leetcode题解-15. 3Sum && 16. 3Sum Closest

15，题目：

Given an array S of n integers, are there elements a, b, c in S such that a + b + c = 0? Find all unique triplets in the array which gives the sum of zero.

Note: The solution set must not contain duplicate triplets.

For example, given array S = [-1, 0, 1, 2, -1, -4],

A solution set is:
[
  [-1, 0, 1],
  [-1, -1, 2]
]

本题和TwoSum、FourSUM都是一个系列的。目的是寻找三个数和为0的子集。一种最直接的思路就是使用两个循环，外循环遍历整个数组，固定第一个元素，内循环进行TwoSum操作，找到和为0的组合即可。代码入下：

    public List<List<Integer>> threeSum(int[] num) {
        Arrays.sort(num);
        List<List<Integer>> res = new ArrayList<>();
        for (int i = 0; i < num.length-2; i++) {
            if (i == 0 || (i > 0 && num[i] != num[i-1])) {
                int lo = i+1, hi = num.length-1, sum = 0 - num[i];
                while (lo < hi) {
                    if (num[lo] + num[hi] == sum) {
                        res.add(Arrays.asList(num[i], num[lo], num[hi]));
                        //跳过相等的元素
                        while (lo < hi && num[lo] == num[lo+1]) lo++;
                        while (lo < hi && num[hi] == num[hi-1]) hi--;
                        lo++; hi--;
                    } else if (num[lo] + num[hi] < sum) lo++;
                    else hi--;
                }
            }
        }
        return res;
    }

另外一种思路是使用hashset来存储遍历过的组合，这种方法因为使用了比较复杂的数据结构，所以比较耗时，代码入下：

    public List<List<Integer>> threeSum1(int[] num) {
        Arrays.sort(num);
        List<List<Integer>> list = new ArrayList<>();
        HashSet<List<Integer>> set = new HashSet<>();
        for(int i=0;i<num.length;i++)
        {
            for(int j=i+1,k=num.length-1;j<k;)
            {
                if(num[i]+num[j]+num[k]==0)
                {
                    List<Integer> l= new ArrayList<Integer>();
                    l.add(num[i]);
                    l.add(num[j]);
                    l.add(num[k]);
                    if(set.add(l))
                        list.add(l);
                    j++;
                    k--;
                }
                else if(num[i]+num[j]+num[k]<0)
                    j++;
                else
                    k--;
            }
        }
        return list;
    }

16， 题目：

Given an array S of n integers, find three integers in S such that the sum is closest to a given number, target. Return the sum of the three integers. You may assume that each input would have exactly one solution.

    For example, given array S = {-1 2 1 -4}, and target = 1.

    The sum that is closest to the target is 2. (-1 + 2 + 1 = 2).

本题是上面题目的变种，目的是寻找和最接近target的三个数。我们直接可以使用上面的思路，不过定义一个变量来保存结果和最小的差。代码如下：

    public int threeSumClosest(int[] nums, int target) {
        Arrays.sort(nums);
        int diff = Integer.MAX_VALUE, closest = 0;
        for (int k=0; k<nums.length-2; ++k) {
            for (int i=k+1, j=nums.length-1; i<j; ) {
                int sum = nums[k] + nums[i] + nums[j];
                if (sum == target) { return target; }
                else if (sum > target) {
                    if (sum-target < diff) {
                        diff = sum-target;
                        closest = sum;
                    }
                    --j;
                } else {
                    if (target-sum < diff) {
                        diff = target-sum;
                        closest = sum;
                    }
                    ++i;
                }
            }
        }
        return closest;
    }