Gradient Descent
在機器學習的過程中,常需要將 Cost Function 的值減小,通常用 Gradient Descent 來做最佳化的方法來達成。但是用 Gradient Descent 有其缺點,例如,很容易卡在 Local Minimum。
Gradient Descent 的公式如下:
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/085ccce441df290fe55433eebd5436b6.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/acec42dc8f19888ce10577b8eed68f40.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/28ae2d416c1f09b8d8d6bd6954338a15.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/c487a17248911882c5aa20926be57519.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/9677fce163a0b14e8bdee262228eb477.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/085ccce441df290fe55433eebd5436b6.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/acec42dc8f19888ce10577b8eed68f40.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/d4ace268bcfb0155f38623004b7c87a5.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/255b6453a2736ddee364633c5de8e658.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/0bbf2e6881c703d9c095a1527bc1ac5e.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/acec42dc8f19888ce10577b8eed68f40.png)
關於Gradient Descent的公式解說,請參考:Optimization Method -- Gradient Descent & AdaGrad
Getting Stuck in Local Minimum
舉個例子,如果 Cost Function 為
,有 Local Minimum
,畫出來的圖形如下:
![](http://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-lnG3PAMlSBc/VpkPN8MiSrI/AAAAAAAAB8Q/YUOZloVAQjc/s450-Ic42/out.png)
當執行 Gradient Descent 的時候,則會卡在 Local Minimum,如下圖:
![](http://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-fvpeWEv2KVs/VpkOyn-Z12I/AAAAAAAAB70/Ybg2jE0TvPo/s450-Ic42/grad_animation.gif)
解決卡在 Local Minimum 的方法,可加入 Momentum ,使它在 Gradient 等於零的時候,還可繼續前進。
Gradient Descent with Momentum
Momentum 的概念如下: 當一顆球從斜坡上滾到平地時,球在平地仍會持續滾動,因為球具有動量,也就是說,它的速度跟上一個時間點的速度有關。
模擬 Momentum的方式很簡單,即是把上一個時間點用 Gradient 得出的變化量也考慮進去。
Gradient Descent with Momentum 的公式如下:
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/11c6c46d03f68183ce2def0f55498684.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/e71e89a5508a3fda9ccc94f2eb2fa32c.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/42614343480908ec21eda7b23b3a19f9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/acec42dc8f19888ce10577b8eed68f40.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/28ae2d416c1f09b8d8d6bd6954338a15.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/c487a17248911882c5aa20926be57519.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/9677fce163a0b14e8bdee262228eb477.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a7ed5dafeec5781d7f025ecf0c694f17.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/11c6c46d03f68183ce2def0f55498684.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/e71e89a5508a3fda9ccc94f2eb2fa32c.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/42614343480908ec21eda7b23b3a19f9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/acec42dc8f19888ce10577b8eed68f40.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/1c2a5d5d1c019556a1576821b796c837.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2e03190aef1dd836358fd10c887c2d7d.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/be8a45002fc9c27ed0854416abd847f3.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/d4ace268bcfb0155f38623004b7c87a5.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a7ed5dafeec5781d7f025ecf0c694f17.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/46fcae2790beea762ab47a1f9a84c9a9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/255b6453a2736ddee364633c5de8e658.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/0bbf2e6881c703d9c095a1527bc1ac5e.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/acec42dc8f19888ce10577b8eed68f40.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/085ccce441df290fe55433eebd5436b6.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/acec42dc8f19888ce10577b8eed68f40.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/28ae2d416c1f09b8d8d6bd6954338a15.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/c487a17248911882c5aa20926be57519.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/9677fce163a0b14e8bdee262228eb477.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/085ccce441df290fe55433eebd5436b6.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/acec42dc8f19888ce10577b8eed68f40.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/d4ace268bcfb0155f38623004b7c87a5.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/11c6c46d03f68183ce2def0f55498684.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/e71e89a5508a3fda9ccc94f2eb2fa32c.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/42614343480908ec21eda7b23b3a19f9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/acec42dc8f19888ce10577b8eed68f40.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/28ae2d416c1f09b8d8d6bd6954338a15.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/c487a17248911882c5aa20926be57519.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/4319520ac578757290e25eec4f8c4820.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/5d244f6d9c2e58b1dee8f923c37978e7.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/efebd4e94815149e00fd116b6da1e9d0.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/d819a60a2538b1461ce75f85a38ad05f.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a287ac592c6756fde2b84eb370bed795.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/62a0a81631a91ff77106f939782f42af.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a287ac592c6756fde2b84eb370bed795.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/b7f8584e8310174d4c209eb79b3c3418.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6dd6cc8238f5dd5d8158a0c5acc9b29a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/4d5180e5914fd9c87214483e0bc79487.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a7ed5dafeec5781d7f025ecf0c694f17.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/4d5180e5914fd9c87214483e0bc79487.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/be8a45002fc9c27ed0854416abd847f3.png)
其中
為
時間點,修正
值所用的變化量,而
則是
時間點的修正量,而
則是用來控制在
時間點中的
具有上個時間點的
值的比例。 好比說,在
時間點時,球的速度會跟
時間點有關。 而
,則是
時間點算出之 Gradient
乘上 Learning Rate
後,在
中所占的比例。
舉前述例子,若起始參數為
,畫出目標函數,藍點為起始點
的位置:
![](http://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-NS_bud1pGMY/VpkWGwxj1iI/AAAAAAAAB9M/I_w8aFmSN38/s450-Ic42/momentum0.png)
用 Gradient Descent with Momentum 來更新
的值,如下:
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/11c6c46d03f68183ce2def0f55498684.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a42858db972ca39706d674b95fca2ac2.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/42614343480908ec21eda7b23b3a19f9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/acec42dc8f19888ce10577b8eed68f40.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/28ae2d416c1f09b8d8d6bd6954338a15.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/c487a17248911882c5aa20926be57519.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/9677fce163a0b14e8bdee262228eb477.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a7ed5dafeec5781d7f025ecf0c694f17.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/11c6c46d03f68183ce2def0f55498684.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a42858db972ca39706d674b95fca2ac2.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/42614343480908ec21eda7b23b3a19f9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/acec42dc8f19888ce10577b8eed68f40.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/1c2a5d5d1c019556a1576821b796c837.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2e03190aef1dd836358fd10c887c2d7d.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/be8a45002fc9c27ed0854416abd847f3.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/d4ace268bcfb0155f38623004b7c87a5.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a7ed5dafeec5781d7f025ecf0c694f17.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/46fcae2790beea762ab47a1f9a84c9a9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/255b6453a2736ddee364633c5de8e658.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/5300d294a2b69c44fe2df5f2b49d619f.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/71be3cc6f21f96f7829d0b6077c010d4.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2e03190aef1dd836358fd10c887c2d7d.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/74a5d60a041f36edef8561626ad7cc4b.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/acec42dc8f19888ce10577b8eed68f40.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/4319520ac578757290e25eec4f8c4820.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a20d5adeaf1591e4a18c79a51348dd08.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/acec42dc8f19888ce10577b8eed68f40.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/46fcae2790beea762ab47a1f9a84c9a9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/5300d294a2b69c44fe2df5f2b49d619f.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/74a5d60a041f36edef8561626ad7cc4b.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/acec42dc8f19888ce10577b8eed68f40.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/11c6c46d03f68183ce2def0f55498684.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/5627296ea6376acd8e4aa677d9dcf66b.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/42614343480908ec21eda7b23b3a19f9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/acec42dc8f19888ce10577b8eed68f40.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/28ae2d416c1f09b8d8d6bd6954338a15.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/c487a17248911882c5aa20926be57519.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/9677fce163a0b14e8bdee262228eb477.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a7ed5dafeec5781d7f025ecf0c694f17.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/11c6c46d03f68183ce2def0f55498684.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/5627296ea6376acd8e4aa677d9dcf66b.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/42614343480908ec21eda7b23b3a19f9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/acec42dc8f19888ce10577b8eed68f40.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/1c2a5d5d1c019556a1576821b796c837.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2e03190aef1dd836358fd10c887c2d7d.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/be8a45002fc9c27ed0854416abd847f3.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/d4ace268bcfb0155f38623004b7c87a5.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a7ed5dafeec5781d7f025ecf0c694f17.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/46fcae2790beea762ab47a1f9a84c9a9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/255b6453a2736ddee364633c5de8e658.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/5300d294a2b69c44fe2df5f2b49d619f.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/71be3cc6f21f96f7829d0b6077c010d4.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2e03190aef1dd836358fd10c887c2d7d.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/74a5d60a041f36edef8561626ad7cc4b.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/acec42dc8f19888ce10577b8eed68f40.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/4319520ac578757290e25eec4f8c4820.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a20d5adeaf1591e4a18c79a51348dd08.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/acec42dc8f19888ce10577b8eed68f40.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/46fcae2790beea762ab47a1f9a84c9a9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/5300d294a2b69c44fe2df5f2b49d619f.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a20d5adeaf1591e4a18c79a51348dd08.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/acec42dc8f19888ce10577b8eed68f40.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/74a5d60a041f36edef8561626ad7cc4b.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/acec42dc8f19888ce10577b8eed68f40.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/28ae2d416c1f09b8d8d6bd6954338a15.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/c487a17248911882c5aa20926be57519.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/9677fce163a0b14e8bdee262228eb477.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/74a5d60a041f36edef8561626ad7cc4b.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/acec42dc8f19888ce10577b8eed68f40.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/d4ace268bcfb0155f38623004b7c87a5.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/11c6c46d03f68183ce2def0f55498684.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a42858db972ca39706d674b95fca2ac2.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/42614343480908ec21eda7b23b3a19f9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/acec42dc8f19888ce10577b8eed68f40.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/28ae2d416c1f09b8d8d6bd6954338a15.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/c487a17248911882c5aa20926be57519.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a20d5adeaf1591e4a18c79a51348dd08.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/acec42dc8f19888ce10577b8eed68f40.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/28ae2d416c1f09b8d8d6bd6954338a15.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/c487a17248911882c5aa20926be57519.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/9677fce163a0b14e8bdee262228eb477.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a20d5adeaf1591e4a18c79a51348dd08.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/acec42dc8f19888ce10577b8eed68f40.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/d4ace268bcfb0155f38623004b7c87a5.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/11c6c46d03f68183ce2def0f55498684.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/5627296ea6376acd8e4aa677d9dcf66b.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/42614343480908ec21eda7b23b3a19f9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/acec42dc8f19888ce10577b8eed68f40.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/28ae2d416c1f09b8d8d6bd6954338a15.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/c487a17248911882c5aa20926be57519.png)
化減後得:
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/11c6c46d03f68183ce2def0f55498684.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a42858db972ca39706d674b95fca2ac2.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/42614343480908ec21eda7b23b3a19f9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/acec42dc8f19888ce10577b8eed68f40.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/28ae2d416c1f09b8d8d6bd6954338a15.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/c487a17248911882c5aa20926be57519.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/9677fce163a0b14e8bdee262228eb477.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a7ed5dafeec5781d7f025ecf0c694f17.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/11c6c46d03f68183ce2def0f55498684.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a42858db972ca39706d674b95fca2ac2.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/42614343480908ec21eda7b23b3a19f9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/acec42dc8f19888ce10577b8eed68f40.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/1c2a5d5d1c019556a1576821b796c837.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2e03190aef1dd836358fd10c887c2d7d.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/be8a45002fc9c27ed0854416abd847f3.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/d4ace268bcfb0155f38623004b7c87a5.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a7ed5dafeec5781d7f025ecf0c694f17.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/46fcae2790beea762ab47a1f9a84c9a9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/255b6453a2736ddee364633c5de8e658.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2e03190aef1dd836358fd10c887c2d7d.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6dd6cc8238f5dd5d8158a0c5acc9b29a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/75f3e19b4917481538b3b0a0a560fca4.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/7db1f5782d6054df5b52bb343e3846e7.png)
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設初始化值
,參數
,代入
,則:
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![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6dd6cc8238f5dd5d8158a0c5acc9b29a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/75f3e19b4917481538b3b0a0a560fca4.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2fb4a70c2d05e98cd426dccd9641749a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/0f7d67504f7254462877da872bf441da.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2fb4a70c2d05e98cd426dccd9641749a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/9b6816f96fa7b78046ca03d11e20f17b.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2fb4a70c2d05e98cd426dccd9641749a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/75f3e19b4917481538b3b0a0a560fca4.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/1dcce4787c3f54ad86c62326ede204cb.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/be8a45002fc9c27ed0854416abd847f3.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/0f7d67504f7254462877da872bf441da.png)
更新圖上的藍點,如下圖:
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2f3516bb8dc79c6841e81febc6143a7b.png)
再往下走一步,
的值如下:
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/11c6c46d03f68183ce2def0f55498684.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a42858db972ca39706d674b95fca2ac2.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/42614343480908ec21eda7b23b3a19f9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/4ff770901bcccfb7f15838f6731586f8.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/9b6816f96fa7b78046ca03d11e20f17b.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6dd6cc8238f5dd5d8158a0c5acc9b29a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/75f3e19b4917481538b3b0a0a560fca4.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/7db1f5782d6054df5b52bb343e3846e7.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/4660157db9ded3895210edc4b20029b9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6dd6cc8238f5dd5d8158a0c5acc9b29a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/75f3e19b4917481538b3b0a0a560fca4.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2fb4a70c2d05e98cd426dccd9641749a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/0f7d67504f7254462877da872bf441da.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2fb4a70c2d05e98cd426dccd9641749a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/1c2a5d5d1c019556a1576821b796c837.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2e03190aef1dd836358fd10c887c2d7d.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/be8a45002fc9c27ed0854416abd847f3.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/d4ace268bcfb0155f38623004b7c87a5.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6dd6cc8238f5dd5d8158a0c5acc9b29a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/75f3e19b4917481538b3b0a0a560fca4.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/7db1f5782d6054df5b52bb343e3846e7.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/46fcae2790beea762ab47a1f9a84c9a9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/4660157db9ded3895210edc4b20029b9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6dd6cc8238f5dd5d8158a0c5acc9b29a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/75f3e19b4917481538b3b0a0a560fca4.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2fb4a70c2d05e98cd426dccd9641749a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/4660157db9ded3895210edc4b20029b9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2e03190aef1dd836358fd10c887c2d7d.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6dd6cc8238f5dd5d8158a0c5acc9b29a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/75f3e19b4917481538b3b0a0a560fca4.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/7db1f5782d6054df5b52bb343e3846e7.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/4660157db9ded3895210edc4b20029b9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2fb4a70c2d05e98cd426dccd9641749a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/75f3e19b4917481538b3b0a0a560fca4.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/1dcce4787c3f54ad86c62326ede204cb.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/be8a45002fc9c27ed0854416abd847f3.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/0f7d67504f7254462877da872bf441da.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/4ff770901bcccfb7f15838f6731586f8.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/1c2a5d5d1c019556a1576821b796c837.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2fb4a70c2d05e98cd426dccd9641749a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/4660157db9ded3895210edc4b20029b9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2fb4a70c2d05e98cd426dccd9641749a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/75f3e19b4917481538b3b0a0a560fca4.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/1dcce4787c3f54ad86c62326ede204cb.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/be8a45002fc9c27ed0854416abd847f3.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/0f7d67504f7254462877da872bf441da.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/46fcae2790beea762ab47a1f9a84c9a9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/9b6816f96fa7b78046ca03d11e20f17b.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6dd6cc8238f5dd5d8158a0c5acc9b29a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/75f3e19b4917481538b3b0a0a560fca4.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/d295d29bc79d04a410f3f45015f82d04.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/7db1f5782d6054df5b52bb343e3846e7.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/c31b738fa07aa71a5b86eaa0371d83ca.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/c31b738fa07aa71a5b86eaa0371d83ca.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/11c6c46d03f68183ce2def0f55498684.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/5627296ea6376acd8e4aa677d9dcf66b.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/42614343480908ec21eda7b23b3a19f9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/4ff770901bcccfb7f15838f6731586f8.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/9b6816f96fa7b78046ca03d11e20f17b.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6dd6cc8238f5dd5d8158a0c5acc9b29a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/75f3e19b4917481538b3b0a0a560fca4.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/7db1f5782d6054df5b52bb343e3846e7.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/4660157db9ded3895210edc4b20029b9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6dd6cc8238f5dd5d8158a0c5acc9b29a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/75f3e19b4917481538b3b0a0a560fca4.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2fb4a70c2d05e98cd426dccd9641749a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/0f7d67504f7254462877da872bf441da.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2fb4a70c2d05e98cd426dccd9641749a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/1c2a5d5d1c019556a1576821b796c837.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2e03190aef1dd836358fd10c887c2d7d.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/be8a45002fc9c27ed0854416abd847f3.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/d4ace268bcfb0155f38623004b7c87a5.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6dd6cc8238f5dd5d8158a0c5acc9b29a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/75f3e19b4917481538b3b0a0a560fca4.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/7db1f5782d6054df5b52bb343e3846e7.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/46fcae2790beea762ab47a1f9a84c9a9.png)
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![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6dd6cc8238f5dd5d8158a0c5acc9b29a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/75f3e19b4917481538b3b0a0a560fca4.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2fb4a70c2d05e98cd426dccd9641749a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/4660157db9ded3895210edc4b20029b9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2e03190aef1dd836358fd10c887c2d7d.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6dd6cc8238f5dd5d8158a0c5acc9b29a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/75f3e19b4917481538b3b0a0a560fca4.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/7db1f5782d6054df5b52bb343e3846e7.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/4660157db9ded3895210edc4b20029b9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2fb4a70c2d05e98cd426dccd9641749a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/75f3e19b4917481538b3b0a0a560fca4.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/1dcce4787c3f54ad86c62326ede204cb.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/be8a45002fc9c27ed0854416abd847f3.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/0f7d67504f7254462877da872bf441da.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/4ff770901bcccfb7f15838f6731586f8.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/1c2a5d5d1c019556a1576821b796c837.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2fb4a70c2d05e98cd426dccd9641749a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/4660157db9ded3895210edc4b20029b9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2fb4a70c2d05e98cd426dccd9641749a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/75f3e19b4917481538b3b0a0a560fca4.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/1dcce4787c3f54ad86c62326ede204cb.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/be8a45002fc9c27ed0854416abd847f3.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/0f7d67504f7254462877da872bf441da.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/46fcae2790beea762ab47a1f9a84c9a9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/9b6816f96fa7b78046ca03d11e20f17b.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6dd6cc8238f5dd5d8158a0c5acc9b29a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/75f3e19b4917481538b3b0a0a560fca4.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/d295d29bc79d04a410f3f45015f82d04.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/7db1f5782d6054df5b52bb343e3846e7.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/c31b738fa07aa71a5b86eaa0371d83ca.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/c31b738fa07aa71a5b86eaa0371d83ca.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/74a5d60a041f36edef8561626ad7cc4b.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/4ff770901bcccfb7f15838f6731586f8.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/9b6816f96fa7b78046ca03d11e20f17b.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/f131af16bb9f3070a5236b0b62a23279.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/d4ace268bcfb0155f38623004b7c87a5.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/11c6c46d03f68183ce2def0f55498684.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a42858db972ca39706d674b95fca2ac2.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/42614343480908ec21eda7b23b3a19f9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/4ff770901bcccfb7f15838f6731586f8.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/9b6816f96fa7b78046ca03d11e20f17b.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2fb4a70c2d05e98cd426dccd9641749a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/75f3e19b4917481538b3b0a0a560fca4.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/1dcce4787c3f54ad86c62326ede204cb.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/be8a45002fc9c27ed0854416abd847f3.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/0f7d67504f7254462877da872bf441da.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/d4ace268bcfb0155f38623004b7c87a5.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6dd6cc8238f5dd5d8158a0c5acc9b29a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/75f3e19b4917481538b3b0a0a560fca4.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/d295d29bc79d04a410f3f45015f82d04.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/7db1f5782d6054df5b52bb343e3846e7.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/c31b738fa07aa71a5b86eaa0371d83ca.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/c31b738fa07aa71a5b86eaa0371d83ca.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/9b6816f96fa7b78046ca03d11e20f17b.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2fb4a70c2d05e98cd426dccd9641749a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/75f3e19b4917481538b3b0a0a560fca4.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2fb4a70c2d05e98cd426dccd9641749a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2fb4a70c2d05e98cd426dccd9641749a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2fb4a70c2d05e98cd426dccd9641749a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/c31b738fa07aa71a5b86eaa0371d83ca.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/a20d5adeaf1591e4a18c79a51348dd08.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/4ff770901bcccfb7f15838f6731586f8.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/9b6816f96fa7b78046ca03d11e20f17b.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/f131af16bb9f3070a5236b0b62a23279.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/d4ace268bcfb0155f38623004b7c87a5.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/11c6c46d03f68183ce2def0f55498684.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/5627296ea6376acd8e4aa677d9dcf66b.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/42614343480908ec21eda7b23b3a19f9.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/4ff770901bcccfb7f15838f6731586f8.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/9b6816f96fa7b78046ca03d11e20f17b.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2fb4a70c2d05e98cd426dccd9641749a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/75f3e19b4917481538b3b0a0a560fca4.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/1dcce4787c3f54ad86c62326ede204cb.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/be8a45002fc9c27ed0854416abd847f3.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/0f7d67504f7254462877da872bf441da.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/d4ace268bcfb0155f38623004b7c87a5.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/6dd6cc8238f5dd5d8158a0c5acc9b29a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/75f3e19b4917481538b3b0a0a560fca4.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/d295d29bc79d04a410f3f45015f82d04.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/7db1f5782d6054df5b52bb343e3846e7.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/c31b738fa07aa71a5b86eaa0371d83ca.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/c31b738fa07aa71a5b86eaa0371d83ca.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/9b6816f96fa7b78046ca03d11e20f17b.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2fb4a70c2d05e98cd426dccd9641749a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/75f3e19b4917481538b3b0a0a560fca4.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2fb4a70c2d05e98cd426dccd9641749a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2fb4a70c2d05e98cd426dccd9641749a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2fb4a70c2d05e98cd426dccd9641749a.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/c31b738fa07aa71a5b86eaa0371d83ca.png)
更新圖上的藍點,如下圖:
![](http://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-12p-_NOxZbk/VpnsRcFJZcI/AAAAAAAAB-U/dAgzPo5DEYo/s450-Ic42/momentum2.png)
在以上兩步中,可發現
的值逐漸變大。由於一開始
都是零,它會跟前一個時間點的值有關,所以看起來就好像是球從斜坡上滾下來時,慢慢加速,而在球經過 Local Minimum時,也會慢慢減速,不會直接卡在 Local Minimum 。整個過程如下圖:
![](http://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-uN57lMa1YAY/VpnslJQGt7I/AAAAAAAAB-o/FDNAWRNV7nc/s450-Ic42/momentum_all.png)
動畫版:
![](http://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-z1zQ9Cl_1Vk/VpkTGBGbqpI/AAAAAAAAB80/a4cvUxYSkSM/s450-Ic42/momentum_animation.gif)
Implementation
再來進入實作的部分
首先,開啟新的檔案 momentum.py 並貼上以下程式碼:
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
from matplotlib import cm
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
def func(x,y):
return (0.3*y**3+y**2+0.3*x**3+x**2)
def func_grad(x,y):
return (0.9*x**2+2*x, 0.9*y**2+2*y )
def plot_func(xt,yt,c='r'):
fig = plt.figure()
ax = fig.gca(projection='3d',
elev=7., azim=-175)
X, Y = np.meshgrid(np.arange(-5, 5, 0.25), np.arange(-5, 5, 0.25))
Z = func(X,Y)
surf = ax.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, rstride=1, cstride=1,
cmap=cm.coolwarm, linewidth=0.1, alpha=0.3)
ax.set_zlim(-20, 100)
ax.scatter(xt, yt, func(xt,yt),c=c, marker='o' )
ax.set_title("x=%.5f, y=%.5f, f(x,y)=%.5f"%(xt,yt,func(xt,yt)))
plt.show()
plt.close()
def run_grad():
xt = 3
yt = 3
eta = 0.1
plot_func(xt,yt,'r')
for i in range(20):
gxt, gyt = func_grad(xt,yt)
xt = xt - eta * gxt
yt = yt - eta * gyt
if xt < -5 or yt < -5 or xt > 5 or yt > 5:
break
plot_func(xt,yt,'r')
def run_momentum():
xt = 3
yt = 3
eta = 0.2
beta = 0.9
plot_func(xt,yt,'b')
delta_x = 0
delta_y = 0
for i in range(20):
gxt, gyt = func_grad(xt,yt)
delta_x = beta * delta_x + (1-beta)*eta*gxt
delta_y = beta * delta_y + (1-beta)*eta*gyt
xt = xt - delta_x
yt = yt - delta_y
if xt < -5 or yt < -5 or xt > 5 or yt > 5:
break
plot_func(xt,yt,'b')
其中, func(x,y)
為目標函數,func_grad(x,y)
為目標函數的 gradient ,而 plot_func(xt,yt,c='r')
可畫出目標函數的曲面, run_grad()
用來執行 Gradient Descent , run_momentum()
用來執行 Gradient Descent with Momentum 。 xt
和 yt
對應到前例的
,而
eta
為 Learning Rate 。 for i in range(20)
表示最多會跑20個迴圈,而 if xt < -5 or yt < -5 or xt > 5 or yt > 5
表示,如果 xt
和 yt
超出邊界,則會先結束迴圈。
到 python console 執行:
>>> import momentum
執行 Gradient Descent ,指令如下:
>>> momentum.run_grad()
則程式會逐一畫出整個過程:
![](http://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-k_pv617XlrE/Vpnwyz5M4MI/AAAAAAAAB_I/FFok90IRgJA/s450-Ic42/grad0.png)
![](http://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-mTXIJOdTPSE/Vpnw3LJ6ipI/AAAAAAAAB_g/NF-TS1GqjN8/s450-Ic42/grad1.png)
![](http://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-LPX-ewCnOwk/Vpnw6vfmK9I/AAAAAAAAB_w/_UVICBGQSDE/s450-Ic42/grad2.png)
以此類推
執行 Gradient Descent with Momentum ,指令如下:
>>> momentum.run_momentum()
則程式會逐一畫出整個過程:
![](http://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-NS_bud1pGMY/VpkWGwxj1iI/AAAAAAAAB9M/I_w8aFmSN38/s450-Ic42/momentum0.png)
![](https://i-blog.csdnimg.cn/blog_migrate/2f3516bb8dc79c6841e81febc6143a7b.png)
![](http://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-12p-_NOxZbk/VpnsRcFJZcI/AAAAAAAAB-U/dAgzPo5DEYo/s450-Ic42/momentum2.png)
以此類推