1. 利用stringr包处理字符串
包含非常方便的用于处理字符串的函数：str_c(str_join),str_match,str_replace,str_split等，具体使用方法请查看帮助文档。
2. 访问和修改函数内部定义的函数
ARcop.theta<-function(U)
{
gumbel<-function(theta,U)
{
dCopula(U,gumbelCopula(theta,dim=2))
}
f1<-function(theta)
{
sum(log(gumbel(theta,U)))
}
theta1<-optimize(f1,c(1,10),maximum=TRUE)$maximum
clayton<-function(theta,U)
dCopula(U,claytonCopula(theta,dim=2))
f2<-function(theta)
{
sum(log(clayton(theta,U)))
}
theta2<-optimize(f2,c(1,10),maximum=TRUE)$maximum
frank<-function(theta,U)
{
dCopula(U,frankCopula(theta,dim=2))
}
f3<-function(theta)
{
sum(log(frank(theta,U)))
}
theta3<-optimize(f3,c(1,100),maximum=TRUE)$maximum
return(list(theta1,theta2,theta3))
}
一个大神给出了下面的方法：
oldbody<-body(ARcop.theta)
newbody<-bquote(
{
.(redefine);
.(oldbody);
.(addstuff)
},
list(redefine=quote(return<-function(x){x}),oldbody=oldbody,addstuff=quote(function(){})))
body(ARcop.theta)<-newbody
closure<-ARcop.theta(U)
ls(environment(closure))
environment(closure)$f1
PS:我没法用ARcop.theta试验这段代码，因为我不知道dCopula哪里来的，你加载这个函数后，可以试验上面的代码，并且要注意调用ARcop.theta(U)的时候，改成正确的你的参数U
3. 利用all.vars函数从表达式中提取变量
all.vars(~ var1 + Var2 + var3)
#[1] "var1" "Var2""var3"
all.vars(expression(sin(x+y)))
#[1] "x" "y"
4. “1L”表示整数
整数值后加上L表示为integer类型，否则默认为numeric类型。
> class(1)
[1] "numeric"
> class(1L)
[1] "integer"
5. 绘制螺旋线
#test data,may be WRONG!
rho <- seq(0,10*pi,by=pi/100)
ph <- sqrt(rho)
x <- ph*cos(rho)
y <- ph*sin(rho)
#main plot
plot.new()
plot.window(xlim=c(-10,10), ylim=c(-10,10))
lines(x,y,col="green")
#axis
arrows(0,0,7,0)
arrows(0,0,0,7)
#x axis
segments(1:3,0,1:3,0.5)
text(0:3,0,0:3,pos=1)
#y axis
segments(0,1:3,0.5,1:3)
text(0,1:3,1:3,pos=2)
#main title
title(main=expression(paste("螺旋线：",rho,"=",sqrt(theta),seq="")))
6. 输出数据到剪贴板
以Windows环境为例，
writeClipboard(str = 'CCCC')
运行以上语句后，剪贴板中就保存了字符串CCCC。
Linux下则可以建立管道传给 xclip
7. 不显示图例,而显示文字
cog.data = read.table(textConnection('
A:239:RNA processing and modification
B:309:Chromatin structure and dynamics
C:919:Energy production and conversion
D:1206:Cell cycle control, cell division,chromosome partitioning
E:1125:Amino acid transport and metabolism
F:225:Nucleotide transport and metabolism
G:1795:Carbohydrate transport andmetabolism
H:489:Coenzyme transport and metabolism
I:623:Lipid transport and metabolism
J:2243:Translation, ribosomal structure andbiogenesis
K:2455:Transcription
L:2335:Replication, recombination andrepair
M:1164:Cell wall/membrane/envelopebiogenesis
N:230:Cell motility
O:2157:Posttranslational modification,protein turnover, chaperones
P:861:Inorganic ion transport andmetabolism
Q:860:Secondary metabolites biosynthesis,transport and catabolism
R:4564:General function prediction only
S:1265:Function unknown
T:1788:Signal transduction mechanisms
U:693:Intracellular trafficking, secretion,and vesicular transport
V:422:Defense mechanisms
W:10:Extracellular structures
Y:8:Nuclear structure
Z:552:Cytoskeleton'), sep = ':', header =FALSE, col.names = c('Code', 'Gene-Number', 'Functional-Categories'))
barplot(cog.data[, 2], col = rainbow(24),xlim = c(0, 30), ylim = c(0, 5000), names.arg = cog.data[, 1], las = 1, width =0.5, cex.names = 0.6, cex.axis = 0.6)
legend(15, 5000, legend = paste(cog.data[,1], cog.data[, 3], sep = ': '), y.intersp = 0.5, bty = "n", cex = 0.7)
title('COG Function Classification ofA-Unigene.fa Sequence')
8. 利用R中的“CRAN Task Views”功能批量下载某个专业的包
如果要使用这个功能，需要先下载包ctv：
install.packages('ctv")
然后使用如下命令：
install.views("Econometrics")
这样就可以将计量经济学范畴的包都下载安装了。
目前的views有:
Bayesian Bayesian Inference
Cluster Cluster Analysis & Finite Mixture Models
Econometrics ComputationalEconometrics
Environmetrics Analysis ofecological and environmental data
Finance Empirical Finance
Genetics Statistical Genetics
Graphics Graphic Displays & Dynamic Graphics & Graphic Devices &Visualization
gR gRaphical models in R
MachineLearning MachineLearning & Statistical Learning
Multivariate Multivariate Statistics
SocialSciences Statistics for the Social Sciences
Spatial Analysis of Spatial Data
涵盖的面已经比较广了，陆续应该还会有很多主题会添加进去。
大家可以在各个CRAN镜像中看到views这栏，里面会对每个具体的view进行一些介绍，比如计量经济学，我们可以在其介绍中看到很多有用的内容，尤其是关于计量经济学各个领域需要的包等信息，具体的信息可以通过如下链接获得：
http://cran.r-project.org/src/contrib/Views/Econometrics.html
9. I()函数的作用
I()用于区分表达式和formula部分，因为formula也使用各种运算符来表示不同的含义，比如 y ~ a + I(b+c), 表示a和b + c为自变量；而如果写成y ~ a + b + c，则表示a,b,c都是自变量。
再看下面的例子：
> x = iris[, 1]
> y = iris[, 2]
> lm(y ~ x)
Call:
lm(formula = y ~ x)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) x
3.41895 -0.06188
> lm(y ~ x + x^2)
Call:
lm(formula = y ~ x + x^2)
Coefficients:
(Intercept) x
3.41895 -0.06188
> lm(y ~ x + I(x^2))
Call:
lm(formula = y ~ x + I(x^2))
Coefficients:
(Intercept) x I(x^2)
6.4158 -1.0856 0.0857
10. 使用formatC和prettyNum函数格式化字符串
> xx <- pi * 10^(-5:4)
> cbind(format(xx, digits = 4),formatC(xx))
[,1] [,2]
[1,]"3.142e-05" "3.142e-05"
[2,]"3.142e-04" "0.0003142"
[3,]"3.142e-03" "0.003142"
[4,]"3.142e-02" "0.03142"
[5,]"3.142e-01" "0.3142"
[6,]"3.142e+00" "3.142"
[7,]"3.142e+01" "31.42"
[8,]"3.142e+02" "314.2"
[9,]"3.142e+03" "3142"
[10,] "3.142e+04""3.142e+04"
> cbind(formatC(xx, width = 9, flag ="-"))
[,1]
[1,]"3.142e-05"
[2,]"0.0003142"
[3,]"0.003142 "
[4,]"0.03142 "
[5,]"0.3142 "
[6,]"3.142 "
[7,]"31.42 "
[8,]"314.2 "
[9,]"3142 "
[10,] "3.142e+04"
> cbind(formatC(xx, digits = 5, width =8, format = "f", flag = "0"))
[,1]
[1,]"00.00003"
[2,]"00.00031"
[3,]"00.00314"
[4,]"00.03142"
[5,]"00.31416"
[6,]"03.14159"
[7,]"31.41593"
[8,]"314.15927"
[9,]"3141.59265"
[10,] "31415.92654"
> cbind(format(xx, digits = 4),formatC(xx, digits = 4, format = "fg"))
[,1] [,2]
[1,]"3.142e-05" "0.00003142"
[2,]"3.142e-04" "0.0003142"
[3,]"3.142e-03" "0.003142"
[4,]"3.142e-02" "0.03142"
[5,]"3.142e-01" "0.3142"
[6,]"3.142e+00" "3.142"
[7,]"3.142e+01" "31.42"
[8,]"3.142e+02" "314.2"
[9,]"3.142e+03" " 3142"
[10,] "3.142e+04""31416"
>
> formatC( c("a", "Abc", "noway"), width = -7) # <=> flag= "-"
[1] "a " "Abc " "no way "
> formatC(c((-1:1)/0,c(1,100)*pi), width= 8, digits = 1)
[1] " -Inf" " NaN" " Inf" " 3" " 3e+02"
>
> ## note that some of the results heredepend on the implementation
> ## of long-double arithmetic, which isplatform-specific.
> xx <-c(1e-12,-3.98765e-10,1.45645e-69,1e-70,pi*1e37,3.44e4)
> ## 1 2 3 4 5 6
> formatC(xx)
[1] "1e-12" "-3.988e-10""1.456e-69" "1e-70" "3.142e+37" "3.44e+04"
> formatC(xx, format = "fg") # special "fixed" format.
[1] "0.000000000001"
[2] "-0.0000000003988"
[3]"0.000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001456"
[4]"0.0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001"
[5]"31415926535897927982886620480086844226"
[6] "34400"
> formatC(xx[1:4], format ="f", digits = 75) #>> even longer strings
[1]"0.000000000000999999999999999980050680026266718414262868463993072509765625000"
[2]"-0.000000000398765000000000018314655347850816724530886858701705932617187500000"
[3] "0.000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001456450"
[4]"0.000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000100000"
>
> formatC(c(3.24, 2.3e-6), format ="f", digits = 11, drop0trailing = TRUE)
[1] "3.24" "0.0000023"
>
> r <-c("76491283764.97430", "29.12345678901","-7.1234", "-100.1","1123")
> ## American:
> prettyNum(r, big.mark = ",")
[1] "76,491,283,764.97430"" 29.12345678901"" -7.1234"" -100.1"
[5] " 1,123"
> ## Some Europeans:
> prettyNum(r, big.mark = "'",decimal.mark = ",")
[1] "76'491'283'764,97430"" 29,12345678901"" -7,1234"" -100,1"
[5] " 1'123"
>
> (dd <- sapply(1:10, function(i)paste((9:0)[1:i], collapse = "")))
[1]"9" "98" "987" "9876" "98765" "987654" "9876543"
[8]"98765432" "987654321" "9876543210"
> prettyNum(dd, big.mark ="'")
[1]" 9" " 98" " 987" " 9'876" " 98'765" " 987'654"
[7]" 9'876'543" " 98'765'432" " 987'654'321" "9'876'543'210"
>
> ## examples of 'small.mark'
> pN <- stats::pnorm(1:7, lower.tail= FALSE)
> cbind(format (pN, small.mark = "", digits = 15))
[,1]
[1,] "1.58655 25393 1457e-01"
[2,] "2.27501 31948 1792e-02"
[3,] "1.34989 80316 3009e-03"
[4,] "3.16712 41833 1199e-05"
[5,] "2.86651 57187 9194e-07"
[6,] "9.86587 64503 7698e-10"
[7,] "1.27981 25438 8584e-12"
> cbind(formatC(pN, small.mark = " ",digits = 17, format = "f"))
[,1]
[1,] "0.15865 52539 31457 05"
[2,] "0.02275 01319 48179 21"
[3,] "0.00134 98980 31630 09"
[4,] "0.00003 16712 41833 12"
[5,] "0.00000 02866 51571 88"
[6,] "0.00000 00009 86587 65"
[7,] "0.00000 00000 01279 81"
>
> cbind(ff <- format(1.2345 +10^(0:5), width = 11, big.mark = "'"))
[,1]
[1,] " 2.2345"
[2,] " 11.2345"
[3,] " 101.2345"
[4,] " 1'001.2345"
[5,] " 10'001.2345"
[6,] "100'001.2345"
> ## all with same width (one more thanthe specified minimum)
>
> ## individual formatting to commonwidth:
> fc <- formatC(1.234 + 10^(0:8),format = "fg", width = 11, big.mark = "'")
> cbind(fc)
fc
[1,]" 2.234"
[2,]" 11.23"
[3,]" 101.2"
[4,]" 1'001"
[5,]" 10'001"
[6,]" 100'001"
[7,]" 1'000'001"
[8,]" 10'000'001"
[9,]"100'000'001"
>
> ## complex numbers:
> r <- 10.0000001; rv <-(r/10)^(1:10)
> (zv <- (rv + 1i*rv))
[1]1+1i 1+1i 1+1i 1+1i 1+1i 1+1i 1+1i 1+1i 1+1i 1+1i
> op <- options(digits = 7) ##(system default)
> (pnv <- prettyNum(zv))
[1]"1+1i" "1+1i" "1+1i" "1+1i""1+1i" "1+1i" "1+1i" "1+1i""1+1i" "1+1i"
> stopifnot(pnv == "1+1i", pnv== format(zv),
+ pnv == prettyNum(zv, drop0trailing = TRUE))
> ## more digits change the picture:
> options(digits = 8)
> head(fv <- format(zv), 3)
[1] "1.0000000+1.0000000i""1.0000000+1.0000000i" "1.0000000+1.0000000i"
> prettyNum(fv)
[1]"1.0000000+1.0000000i" "1.0000000+1.0000000i""1.0000000+1.0000000i" "1.0000000+1.0000000i"
[5]"1.0000001+1.0000001i" "1.0000001+1.0000001i""1.0000001+1.0000001i" "1.0000001+1.0000001i"
[9]"1.0000001+1.0000001i" "1.0000001+1.0000001i"
> prettyNum(fv, drop0trailing = TRUE) #a bit nicer
[1]"1+1i" "1+1i" "1+1i" "1+1i"
[5]"1.0000001+1.0000001i" "1.0000001+1.0000001i""1.0000001+1.0000001i" "1.0000001+1.0000001i"
[9]"1.0000001+1.0000001i" "1.0000001+1.0000001i"
> options(op)
11. 使用未exported的函数
tools:::makeLazyLoadDB
12. 使用“/”而不是“\\”作为路径访问符
“/”在所有的操作系统中都适用，而“\\”仅在Windows中适用，例如：
ds =read.table("dir_location\\file.txt", header=TRUE) # Windows only
ds =read.table("dir_location/file.txt", header=TRUE) # all OS (including Windows)
13. 创建文件夹
dir.create()
14. 求矩阵的迹
主对角线上的所有元素之和称为迹.
sum(diag(x))
15. 在图中绘制多行字符串
a<-c(1,10)
b<-c(2,12)
amean<-mean(a)
bmean<-mean(b)
plot(a,b)
hght<-strheight("Here")
Lines=list("Here are the values","", bquote(amean==.(amean)), "and",bquote(bmean==.(bmean)))
text(amean,bmean-(hght*1.5*seq(length(Lines))),do.call(expression,Lines),adj=c(0,0))
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