>>> np.argmin(a, axis=1)
array([0, 0])
>>> b = np.arange(6)
>>> b[4] = 0
>>> b
array([0, 1, 2, 3, 0, 5])
>>> np.argmin(b) # Only the first occurrence is returned.
051.创建表示位置(x,y)和颜色(r,g,b)的结构化数组（★★☆）
Z = np.zeros(10, [ ('position', [ ('x', float, 1),
('y', float, 1)]),
('color', [ ('r', float, 1),
('g', float, 1),
('b', float, 1)])])
print(Z)52.考虑表示坐标的形状为（100,2）的随机向量，找到点与点的距离（★★☆）
Z = np.random.random((10,2))
X,Y = np.atleast_2d(Z[:,0], Z[:,1])
D = np.sqrt( (X-X.T)**2 + (Y-Y.T)**2)
print(D)
#--------------------------------------
# 使用scipy更快
import scipy.spatial
Z = np.random.random((10,2))
D = scipy.spatial.distance.cdist(Z,Z)
print(D)笔者注：atleast_2d函数的使用方法：
atleast_2d(*arys)
View inputs as arrays with at least two dimensions.
Parameters
----------
arys1, arys2, ... : array_like
One or more array-like sequences. Non-array inputs are converted
to arrays. Arrays that already have two or more dimensions are
preserved.
Returns
-------
res, res2, ... : ndarray
An array, or tuple of arrays, each with ``a.ndim >= 2``.
Copies are avoided where possible, and views with two or more
dimensions are returned.
See Also
--------
atleast_1d, atleast_3d
Examples
--------
>>> np.atleast_2d(3.0)
array([[ 3.]])
>>> x = np.arange(3.0)
>>> np.atleast_2d(x)
array([[ 0., 1., 2.]])
>>> np.atleast_2d(x).base is x
True
>>> np.atleast_2d(1, [1, 2], [[1, 2]])
[array([[1]]), array([[1, 2]]), array([[1, 2]])]53.如何将float（32位）数组转换为整数（32位）？
Z = np.arange(10, dtype=np.int32)
Z = Z.astype(np.float32, copy=False)
print(Z)笔者注：astype函数的用法
a.astype(dtype, order='K', casting='unsafe', subok=True, copy=True)
Copy of the array, cast to a specified type.
Parameters
----------
dtype : str or dtype
Typecode or data-type to which the array is cast.
order : {'C', 'F', 'A', 'K'}, optional
Controls the memory layout order of the result.
'C' means C order, 'F' means Fortran order, 'A'
means 'F' order if all the arrays are Fortran contiguous,
'C' order otherwise, and 'K' means as close to the
order the array elements appear in memory as possible.
Default is 'K'.
casting : {'no', 'equiv', 'safe', 'same_kind', 'unsafe'}, optional
Controls what kind of data casting may occur. Defaults to 'unsafe'
for backwards compatibility.
* 'no' means the data types should not be cast at all.
* 'equiv' means only byte-order changes are allowed.
* 'safe' means only casts which can preserve values are allowed.
* 'same_kind' means only safe casts or casts within a kind,
like float64 to float32, are allowed.
* 'unsafe' means any data conversions may be done.
subok : bool, optional
If True, then sub-classes will be passed-through (default), otherwise
the returned array will be forced to be a base-class array.
copy : bool, optional
By default, astype always returns a newly allocated array. If this
is set to false, and the `dtype`, `order`, and `subok`
requirements are satisfied, the input array is returned instead
of a copy.
Returns
-------
arr_t : ndarray
Unless `copy` is False and the other conditions for returning the input
array are satisfied (see description for `copy` input parameter), `arr_t`
is a new array of the same shape as the input array, with dtype, order
given by `dtype`, `order`.
Notes
-----
Starting in NumPy 1.9, astype method now returns an error if the string
dtype to cast to is not long enough in 'safe' casting mode to hold the max
value of integer/float array that is being casted. Previously the casting
was allowed even if the result was truncated.
Raises
------
ComplexWarning
When casting from complex to float or int. To avoid this,
one should use ``a.real.astype(t)``.
Examples
--------
>>> x = np.array([1, 2, 2.5])
>>> x
array([ 1. , 2. , 2.5])
>>> x.astype(int)
array([1, 2, 2])54.如何读取以下文件？ （★★☆）
from io import StringIO
# 假文件
s = StringIO("""1, 2, 3, 4, 5\n
6, , , 7, 8\n
, , 9,10,11\n""")
Z = np.genfromtxt(s, delimiter=",", dtype=np.int)
print(Z)笔者注：genfromtxt函数的用法：
genfromtxt(fname, dtype=<class 'float'>, comments='#', delimiter=None,
skip_header=0, skip_footer=0, converters=None,
missing_values=None, filling_values=None, usecols=None,
names=None, excludelist=None, deletechars=None, replace_space='_',
autostrip=False, case_sensitive=True, defaultfmt='f%i',
unpack=None, usemask=False, loose=True, invalid_raise=True,
max_rows=None)
Load data from a text file, with missing values handled as specified.
Each line past the first `skip_header` lines is split at the `delimiter`
character, and characters following the `comments` character are discarded.
Parameters
----------
fname : file, str, list of str, generator
File, filename, list, or generator to read. If the filename
extension is `.gz` or `.bz2`, the file is first decompressed. Mote
that generators must return byte strings in Python 3k. The strings
in a list or produced by a generator are treated as lines.
dtype : dtype, optional
Data type of the resulting array.
If None, the dtypes will be determined by the contents of each
column, individually.
comments : str, optional
The character used to indicate the start of a comment.
All the characters occurring on a line after a comment are discarded
delimiter : str, int, or sequence, optional
The string used to separate values. By default, any consecutive
whitespaces act as delimiter. An integer or sequence of integers
can also be provided as width(s) of each field.
skiprows : int, optional
`skiprows` was removed in numpy 1.10. Please use `skip_header` instead.
skip_header : int, optional
The number of lines to skip at the beginning of the file.
skip_footer : int, optional
The number of lines to skip at the end of the file.
converters : variable, optional
The set of functions that convert the data of a column to a value.
The converters can also be used to provide a default value
for missing data: ``converters = {3: lambda s: float(s or 0)}``.
missing : variable, optional
`missing` was removed in numpy 1.10. Please use `missing_values`
instead.
missing_values : variable, optional
The set of strings corresponding to missing data.
filling_values : variable, optional
The set of values to be used as default when the data are missing.
usecols : sequence, optional
Which columns to read, with 0 being the first. For example,
``usecols = (1, 4, 5)`` will extract the 2nd, 5th and 6th columns.
names : {None, True, str, sequence}, optional
If `names` is True, the field names are read from the first valid line
after the first `skip_header` lines.
If `names` is a sequence or a single-string of comma-separated names,
the names will be used to define the field names in a structured dtype.
If `names` is None, the names of the dtype fields will be used, if any.
excludelist : sequence, optional
A list of names to exclude. This list is appended to the default list
['return','file','print']. Excluded names are appended an underscore:
for example, `file` would become `file_`.
deletechars : str, optional
A string combining invalid characters that must be deleted from the
names.
defaultfmt : str, optional
A format used to define default field names, such as "f%i" or "f_%02i".
autostrip : bool, optional
Whether to automatically strip white spaces from the variables.
replace_space : char, optional
Character(s) used in replacement of white spaces in the variables
names. By default, use a '_'.
case_sensitive : {True, False, 'upper', 'lower'}, optional
If True, field names are case sensitive.
If False or 'upper', field names are converted to upper case.
If 'lower', field names are converted to lower case.
unpack : bool, optional
If True, the returned array is transposed, so that arguments may be
unpacked using ``x, y, z = loadtxt(...)``
usemask : bool, optional
If True, return a masked array.
If False, return a regular array.
loose : bool, optional
If True, do not raise errors for invalid values.
invalid_raise : bool, optional
If True, an exception is raised if an inconsistency is detected in the
number of columns.
If False, a warning is emitted and the offending lines are skipped.
max_rows : int, optional
The maximum number of rows to read. Must not be used with skip_footer
at the same time. If given, the value must be at least 1. Default is
to read the entire file.
.. versionadded:: 1.10.0
Returns
-------
out : ndarray
Data read from the text file. If `usemask` is True, this is a
masked array.
See Also
--------
numpy.loadtxt : equivalent function when no data is missing.
Notes
-----
* When spaces are used as delimiters, or when no delimiter has been given
as input, there should not be any missing data between two fields.
* When the variables are named (either by a flexible dtype or with `names`,
there must not be any header in the file (else a ValueError
exception is raised).
* Individual values are not stripped of spaces by default.
When using a custom converter, make sure the function does remove spaces.
References
----------
.. [1] Numpy User Guide, section `I/O with Numpy
<http://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/user/basics.io.genfromtxt.html>`_.
Examples
---------
>>> from io import StringIO
>>> import numpy as np
Comma delimited file with mixed dtype
>>> s = StringIO("1,1.3,abcde")
>>> data = np.genfromtxt(s, dtype=[('myint','i8'),('myfloat','f8'),
... ('mystring','S5')], delimiter=",")
>>> data
array((1, 1.3, 'abcde'),
dtype=[('myint', '<i8'), ('myfloat', '<f8'), ('mystring', '|S5')])
Using dtype = None
>>> s.seek(0) # needed for StringIO example only
>>> data = np.genfromtxt(s, dtype=None,
... names = ['myint','myfloat','mystring'], delimiter=",")
>>> data
array((1, 1.3, 'abcde'),
dtype=[('myint', '<i8'), ('myfloat', '<f8'), ('mystring', '|S5')])
Specifying dtype and names
>>> s.seek(0)
>>> data = np.genfromtxt(s, dtype="i8,f8,S5",
... names=['myint','myfloat','mystring'], delimiter=",")
>>> data
array((1, 1.3, 'abcde'),
dtype=[('myint', '<i8'), ('myfloat', '<f8'), ('mystring', '|S5')])
An example with fixed-width columns
>>> s = StringIO("11.3abcde")
>>> data = np.genfromtxt(s, dtype=None, names=['intvar','fltvar','strvar'],
... delimiter=[1,3,5])
>>> data
array((1, 1.3, 'abcde'),
dtype=[('intvar', '<i8'), ('fltvar', '<f8'), ('strvar', '|S5')])55.numpy数组的枚举（enumerate ）的等价操作是什么？ （★★☆）
Z = np.arange(9).reshape(3,3)
for index, value in np.ndenumerate(Z):
print(index, value)
for index in np.ndindex(Z.shape):
print(index, Z[index])笔者注：ndenumerate函数的用法：
Multidimensional index iterator.
Return an iterator yielding pairs of array coordinates and values.
Parameters
----------
arr : ndarray
Input array.
See Also
--------
ndindex, flatiter
Examples
--------
>>> a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
>>> for index, x in np.ndenumerate(a):
... print(index, x)
(0, 0) 1
(0, 1) 2
(1, 0) 3
(1, 1) 4
Methods:
next -- Standard iterator method, returns the index tuple and array value.56.生成一个通用的二维高斯状（ Gaussian-like ）数组（★★☆）
X, Y = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(-1,1,10), np.linspace(-1,1,10))
D = np.sqrt(X*X+Y*Y)
sigma, mu = 1.0, 0.0
G = np.exp(-( (D-mu)**2 / ( 2.0 * sigma**2 ) ) )
print(G)57.如何在二维数组中随机放置p个元素？ （★★☆）
# Author: Divakar
n = 10
p = 3
Z = np.zeros((n,n))
np.put(Z, np.random.choice(range(n*n), p, replace=False),1)
print(Z)笔者注：put和choice函数使用方法如下：
put(a, ind, v, mode='raise')
Replaces specified elements of an array with given values.
The indexing works on the flattened target array. `put` is roughly
equivalent to:
::
a.flat[ind] = v
Parameters
----------
a : ndarray
Target array.
ind : array_like
Target indices, interpreted as integers.
v : array_like
Values to place in `a` at target indices. If `v` is shorter than
`ind` it will be repeated as necessary.
mode : {'raise', 'wrap', 'clip'}, optional
Specifies how out-of-bounds indices will behave.
* 'raise' -- raise an error (default)
* 'wrap' -- wrap around
* 'clip' -- clip to the range
'clip' mode means that all indices that are too large are replaced
by the index that addresses the last element along that axis. Note
that this disables indexing with negative numbers.
See Also
--------
putmask, place
Examples
--------
>>> a = np.arange(5)
>>> np.put(a, [0, 2], [-44, -55])
>>> a
array([-44, 1, -55, 3, 4])
>>> a = np.arange(5)
>>> np.put(a, 22, -5, mode='clip')
>>> a
array([ 0, 1, 2, 3, -5])choice(a, size=None, replace=True, p=None)
Generates a random sample from a given 1-D array
.. versionadded:: 1.7.0
Parameters
-----------
a : 1-D array-like or int
If an ndarray, a random sample is generated from its elements.
If an int, the random sample is generated as if a was np.arange(n)
size : int or tuple of ints, optional
Output shape. If the given shape is, e.g., ``(m, n, k)``, then
``m * n * k`` samples are drawn. Default is None, in which case a
single value is returned.
replace : boolean, optional
Whether the sample is with or without replacement
p : 1-D array-like, optional
The probabilities associated with each entry in a.
If not given the sample assumes a uniform distribution over all
entries in a.
Returns
--------
samples : 1-D ndarray, shape (size,)
The generated random samples
Raises
-------
ValueError
If a is an int and less than zero, if a or p are not 1-dimensional,
if a is an array-like of size 0, if p is not a vector of
probabilities, if a and p have different lengths, or if
replace=False and the sample size is greater than the population
size
See Also
---------
randint, shuffle, permutation
Examples
---------
Generate a uniform random sample from np.arange(5) of size 3:
>>> np.random.choice(5, 3)
array([0, 3, 4])
>>> #This is equivalent to np.random.randint(0,5,3)
Generate a non-uniform random sample from np.arange(5) of size 3:
>>> np.random.choice(5, 3, p=[0.1, 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0])
array([3, 3, 0])
Generate a uniform random sample from np.arange(5) of size 3 without
replacement:
>>> np.random.choice(5, 3, replace=False)
array([3,1,0])
>>> #This is equivalent to np.random.permutation(np.arange(5))[:3]
Generate a non-uniform random sample from np.arange(5) of size
3 without replacement:
>>> np.random.choice(5, 3, replace=False, p=[0.1, 0, 0.3, 0.6, 0])
array([2, 3, 0])
Any of the above can be repeated with an arbitrary array-like
instead of just integers. For instance:
>>> aa_milne_arr = ['pooh', 'rabbit', 'piglet', 'Christopher']
>>> np.random.choice(aa_milne_arr, 5, p=[0.5, 0.1, 0.1, 0.3])
array(['pooh', 'pooh', 'pooh', 'Christopher', 'piglet'],
dtype='|S11')58.减去矩阵的每一行的平均值（★★☆）
# Author: Warren Weckesser
X = np.random.rand(5, 10)
# Recent versions of numpy
Y = X - X.mean(axis=1, keepdims=True)
# Older versions of numpy
Y = X - X.mean(axis=1).reshape(-1, 1)
print(Y)笔者注：mean和reshape函数的使用方法：
mean(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=False)
Compute the arithmetic mean along the specified axis.
Returns the average of the array elements. The average is taken over
the flattened array by default, otherwise over the specified axis.
`float64` intermediate and return values are used for integer inputs.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Array containing numbers whose mean is desired. If `a` is not an
array, a conversion is attempted.
axis : None or int or tuple of ints, optional
Axis or axes along which the means are computed. The default is to
compute the mean of the flattened array.
.. versionadded: 1.7.0
If this is a tuple of ints, a mean is performed over multiple axes,
instead of a single axis or all the axes as before.
dtype : data-type, optional
Type to use in computing the mean. For integer inputs, the default
is `float64`; for floating point inputs, it is the same as the
input dtype.
out : ndarray, optional
Alternate output array in which to place the result. The default
is ``None``; if provided, it must have the same shape as the
expected output, but the type will be cast if necessary.
See `doc.ufuncs` for details.
keepdims : bool, optional
If this is set to True, the axes which are reduced are left
in the result as dimensions with size one. With this option,
the result will broadcast correctly against the original `arr`.
Returns
-------
m : ndarray, see dtype parameter above
If `out=None`, returns a new array containing the mean values,
otherwise a reference to the output array is returned.
See Also
--------
average : Weighted average
std, var, nanmean, nanstd, nanvar
Notes
-----
The arithmetic mean is the sum of the elements along the axis divided
by the number of elements.
Note that for floating-point input, the mean is computed using the
same precision the input has. Depending on the input data, this can
cause the results to be inaccurate, especially for `float32` (see
example below). Specifying a higher-precision accumulator using the
`dtype` keyword can alleviate this issue.
Examples
--------
>>> a = np.array([[1, 2], [3, 4]])
>>> np.mean(a)
2.5
>>> np.mean(a, axis=0)
array([ 2., 3.])
>>> np.mean(a, axis=1)
array([ 1.5, 3.5])
In single precision, `mean` can be inaccurate:
>>> a = np.zeros((2, 512*512), dtype=np.float32)
>>> a[0, :] = 1.0
>>> a[1, :] = 0.1
>>> np.mean(a)
0.546875
Computing the mean in float64 is more accurate:
>>> np.mean(a, dtype=np.float64)
0.55000000074505806 reshape(a, newshape, order='C')
Gives a new shape to an array without changing its data.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Array to be reshaped.
newshape : int or tuple of ints
The new shape should be compatible with the original shape. If
an integer, then the result will be a 1-D array of that length.
One shape dimension can be -1. In this case, the value is inferred
from the length of the array and remaining dimensions.
order : {'C', 'F', 'A'}, optional
Read the elements of `a` using this index order, and place the elements
into the reshaped array using this index order. 'C' means to
read / write the elements using C-like index order, with the last axis
index changing fastest, back to the first axis index changing slowest.
'F' means to read / write the elements using Fortran-like index order,
with the first index changing fastest, and the last index changing
slowest.
Note that the 'C' and 'F' options take no account of the memory layout
of the underlying array, and only refer to the order of indexing. 'A'
means to read / write the elements in Fortran-like index order if `a`
is Fortran *contiguous* in memory, C-like order otherwise.
Returns
-------
reshaped_array : ndarray
This will be a new view object if possible; otherwise, it will
be a copy. Note there is no guarantee of the *memory layout* (C- or
Fortran- contiguous) of the returned array.
See Also
--------
ndarray.reshape : Equivalent method.
Notes
-----
It is not always possible to change the shape of an array without
copying the data. If you want an error to be raise if the data is copied,
you should assign the new shape to the shape attribute of the array::
>>> a = np.zeros((10, 2))
# A transpose make the array non-contiguous
>>> b = a.T
# Taking a view makes it possible to modify the shape without modifying
# the initial object.
>>> c = b.view()
>>> c.shape = (20)
AttributeError: incompatible shape for a non-contiguous array
The `order` keyword gives the index ordering both for *fetching* the values
from `a`, and then *placing* the values into the output array.
For example, let's say you have an array:
>>> a = np.arange(6).reshape((3, 2))
>>> a
array([[0, 1],
[2, 3],
[4, 5]])
You can think of reshaping as first raveling the array (using the given
index order), then inserting the elements from the raveled array into the
new array using the same kind of index ordering as was used for the
raveling.
>>> np.reshape(a, (2, 3)) # C-like index ordering
array([[0, 1, 2],
[3, 4, 5]])
>>> np.reshape(np.ravel(a), (2, 3)) # equivalent to C ravel then C reshape
array([[0, 1, 2],
[3, 4, 5]])
>>> np.reshape(a, (2, 3), order='F') # Fortran-like index ordering
array([[0, 4, 3],
[2, 1, 5]])
>>> np.reshape(np.ravel(a, order='F'), (2, 3), order='F')
array([[0, 4, 3],
[2, 1, 5]])
Examples
--------
>>> a = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6]])
>>> np.reshape(a, 6)
array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
>>> np.reshape(a, 6, order='F')
array([1, 4, 2, 5, 3, 6])
>>> np.reshape(a, (3,-1)) # the unspecified value is inferred to be 2
array([[1, 2],
[3, 4],
[5, 6]])
>>> a=np.random.random(5.5)
__main__:1: VisibleDeprecationWarning: using a non-integer number instead of an integer will result in an error in the future
>>> a=np.random.random(5,5)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "mtrand.pyx", line 1101, in mtrand.RandomState.random_sample (numpy\random\mtrand\mtrand.c:13875)
TypeError: random_sample() takes at most 1 positional argument (2 given)
>>> a=np.random.random((5,5))
>>> a
array([[ 0.55601468, 0.79038385, 0.72299353, 0.09075262, 0.31962592],
[ 0.6715611 , 0.33806305, 0.7405167 , 0.9299074 , 0.17070615],
[ 0.84808725, 0.25001323, 0.15195067, 0.45836408, 0.08134034],
[ 0.18800557, 0.23962242, 0.37284134, 0.58488316, 0.57183337],
[ 0.49037661, 0.73038881, 0.31046375, 0.82183011, 0.54166202]])
>>> a.mean(axis=0)
array([ 0.55080904, 0.46969427, 0.4597532 , 0.57714747, 0.33703356])
>>> a-a.mean(axis=1)
array([[ 0.06006056, 0.22023297, 0.36504242, -0.30068455, -0.25931834],
[ 0.17560698, -0.23208783, 0.38256559, 0.53847022, -0.40823811],
[ 0.35213313, -0.32013765, -0.20600045, 0.0669269 , -0.49760392],
[-0.30794855, -0.33052846, 0.01489023, 0.19344599, -0.00711089],
[-0.00557752, 0.16023793, -0.04748736, 0.43039294, -0.03728224]])
>>> a.mean(axis=1)
array([ 0.49595412, 0.57015088, 0.35795111, 0.39143717, 0.57894426])
>>> a.mean(axis=1).reshape(-1,1)
array([[ 0.49595412],
[ 0.57015088],
[ 0.35795111],
[ 0.39143717],
[ 0.57894426]])
>>> a-a.mean(axis=1).reshape(-1,1)
array([[ 0.06006056, 0.29442973, 0.22703941, -0.4052015 , -0.1763282 ],
[ 0.10141022, -0.23208783, 0.17036582, 0.35975652, -0.39944474],
[ 0.49013614, -0.10793788, -0.20600045, 0.10041296, -0.27661078],
[-0.2034316 , -0.15181475, -0.01859583, 0.19344599, 0.1803962 ],
[-0.08856765, 0.15144455, -0.2684805 , 0.24288585, -0.03728224]])
>>> np.info(reshpae)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'reshpae' is not defined
>>> np.info(reshape)
reshape(a, newshape, order='C')
Gives a new shape to an array without changing its data.
Parameters
----------
a : array_like
Array to be reshaped.
newshape : int or tuple of ints
The new shape should be compatible with the original shape. If
an integer, then the result will be a 1-D array of that length.
One shape dimension can be -1. In this case, the value is inferred
from the length of the array and remaining dimensions.
order : {'C', 'F', 'A'}, optional
Read the elements of `a` using this index order, and place the elements
into the reshaped array using this index order. 'C' means to
read / write the elements using C-like index order, with the last axis
index changing fastest, back to the first axis index changing slowest.
'F' means to read / write the elements using Fortran-like index order,
with the first index changing fastest, and the last index changing
slowest.
Note that the 'C' and 'F' options take no account of the memory layout
of the underlying array, and only refer to the order of indexing. 'A'
means to read / write the elements in Fortran-like index order if `a`
is Fortran *contiguous* in memory, C-like order otherwise.
Returns
-------
reshaped_array : ndarray
This will be a new view object if possible; otherwise, it will
be a copy. Note there is no guarantee of the *memory layout* (C- or
Fortran- contiguous) of the returned array.
See Also
--------
ndarray.reshape : Equivalent method.
Notes
-----
It is not always possible to change the shape of an array without
copying the data. If you want an error to be raise if the data is copied,
you should assign the new shape to the shape attribute of the array::
>>> a = np.zeros((10, 2))
# A transpose make the array non-contiguous
>>> b = a.T
# Taking a view makes it possible to modify the shape without modifying
# the initial object.
>>> c = b.view()
>>> c.shape = (20)
AttributeError: incompatible shape for a non-contiguous array
The `order` keyword gives the index ordering both for *fetching* the values
from `a`, and then *placing* the values into the output array.
For example, let's say you have an array:
>>> a = np.arange(6).reshape((3, 2))
>>> a
array([[0, 1],
[2, 3],
[4, 5]])
You can think of reshaping as first raveling the array (using the given
index order), then inserting the elements from the raveled array into the
new array using the same kind of index ordering as was used for the
raveling.
>>> np.reshape(a, (2, 3)) # C-like index ordering
array([[0, 1, 2],
[3, 4, 5]])
>>> np.reshape(np.ravel(a), (2, 3)) # equivalent to C ravel then C reshape
array([[0, 1, 2],
[3, 4, 5]])
>>> np.reshape(a, (2, 3), order='F') # Fortran-like index ordering
array([[0, 4, 3],
[2, 1, 5]])
>>> np.reshape(np.ravel(a, order='F'), (2, 3), order='F')
array([[0, 4, 3],
[2, 1, 5]])
Examples
--------
>>> a = np.array([[1,2,3], [4,5,6]])
>>> np.reshape(a, 6)
array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6])
>>> np.reshape(a, 6, order='F')
array([1, 4, 2, 5, 3, 6])
>>> np.reshape(a, (3,-1)) # the unspecified value is inferred to be 2
array([[1, 2],
[3, 4],
[5, 6]])59.如何通过第n列对数组进行排序？ （★★☆）
# Author: Steve Tjoa
Z = np.random.randint(0,10,(3,3))
print(Z)
print(Z[ Z[:,1].argsort() ])60.如何判断一个给定的二维数组是否有空列？ （★★☆）
# Author: Warren Weckesser
Z = np.random.randint(0,3,(3,10))
print((~Z.any(axis=0)).any())笔者注：any函数的使用方法：
any：如果iterable的任何元素不为0、”、False,all(iterable)返回True。如果iterable为空，返回False。
实现代码：
def any(iterable):
for element in iterable:
if element:
return False
return True
#参数iterable：可迭代对象；示例：
>>> any(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']) #列表list，元素都不为空或0
True
>>> any(['a', 'b', '', 'd']) #列表list，存在一个为空的元素
True
>>> any([0, '', False]) #列表list,元素全为0,'',false
False
>>> any(('a', 'b', 'c', 'd')) #元组tuple，元素都不为空或0
True
>>> any(('a', 'b', '', 'd')) #元组tuple，存在一个为空的元素
True
>>> any((0, '', False)) #元组tuple，元素全为0,'',false
False
>>> any([]) # 空列表
False
>>> any(()) # 空元组
False61.从数组中的给定值中找出最近的值（★★☆）
Z = np.random.uniform(0,1,10)
z = 0.5
m = Z.flat[np.abs(Z - z).argmin()]
print(m)笔者注：uniform函数产生的是给定区间均匀分布的数据，flat的用法如下：
A 1-D iterator over the array.
This is a `numpy.flatiter` instance, which acts similarly to, but is not
a subclass of, Python's built-in iterator object.
See Also
--------
flatten : Return a copy of the array collapsed into one dimension.
flatiter
Examples
--------
>>> x = np.arange(1, 7).reshape(2, 3)
>>> x
array([[1, 2, 3],
[4, 5, 6]])
>>> x.flat[3]
4
>>> x.T
array([[1, 4],
[2, 5],
[3, 6]])
>>> x.T.flat[3]
5
>>> type(x.flat)
<type 'numpy.flatiter'>
An assignment example:
>>> x.flat = 3; x
array([[3, 3, 3],
[3, 3, 3]])
>>> x.flat[[1,4]] = 1; x
array([[3, 1, 3],
[3, 1, 3]])62.考虑具有形状（1,3）和（3,1）的两个数组，如何使用迭代器计算它们的和？ （★★☆）
A = np.arange(3).reshape(3,1)
B = np.arange(3).reshape(1,3)
it = np.nditer([A,B,None])
for x,y,z in it:
z[...] = x + y
print(it.operands[2])笔者注：关于nditer的使用，见这里
63.创建一个具有name属性的数组类（★★☆）
class NamedArray(np.ndarray):
def __new__(cls, array, name="no name"):
obj = np.asarray(array).view(cls)
obj.name = name
return obj
def __array_finalize__(self, obj):
if obj is None: return
self.info = getattr(obj, 'name', "no name")
Z = NamedArray(np.arange(10), "range_10")
print (Z.name)64.考虑一个给定的向量，如何对由第二个向量索引的每个元素加1（小心重复的索引）？ （★★★）
# Author: Brett Olsen
Z = np.ones(10)
I = np.random.randint(0,len(Z),20)
Z += np.bincount(I, minlength=len(Z))
print(Z)
# Another solution
# Author: Bartosz Telenczuk
np.add.at(Z, I, 1)
print(Z)笔者注：bincount函数的使用方法
65.如何根据索引列表（I）将向量（X）的元素累加到数组（F）？ （★★★）
# Author: Alan G Isaac
X = [1,2,3,4,5,6]
I = [1,3,9,3,4,1]
F = np.bincount(I,X)
print(F)66.考虑（dtype = ubyte）的（w，h，3）图像，计算唯一颜色的数量（★★★）
# Author: Nadav Horesh
w,h = 16,16
I = np.random.randint(0,2,(h,w,3)).astype(np.ubyte)
F = I[...,0]*256*256 + I[...,1]*256 +I[...,2]
n = len(np.unique(F))
print(np.unique(I))67.考虑一个四维数组，如何求最后两个轴的数据的和？ （★★★）
A = np.random.randint(0,10,(3,4,3,4))
# solution by passing a tuple of axes (introduced in numpy 1.7.0)
sum = A.sum(axis=(-2,-1))
print(sum)
# solution by flattening the last two dimensions into one
# (useful for functions that don't accept tuples for axis argument)
sum = A.reshape(A.shape[:-2] + (-1,)).sum(axis=-1)
print(sum)68.考虑一维向量D，如何使用相同大小的向量S来计算D的子集的均值，其描述子集索引？ （★★★）
# Author: Jaime Fernández del Río
D = np.random.uniform(0,1,100)
S = np.random.randint(0,10,100)
D_sums = np.bincount(S, weights=D)
D_counts = np.bincount(S)
D_means = D_sums / D_counts
print(D_means)
# Pandas solution as a reference due to more intuitive code
import pandas as pd
print(pd.Series(D).groupby(S).mean())69.如何获得点积的对角线？ （★★★）
# Author: Mathieu Blondel
A = np.random.uniform(0,1,(5,5))
B = np.random.uniform(0,1,(5,5))
# Slow version
np.diag(np.dot(A, B))
# Fast version
np.sum(A * B.T, axis=1)
# Faster version
np.einsum("ij,ji->i", A, B)70.考虑向量[1,2,3,4,5]，如何建立一个新的向量，在每个值之间交错有3个连续的零？ （★★★）
# Author: Warren Weckesser
Z = np.array([1,2,3,4,5])
nz = 3
Z0 = np.zeros(len(Z) + (len(Z)-1)*(nz))
Z0[::nz+1] = Z
print(Z0)71. Consider an array of dimension (5,5,3), how to mulitply it by an array with dimensions (5,5)? (★★★)
A = np.ones((5,5,3))
B = 2*np.ones((5,5))
print(A * B[:,:,None])72. How to swap two rows of an array? (★★★)
# Author: Eelco Hoogendoorn
A = np.arange(25).reshape(5,5)
A[[0,1]] = A[[1,0]]
print(A)73. Consider a set of 10 triplets describing 10 triangles (with shared vertices), find the set of unique line segments composing all the triangles (★★★)
# Author: Nicolas P. Rougier
faces = np.random.randint(0,100,(10,3))
F = np.roll(faces.repeat(2,axis=1),-1,axis=1)
F = F.reshape(len(F)*3,2)
F = np.sort(F,axis=1)
G = F.view( dtype=[('p0',F.dtype),('p1',F.dtype)] )
G = np.unique(G)
print(G)74. Given an array C that is a bincount, how to produce an array A such that np.bincount(A) == C? (★★★)
# Author: Jaime Fernández del Río
C = np.bincount([1,1,2,3,4,4,6])
A = np.repeat(np.arange(len(C)), C)
print(A)75. How to compute averages using a sliding window over an array? (★★★)
# Author: Jaime Fernández del Río
def moving_average(a, n=3) :
ret = np.cumsum(a, dtype=float)
ret[n:] = ret[n:] - ret[:-n]
return ret[n - 1:] / n
Z = np.arange(20)
print(moving_average(Z, n=3))76. Consider a one-dimensional array Z, build a two-dimensional array whose first row is (Z[0],Z[1],Z[2]) and each subsequent row is shifted by 1 (last row should be (Z[-3],Z[-2],Z[-1]) (★★★)
# Author: Joe Kington / Erik Rigtorp
from numpy.lib import stride_tricks
def rolling(a, window):
shape = (a.size - window + 1, window)
strides = (a.itemsize, a.itemsize)
return stride_tricks.as_strided(a, shape=shape, strides=strides)
Z = rolling(np.arange(10), 3)
print(Z)77. How to negate a boolean, or to change the sign of a float inplace? (★★★)
# Author: Nathaniel J. Smith
Z = np.random.randint(0,2,100)
np.logical_not(Z, out=Z)
Z = np.random.uniform(-1.0,1.0,100)
np.negative(Z, out=Z)78. Consider 2 sets of points P0,P1 describing lines (2d) and a point p, how to compute distance from p to each line i (P0[i],P1[i])? (★★★)
def distance(P0, P1, p):
T = P1 - P0
L = (T**2).sum(axis=1)
U = -((P0[:,0]-p[...,0])*T[:,0] + (P0[:,1]-p[...,1])*T[:,1]) / L
U = U.reshape(len(U),1)
D = P0 + U*T - p
return np.sqrt((D**2).sum(axis=1))
P0 = np.random.uniform(-10,10,(10,2))
P1 = np.random.uniform(-10,10,(10,2))
p = np.random.uniform(-10,10,( 1,2))
print(distance(P0, P1, p))79. Consider 2 sets of points P0,P1 describing lines (2d) and a set of points P, how to compute distance from each point j (P[j]) to each line i (P0[i],P1[i])? (★★★)
# Author: Italmassov Kuanysh
# based on distance function from previous question
P0 = np.random.uniform(-10, 10, (10,2))
P1 = np.random.uniform(-10,10,(10,2))
p = np.random.uniform(-10, 10, (10,2))
print(np.array([distance(P0,P1,p_i) for p_i in p]))80. Consider an arbitrary array, write a function that extract a subpart with a fixed shape and centered on a given element (pad with a fill value when necessary) (★★★)
# Author: Nicolas Rougier
Z = np.random.randint(0,10,(10,10))
shape = (5,5)
fill = 0
position = (1,1)
R = np.ones(shape, dtype=Z.dtype)*fill
P = np.array(list(position)).astype(int)
Rs = np.array(list(R.shape)).astype(int)
Zs = np.array(list(Z.shape)).astype(int)
R_start = np.zeros((len(shape),)).astype(int)
R_stop = np.array(list(shape)).astype(int)
Z_start = (P-Rs//2)
Z_stop = (P+Rs//2)+Rs%2
R_start = (R_start - np.minimum(Z_start,0)).tolist()
Z_start = (np.maximum(Z_start,0)).tolist()
R_stop = np.maximum(R_start, (R_stop - np.maximum(Z_stop-Zs,0))).tolist()
Z_stop = (np.minimum(Z_stop,Zs)).tolist()
r = [slice(start,stop) for start,stop in zip(R_start,R_stop)]
z = [slice(start,stop) for start,stop in zip(Z_start,Z_stop)]
R[r] = Z[z]
print(Z)
print(R)81. Consider an array Z = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14], how to generate an array R = [[1,2,3,4], [2,3,4,5], [3,4,5,6], …, [11,12,13,14]]? (★★★)
# Author: Stefan van der Walt
Z = np.arange(1,15,dtype=np.uint32)
R = stride_tricks.as_strided(Z,(11,4),(4,4))
print(R)82. Compute a matrix rank (★★★)
# Author: Stefan van der Walt
Z = np.random.uniform(0,1,(10,10))
U, S, V = np.linalg.svd(Z) # Singular Value Decomposition
rank = np.sum(S > 1e-10)
print(rank)83. How to find the most frequent value in an array?
Z = np.random.randint(0,10,50)
print(np.bincount(Z).argmax())84. Extract all the contiguous 3x3 blocks from a random 10x10 matrix (★★★)
# Author: Chris Barker
Z = np.random.randint(0,5,(10,10))
n = 3
i = 1 + (Z.shape[0]-3)
j = 1 + (Z.shape[1]-3)
C = stride_tricks.as_strided(Z, shape=(i, j, n, n), strides=Z.strides + Z.strides)
print(C)85. Create a 2D array subclass such that Z[i,j] == Z[j,i] (★★★)
# Author: Eric O. Lebigot
# Note: only works for 2d array and value setting using indices
class Symetric(np.ndarray):
def __setitem__(self, index, value):
i,j = index
super(Symetric, self).__setitem__((i,j), value)
super(Symetric, self).__setitem__((j,i), value)
def symetric(Z):
return np.asarray(Z + Z.T - np.diag(Z.diagonal())).view(Symetric)
S = symetric(np.random.randint(0,10,(5,5)))
S[2,3] = 42
print(S)86. Consider a set of p matrices wich shape (n,n) and a set of p vectors with shape (n,1). How to compute the sum of of the p matrix products at once? (result has shape (n,1)) (★★★)
# Author: Stefan van der Walt
p, n = 10, 20
M = np.ones((p,n,n))
V = np.ones((p,n,1))
S = np.tensordot(M, V, axes=[[0, 2], [0, 1]])
print(S)
# It works, because:
# M is (p,n,n)
# V is (p,n,1)
# Thus, summing over the paired axes 0 and 0 (of M and V independently),
# and 2 and 1, to remain with a (n,1) vector.87. Consider a 16x16 array, how to get the block-sum (block size is 4x4)? (★★★)
# Author: Robert Kern
Z = np.ones((16,16))
k = 4
S = np.add.reduceat(np.add.reduceat(Z, np.arange(0, Z.shape[0], k), axis=0),
np.arange(0, Z.shape[1], k), axis=1)
print(S)88. How to implement the Game of Life using numpy arrays? (★★★)
# Author: Nicolas Rougier
def iterate(Z):
# Count neighbours
N = (Z[0:-2,0:-2] + Z[0:-2,1:-1] + Z[0:-2,2:] +
Z[1:-1,0:-2] + Z[1:-1,2:] +
Z[2: ,0:-2] + Z[2: ,1:-1] + Z[2: ,2:])
# Apply rules
birth = (N==3) & (Z[1:-1,1:-1]==0)
survive = ((N==2) | (N==3)) & (Z[1:-1,1:-1]==1)
Z[...] = 0
Z[1:-1,1:-1][birth | survive] = 1
return Z
Z = np.random.randint(0,2,(50,50))
for i in range(100): Z = iterate(Z)
print(Z)89. How to get the n largest values of an array (★★★)
Z = np.arange(10000)
np.random.shuffle(Z)
n = 5
# Slow
print (Z[np.argsort(Z)[-n:]])
# Fast
print (Z[np.argpartition(-Z,n)[:n]])90. Given an arbitrary number of vectors, build the cartesian product (every combinations of every item) (★★★)
# Author: Stefan Van der Walt
def cartesian(arrays):
arrays = [np.asarray(a) for a in arrays]
shape = (len(x) for x in arrays)
ix = np.indices(shape, dtype=int)
ix = ix.reshape(len(arrays), -1).T
for n, arr in enumerate(arrays):
ix[:, n] = arrays[n][ix[:, n]]
return ix
print (cartesian(([1, 2, 3], [4, 5], [6, 7])))91. How to create a record array from a regular array? (★★★)
Z = np.array([("Hello", 2.5, 3),
("World", 3.6, 2)])
R = np.core.records.fromarrays(Z.T,
names='col1, col2, col3',
formats = 'S8, f8, i8')
print(R)92. Consider a large vector Z, compute Z to the power of 3 using 3 different methods (★★★)
# Author: Ryan G.
x = np.random.rand(5e7)
%timeit np.power(x,3)
%timeit x*x*x
%timeit np.einsum('i,i,i->i',x,x,x)93. Consider two arrays A and B of shape (8,3) and (2,2). How to find rows of A that contain elements of each row of B regardless of the order of the elements in B? (★★★)
# Author: Gabe Schwartz
A = np.random.randint(0,5,(8,3))
B = np.random.randint(0,5,(2,2))
C = (A[..., np.newaxis, np.newaxis] == B)
rows = np.where(C.any((3,1)).all(1))[0]
print(rows)94. Considering a 10x3 matrix, extract rows with unequal values (e.g. [2,2,3]) (★★★)
# Author: Robert Kern
Z = np.random.randint(0,5,(10,3))
print(Z)
# solution for arrays of all dtypes (including string arrays and record arrays)
E = np.all(Z[:,1:] == Z[:,:-1], axis=1)
U = Z[~E]
print(U)
# soluiton for numerical arrays only, will work for any number of columns in Z
U = Z[Z.max(axis=1) != Z.min(axis=1),:]
print(U)95. Convert a vector of ints into a matrix binary representation (★★★)
# Author: Warren Weckesser
I = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 15, 16, 32, 64, 128])
B = ((I.reshape(-1,1) & (2**np.arange(8))) != 0).astype(int)
print(B[:,::-1])
# Author: Daniel T. McDonald
I = np.array([0, 1, 2, 3, 15, 16, 32, 64, 128], dtype=np.uint8)
print(np.unpackbits(I[:, np.newaxis], axis=1))96. Given a two dimensional array, how to extract unique rows? (★★★)
# Author: Jaime Fernández del Río
Z = np.random.randint(0,2,(6,3))
T = np.ascontiguousarray(Z).view(np.dtype((np.void, Z.dtype.itemsize * Z.shape[1])))
_, idx = np.unique(T, return_index=True)
uZ = Z[idx]
print(uZ)97. Considering 2 vectors A & B, write the einsum equivalent of inner, outer, sum, and mul function (★★★)
# Author: Alex Riley
# Make sure to read: http://ajcr.net/Basic-guide-to-einsum/
A = np.random.uniform(0,1,10)
B = np.random.uniform(0,1,10)
np.einsum('i->', A) # np.sum(A)
np.einsum('i,i->i', A, B) # A * B
np.einsum('i,i', A, B) # np.inner(A, B)
np.einsum('i,j->ij', A, B) # np.outer(A, B)98. Considering a path described by two vectors (X,Y), how to sample it using equidistant samples (★★★)?
# Author: Bas Swinckels
phi = np.arange(0, 10*np.pi, 0.1)
a = 1
x = a*phi*np.cos(phi)
y = a*phi*np.sin(phi)
dr = (np.diff(x)**2 + np.diff(y)**2)**.5 # segment lengths
r = np.zeros_like(x)
r[1:] = np.cumsum(dr) # integrate path
r_int = np.linspace(0, r.max(), 200) # regular spaced path
x_int = np.interp(r_int, r, x) # integrate path
y_int = np.interp(r_int, r, y)99. Given an integer n and a 2D array X, select from X the rows which can be interpreted as draws from a multinomial distribution with n degrees, i.e., the rows which only contain integers and which sum to n. (★★★)
# Author: Evgeni Burovski
X = np.asarray([[1.0, 0.0, 3.0, 8.0],
[2.0, 0.0, 1.0, 1.0],
[1.5, 2.5, 1.0, 0.0]])
n = 4
M = np.logical_and.reduce(np.mod(X, 1) == 0, axis=-1)
M &= (X.sum(axis=-1) == n)
print(X[M])100. Compute bootstrapped 95% confidence intervals for the mean of a 1D array X (i.e., resample the elements of an array with replacement N times, compute the mean of each sample, and then compute percentiles over the means). (★★★)
# Author: Jessica B. Hamrick
X = np.random.randn(100) # random 1D array
N = 1000 # number of bootstrap samples
idx = np.random.randint(0, X.size, (N, X.size))
means = X[idx].mean(axis=1)
confint = np.percentile(means, [2.5, 97.5])
print(confint)
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