R语言基础编程技巧汇编 - 5

1.       关闭绘图窗口

dev.off()

2.       删除已经绘制的图形元素

无法直接删除，只能通过其他方法遮盖，比如，把颜色设置为背景色。

例如：

plot(1,1,type="n");

text(1,1,"pinggu",col="green");

#remove

text(1,1,"pinggu",col="white");

3.      矩阵的列转化成factor

> colApply <- function(dat, cols = colnames(dat), func = as.factor) { 

     dat[cols] <- lapply(dat[cols], func) 

     return(dat)

} 

> dat <- data.frame(x1 = rpois(20, 3), x2 = 1:20, x3 = sample(letters[1:4], 20, replace = T), stringsAsFactors = F)

> dat

   x1 x2 x3

1   3  1  d

2   8  2  d

3   2  3  b

4   1  4  b

5   3  5  c

6   8  6  a

7   1  7  a

8   2  8  a

9   4  9  c

10  0 10  a

11  1 11  d

12  4 12  c

13  1 13  b

14  6 14  c

15  3 15  b

16  3 16  c

17  4 17  d

18  4 18  c

19  6 19  b

20  1 20  d

> str(colApply(dat, 'x1')) # x1 is a factor now

'data.frame':   20 obs. of  3 variables:

x1:Factorw/7levels"0","1","2","3",..:4732472351... x2: int  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...

x3:chr  "d""d""b""b"...>str(colApply(dat,2,cumsum))′data.frame′:  20obs.of  3variables:x1: num  3 8 2 1 3 8 1 2 4 0 ...

x2:int  13610152128364555... x3: chr  "d" "d" "b" "b" ...

> str(colApply(dat, c(1, 3), as.factor)) # x1 and x3 are factors while x2 is still integers

'data.frame':   20 obs. of  3 variables:

x1:Factorw/7levels"0","1","2","3",..:4732472351... x2: int  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...

$ x3: Factor w/ 4 levels "a","b","c","d": 4 4 2 2 3 1 1 1 3 1 ...

4.      打开EXCEL文件

安装RODBC包，然后：

library(RODBC)

odbcConnectExcel("路径\\文件名.xls")

5.      重新命名data.frame的行

rownames(x) <- 1:100

6.      求年份是否是闰年的函数 

library(lubridate)

a<-function(x){

date<-as.POSIXct(x,format = "%Y-%m-%d", tz = "UTC")

if(as.numeric(format(date, "%Y"))%%400==0) print("YES, Leap year.") 

else if(as.numeric(format(date, "%Y"))%%100==0) print("NO.")

else if(as.numeric(format(date, "%Y"))%%4==0) print ("YES, Leap year.") 

else print("NO.")

}

a("2013-8-1")

#[1] "NO."

7.      用mean计算截断均值

x <- c(0:10, 50)

xm <- mean(x)

c(xm, mean(x, trim = 0.10))

trim就是截断，表示去掉最高和最低的10%。

8.      用ecdf求经验分布函数

c(0.01,0.02,0.23,0.24,0.35,0.45,0.67,0.89,0.90),用ecdf(x),可以得到经验分布函数。

9.      多元正态性检验

在mvnormtest包里，mshapiro.test函数

10. 做向量自回归(VAR)模型

用vars和urca包。

11. robust回归

使用robust和robustbase包。示例代码：

library(robustbase)

# method="Mqle" fits a generalized linear model using Mallows or Huber type robust estimators, as described in Cantoni and Ronchetti (2001).

glmrob0<-glmrob(cbind(NumDeath, NumTested-NumDeath)~log(Conc),family=binomial,data=set6,method="Mqle")

library(robust)

glmrob4<-glmRob(cbind(NumDeath, NumTested-NumDeath)~log(Conc),family=binomial(),data=set6)

12. 调用Matlab

install.packages("R.matlab")

library(R.matlab)

path <- system.file("mat-files", package="R.matlab")

mat <- readMat(file.path(path, "structLooped.mat"))

s <- mat$s

fields <- dimnames(s)[[1]]

cat("Field names: ", paste(fields, collapse=", "), "\n", sep="");

print(s)

13. 绘制圆形图

以下示例，仅使用graphics包绘制：

# Data for plotting

head(dfPlt)

#       mnt  hrl             prv

# 北京 1650 16.9 <U+5317><U+4EAC>

# 上海 1620 14.0 <U+4E0A><U+6D77>

# 广东 1550 15.0 <U+5E7F><U+4E1C>

# 新疆 1520 15.2 <U+65B0><U+7586>

# 天津 1500 15.0 <U+5929><U+6D25>

# 江苏 1480 13.0 <U+6C5F><U+82CF>

 

# Function to add a fan-shape with text inside and outside inthe plot

pltFan <-

  function(cnt.arc, arc, r.in, r.out, text.in =character(0), text.out = character(0), text.in.cex = 0.5, text.out.cex = text.in.cex,...)

  {

    # Fan-shape

    polygon(c(r.in*cos(cnt.arc - arc/2),r.in*cos(cnt.arc + arc/2), r.out*cos(cnt.arc + arc/2), r.out*cos(cnt.arc -arc/2)), c(r.in*sin(cnt.arc - arc/2), r.in*sin(cnt.arc + arc/2),r.out*sin(cnt.arc + arc/2), r.out*sin(cnt.arc - arc/2)), ...)

    # Text inside

    text((r.in - par()cxy[2]∗text.in.cex)∗cos(cnt.arc),(r.in−par()cxy[2]*text.in.cex)*sin(cnt.arc),text.in, adj = c(0.5, 0.5), srt = cnt.arc/2/pi*360 - 90, cex = text.in.cex)

    # Text outside

    text((r.out + par()cxy[2]∗text.out.cex)∗cos(cnt.arc),(r.out+par()cxy[2]*text.out.cex)*sin(cnt.arc),text.out, adj = c(0.5, 0.5), srt = cnt.arc/2/pi*360 - 90, cex = text.out.cex)

  }

 

# Number of records to plot

iNbar <- nrow(dfPlt)

# Optionally, map additional font - Windows only

windowsFonts(KT = windowsFont("KaiTi"))

# Plot in .png format

png("salary.png", width = 960, height = 960)

# Maximizing the plot area

par(mar = c(0, 0, 0, 0))

# Call plot.new with a few settings

plot(c(-2, 2), c(-2, 2), type = "n", axes = F, xlab ="", ylab = "", asp = 1, xlim = c(-2, 2), ylim = c(-2, 2))

# Do the plot

sapply( 0:(iNbar - 1), function(i)

  {

  # Text inside

  pltFan(cnt.arc = pi/2 - (i*2*pi/(iNbar + 1) +2*pi/(iNbar + 1)*(1/4 + 1/8 + 1/4)/2), arc = 2*pi/(iNbar + 1)*(1/4 + 1/8 +1/4), r.in = 1, r.out = 2, text.in = dfPlt[i + 1, "prv"], text.out =NULL, col = NULL, border = NA, text.in.cex = 1)

  # Monthly data

  pltFan(cnt.arc = pi/2 - (i*2*pi/(iNbar + 1) +2*pi/(iNbar + 1)/8), arc =  2*pi/(iNbar + 1)/4, r.in = 1, r.out =dfPlt[i + 1, "mnt"]/1000, text.in = NULL, text.out =as.character(dfPlt[i + 1, "mnt"]), text.out.cex = 1, col ="orange", border = NA)

  # Hourly data

  pltFan(cnt.arc = pi/2 - (i*2*pi/(iNbar + 1) +2*pi/(iNbar + 1)*(2 + 1 + 1)/8), arc =  2*pi/(iNbar + 1)/4, r.in = 1,r.out = dfPlt[i + 1, "hrl"]/20 + 1, text.out.cex = 1, text.in = NULL,text.out = as.character(dfPlt[i + 1, "hrl"]), col ="yellow", border = NA)

  } )

# Legend and other texts in the plot

legend(2, -1.5, c("月最低工资标准","小时最低工资标准"), col = c("orange","yellow"), bty = "n", cex = 1.25, pt.cex = 1.2, pch = c(15,15), xjust = 1, yjust = 1) -> lgnd

# If no font mapping is done, remove the family option

text(lgndrectleft, lgndrecttop - lgndrecth, "注：数字为截至2014年\n5月1日的执行标准",adj = c(0, 1), cex = 1.25, family = "KT")

text(-2.1, 1.75, "全国各省（区、直辖市）\n2014年最低工资标准",cex = 1.75, adj = c(0, 1))

text(-2.1, 1.75 - par()$cxy[2]*4, "（单位：元）",cex = 1.25, adj = c(0, 1))

dev.off()

Result: 

14. 循环填充解释

x<-c(1,4,3,6,5,4,9)

x[c(1,3,5)]

#[1] 1 3 5

x[c(TRUE,FALSE)]

#[1] 1 3 5 9

x[c(TRUE,FALSE,FALSE)]

#[1] 1 6 9

x[c(TRUE, FALSE)]里面的长度不够长（没有x的长度大），所以会循环它。其实就是x[TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, FALSE, ...]一直到长度够长为止。

15. 找出两个数组中相同的行的行号

求R的一个函数能够找出两个数据中相同的行

 

A

1,2

3,4

1,4

1,5

3,5

 

B

1,2

1,3

1,4

3,5

3,6

 

希望能够将A,B中相等的

 

1,2

1,4

3,5

 

的行号找出来，因为数据量巨大，不能使用循环。

 

直接使用

A==B